Livestock trypanosomiasis, owners’ perception and search for human gambiense parasite in cattle and sheep in remote communities of Iseyin, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
F.N.C. Enwezor ◽  
R.T. Emmanuel ◽  
R.L. Bizi ◽  
T.O. Olanrewaju ◽  
M.A. Kugama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Remote Communities ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Cattle Rearing ◽  
Ocular Discharge

The study assessed livestock for human and animal infective trypanosomes in seven remote communities of Iseyin, Oyo State, Nigeria. Blood samples collected at random from 330 cattle and 20 sheep were examined using the buffy coat technique and Leishman stained thin film. Packed cell volume and differential leukocyte counts were determined and interviews conducted. Animals examined showed clinical symptoms; emaciation (2%), rough hair coat (0.57%), body weakness (3.14%), ocular discharge (1.43%), dermatophylosis (0.57%) and ticks (0.57%). Leishman stained thin blood films indicated 34 cattle (9.71%) infected with Trypanosoma congolense, 0% infection in sheep and 100% slides positive for Anaplasma and Babesia parasites with no Trypanosoma brucei species. Anaemia was recorded in male cattle between 1year and 10 years old and was statistically significant (p<0.05). Acute inflammatory responses revealed by  neutrophilia, lymphocytopaenia and lymphocytosis; 21.81%, 1.51% and 10% respectively in cattle suggested underlying bacterial orparasitic infections. All (100%) herdsmen confirmed presence of tsetse and other biting flies in bush and canopies around water bodies and stated observable signs and symptoms of trypanosomiasis (samore) which could wipe off the whole herd if untreated. Risk of trypanosome infection remained high as long as the old systems of cattle rearing exist; and urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal ailments due to lack of access to clean and portable water. Keywords: Livestock;Trypanosoma congolense; Trypanosoma brucei species;Iseyin; Nigeria

scholarly journals Respiratory Viral Pathogens Among U.S. Military Personnel at a Medical Treatment Facility in Hawaii From 2014 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes S Montgomery ◽  
Michael B Lustik ◽  
Susan A Reichert-Scrivner ◽  
Ronald L Woodbury ◽  
Milissa U Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Military Personnel ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Military Population ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Medical Treatment Facility

ABSTRACT Introduction Acute respiratory diseases account for a substantial number of outpatient visits and hospitalizations among U.S. military personnel, significantly affecting mission readiness and military operations. We conducted a retrospective analysis of respiratory viral pathogen (RVP) samples collected from U.S. military personnel stationed in Hawaii and tested at Tripler Army Medical Center from January 2014 to May 2019 in order to describe the etiology, distribution, and seasonality of RVP exposure in a military population. Materials and Methods Samples were analyzed by viral culture or multiplex PCR. Distribution of respiratory viruses over time was analyzed as well as subject demographic and encounter data. Presenting signs and symptoms were evaluated with each RVP. Results A total of 2,576 military personnel were tested, of which 726 (28.2%) were positive for one or more RVP. Among positive tests, the three most common viral pathogens detected were influenza A (43.0%), rhinovirus (24.5%), and parainfluenza (7.6%). Symptoms were generally mild and most frequently included cough, fever, and body aches. Conclusion Our study evaluated respiratory virus prevalence, seasonality, and association with clinical symptoms for military personnel in an urban tropical setting in Oahu, HI, over a 5-year period. We show that viral prevalence and seasonality in Hawaii are distinct from those of the CONUS. Results contribute to the broader understanding of seasonality, clinical manifestation, and demographics of RVP among active duty military personnel stationed in Hawaii.

scholarly journals The susceptibility of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei to isometamidium chloride and its synthetic impurities

2014 ◽  
Vol 203 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 270-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annelise Sahin ◽  
Corinne Asencio ◽  
Julien Izotte ◽  
Davita Pillay ◽  
Virginie Coustou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense

scholarly journals Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy in hepatosplenic candidiasis-related IRIS

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e2012018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cengiz Bayram ◽  
Ali Fettah ◽  
Nese Yarali ◽  
Abdurrahman Kara ◽  
Fatih Mehmet Azik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corticosteroid Therapy ◽  
Immune Reconstitution ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Hepatosplenic Candidiasis ◽  
Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome ◽  
Standard Risk

Hepatosplenic candidiasis (HSC) is a form of invasive fungal infection that occurs most commonly in patients with acute leukemia treated with chemotherapy and requires protracted antifungal therapy. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is best characterized as a dysregulated inflammatory responses triggered by rapid resolution of immunosuppression.We present a child diagnosed with standard-risk precursor B cell-acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed HSC and Candida-related IRIS during recovery of neutropenia associated with induction chemotherapy. Addition of corticosteroid therapy to antifungal treatment is associated with the resolution of the clinical symptoms and laboratory findings

scholarly journals CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells, Dendritic Cells, and Circulating Cytokines in Uncomplicated Malaria: Do Different Parasite Species Elicit Similar Host Responses?

