scholarly journals Carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae by healthy school children from two remote villages in western Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 3018-3030
Author(s):  
William Lelorel Nankam Nguekap ◽  
Thérèse Ingrid Lontsi ◽  
Anicette Chafa Betbeui ◽  
Simon Ngamli Fewou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Fresh Stool ◽  
High Level

Carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae by healthy children can increase the risk of developing a lethal pathological infection. The objective of this study was to determine the rate of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae carriage among children in remote villages in western Cameroon. We collected fresh stool samples from 110 healthy primary school children between 2 to 5 years old in two remote villages. The bacteria isolates were characterized using the Api 20E gallery, disc diffusion, and double-disc synergy test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors associated with the carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Data analysis indicated that a total of 24 children in 110 (22%) investigated were positive to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, 24 (67%) out of 36 bacteria isolates were ESBL producers and 15 (61%) out of 24 being Escherichia coli. Other ESBL-producing bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae (3%) and Kluyvera spp (3%). We also isolated a small proportion of bacteria showing resistance to high-level cephalosporins, which overall represented 33% of the total bacteria isolates. Furthermore, risk factors associated with the carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were the use of pesticides in agriculture and farming practice. The current result suggests that frequent contact to antibiotics is not the only reason for the development of resistance and confirm that resistance can be induced by chemicals from pesticide origin.

scholarly journals Carriage of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae by healthy school children from two remote villages in western Cameroun

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Ngamli Fewou ◽  
Wlliam Leorel Nguekap Nankam ◽  
Thérèse Ingrid Lontsi ◽  
Ingrid Cécile Djuikoue
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Health Care Structure

Abstract Background: Higher carriage rate of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae have already been reported among healthy community children, thus can increases the risk of developing pathological infection. Since children are the most exposed population due to lack of hygiene knowledge, determining their carriage prevalence will limit the progression or development of those pathologies. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae carriage among children in remote villages of western Cameroon where healthcare structures are absent and the use of antibiotic consumption rare. Methods: A total of 110 fresh stool samples were collected from 110 healthy primary school children between ages 2 to 5 years old from two remote villages. Upon screening using selective agar media for ESBL, Enterobacteriaceae were identified using the Api 20E gallery. Antibiotic susceptibility was investigated using the disc diffusion technique and the ESBL production was determined using the double-disc synergy test. Chi-square test was used for comparison. Results: Children had no history of hospitalization and had not been subjected to antibiotic treatment three months prior to this study. Data analysis indicated a 22% carriage rate for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae among school children. Overall, 24 (67%) out of 36 isolates were ESBL producers and 15 (61%) out of 24 being Escherichia coli . Other ESBL-producing bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae (3%) and Kluyvera spp (3%). We also isolated small proportion of bacteria showing resistance to high level cepholosporinase, which overall represented 33% of the total bacteria isolate. Conclusions: The higher carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in children from some isolated villages devoid of health care structure highlights the risk for resistance transmission between pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. This study also indicates that farming conditions can induces resistance. The current result may contribute to design a therapeutic policy to curtail the emergence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in remote villages in western Cameroon.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Intestinal Parasitic Infection among Primary School Children in Dera District, Northwest Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Dires Tegen ◽  
Destaw Damtie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infection ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
School Based

Background. Globally, over 600 million school children are living with intestinal parasites. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) among school children in Ethiopia and the Amhara region is 52% and 51%, respectively. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of IPIs among primary school children in Dera district, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to February 2020. The study used a structured pretested questionnaire and stool tests to obtain epidemiological and disease data. Data were analyzed using appropriate univariate and multivariable logistic regression methods by statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 25.0. Results. Of the 382 students who were examined for IPIs, 238 (62.3%) (61.8% males, 62.8% females) were positive for one or more IPIs. One hundred thirty-six (35.6%), 98 (25.7%), and 4 (1.05%) were single, double, and triple infections, respectively. Out of the nine species of IPIs detected, Entamoeba sp. was the predominant species (29.6%) followed by hookworm (21.7%), Schistosoma mansoni (11.3%), Taenia sp. (9.2%), Giardia lamblia (5.2%), and Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, and Enterobius vermicularis (4.2%) each, and Trichuris trichiura (0.5%). Family size greater than five (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.004, 3.13), open field school waste disposal (AOR = 15.88; 95% CI: 1.91, 132.1), and lack of knowledge about intestinal parasitic infection (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.2) were the independent risk factors associated with the overall prevalence of IPIs. Conclusions. The prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection was high in the Dera district. Health education, extending school-based deworming, and mass treatments are recommended.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales in the Greater Mekong Subregion: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis of Risk Factors Associated With Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenemase Isolation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta R. Singh ◽  
Alvin Kuo Jing Teo ◽  
Kiesha Prem ◽  
Rick Twee-Hee Ong ◽  
Elizabeth A. Ashley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Greater Mekong Subregion

Background: Despite the rapid spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing-Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE), little is known about the extent of their prevalence in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). In this systematic review, we aimed to determine the epidemiology of ESBL-E and CPE in clinically significant Enterobacterales: Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from the GMS (comprising of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and Yunnan province and Guangxi Zhuang region of China).Methods: Following a list of search terms adapted to subject headings, we systematically searched databases: Medline, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science for articles published on and before October 20th, 2020. The search string consisted of the bacterial names, methods involved in detecting drug-resistance phenotype and genotype, GMS countries, and ESBL and carbapenemase detection as the outcomes. Meta-analyses of the association between the isolation of ESBL from human clinical and non-clinical specimens were performed using the “METAN” function in STATA 14.Results: One hundred and thirty-nine studies were included from a total of 1,513 identified studies. Despite the heterogeneity in study methods, analyzing the prevalence proportions on log-linear model scale for ESBL producing-E. coli showed a trend that increased by 13.2% (95%CI: 6.1–20.2) in clinical blood specimens, 8.1% (95%CI: 1.7–14.4) in all clinical specimens and 17.7% (95%CI: 4.9–30.4) increase in carriage specimens. Under the log-linear model assumption, no significant trend over time was found for ESBL producing K. pneumoniae and ESBL-E specimens. CPE was reported in clinical studies and carriage studies past 2010, however a trend could not be determined because of the small dataset. Twelve studies were included in the meta-analysis of risk factors associated with isolation of ESBL. Recent antibiotic exposure was the most studied variable and showed a significant positive association with ESBL-E isolation (pooled OR: 2.9, 95%CI: 2.3–3.8) followed by chronic kidney disease (pooled OR: 4.7, 95%CI: 1.8–11.9), and other co-morbidities (pooled OR: 1.6, 95%CI: 1.2–2.9).Conclusion: Data from GMS is heterogeneous with significant data-gaps, especially in community settings from Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia and Yunnan and Guangxi provinces of China. Collaborative work standardizing the methodology of studies will aid in better monitoring, surveillance and evaluation of interventions across the GMS.

scholarly journals Status and Risk Factors Associated with Urinary Schistosomiasis among the Primary School Children in Some Communities of Shinkafi Local Government Area, Zamfara State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-92
Author(s):  
A. Y. Bala ◽  
Salau Shafa’ Atu ◽  
H. M. Bandya ◽  
Mahmuda Aliyu ◽  
J. Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Urinary Schistosomiasis ◽  
Factors Associated

Urinary schistosomiasis among the primary school children remain among the major public health problems that affect cognitive domain of the pupils.  The present research was conducted to investigate the status and risk factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis among the community primary schools children in Shinkafi local government area of Zamfara State Nigeria. Four risk factors (Haematuria, source of water for domestic used, river visit and purpose of river visit) were considered to be associated with urinary schistosomiasis infection in the study area; four community primary schools were selected, 400 pupils were recruited for this study, each selected student was asked to produce terminal end urine in a screw cap universal sample bottle, the samples were analyzed with combi_10 reagent strips and then examined microscopically after filtration to count the number of Schistosoma eggs/10 mils of urine. One hundred and seventy three 173 pupils were found positive which gave the prevalence of 43.1%, higher significant infections was observed among the pupils that are using river (70.0%) as their source of drinking water; those that visit river (52.5%) and those that said fishing is their purpose of river visit (70.6%). The infection was not significant with regard to presence of haematuria in the urine samples. Pupils who used river as their source of drinking water had more than 2x likelihood of been infected than those that used other source of drinking water, those that visit rivers had more than 14x likelihood of having infection than those whose did not visit river, pupils who visited the river for fishing are 22.60 times likelihood of developing the infection than the pupils who visited the river for some other reasons. Conclusively, source of drinking water, river visit and purpose of river visits are the potential risk factor that increased likelihood of higher infection among the pupils in the study area.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors associated with cutaneous warts in Fayoum primary school children

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Talal Abd-ElRaheem ◽  
Samar El-Tahlawy ◽  
Naglaa El Sherbiny ◽  
Marwa Nassar ◽  
Somaia Boureikaa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Cutaneous Warts
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