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 4763-4772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel M. Gonçalves ◽  
Karina C. Salmazi ◽  
Bianca A. N. Santos ◽  
Melissa S. Bastos ◽  
Sandra C. Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Surface Expression ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha

ABSTRACT Clearing blood-stage malaria parasites without inducing major host pathology requires a finely tuned balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses. The interplay between regulatory T (Treg) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) is one of the key determinants of this balance. Although experimental models have revealed various patterns of Treg cell expansion, DC maturation, and cytokine production according to the infecting malaria parasite species, no studies have compared all of these parameters in human infections with Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in the same setting of endemicity. Here we show that during uncomplicated acute malaria, both species induced a significant expansion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Treg cells expressing the key immunomodulatory molecule CTLA-4 and a significant increase in the proportion of DCs that were plasmacytoid (CD123+), with a decrease in the myeloid/plasmacytoid DC ratio. These changes were proportional to parasite loads but correlated neither with the intensity of clinical symptoms nor with circulating cytokine levels. One-third of P. vivax-infected patients, but no P. falciparum-infected subjects, showed impaired maturation of circulating DCs, with low surface expression of CD86. Although vivax malaria patients overall had a less inflammatory cytokine response, with a higher interleukin-10 (IL-10)/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) ratio, this finding did not translate to milder clinical manifestations than those of falciparum malaria patients. We discuss the potential implications of these findings for species-specific pathogenesis and long-lasting protective immunity to malaria.

Ethidium bromide: pharmacokinetics and efficacy against trypanosme infections in rabbits and calves

Parasitology ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Gilbert ◽  
B. A. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Ethidium Bromide ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Infected Calf ◽  
Patent Period ◽  
Drug Levels ◽  
Fluid Levels

SUMMARY[14C[ethidium bromide has been used to determine drug levels in tissues and body fluids of rabbits and calves following intramuscular injection. Uninfected and Trypanosoma brucei- or Trypanosoma congolense-infected animals were studied. Blood and tissue fluid levels reached a maximum within 1 h and then fell rapidly; after 96 h 80–90% of the radioactivity injected had been excreted, approximately one third in urine and two thirds in faeces. By 1 h after injection of 1 mg [14C]ethidium/kg into a T. congolense-infected calf, 70–80% of the radioactivity in blood was found to be bound to trypanosomes. Doses of 1 or 10 mg/kg were found not to be curative for T. congolense or T. brucei infections in rabbits; drug treatment resulted in a period of sub-patent parasitaemia which was always followed by a relapse. Examination of the prophylactic action of ethidium in rabbits showed that the drug extended the pre-patent period following trypanosome inoculation but provided no absolute protection. A period of ‘apparent’ prophylaxis observed after drug treatment of infected rabbits has been correlated with the presence of anti-trypanosome IgG in the serum.

Trypanosome infections and survival in tsetse

Parasitology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 116 (S1) ◽  
pp. S23-S28 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Maudlin ◽  
S. C. Welburn ◽  
P. J. M. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Glossina Morsitans Morsitans ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Trypanosome Infection ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Differential Effects

SummaryThe effect of trypanosome infection on vector survival was observed in a line of Glossina morsitans morsitans selected for susceptibility to trypanosome infection. The differential effects of midgut and salivary gland infections on survival were examined by exposing flies to infection with either Trypanosoma congolense which colonizes midgut and mouthparts or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense which colonizes midgut and salivary glands. A comparison of the survival distributions of uninfected flies with those exposed to infection showed that salivary gland infection significantly reduces tsetse survival; midgut infection had little or no effect on the survival of tsetse. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the vectorial capacity of wild flies.

Meningiomas Of the Internal Auditory Canal

Neurosurgery ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Nakamura ◽  
Florian Roser ◽  
Sharham Mirzai ◽  
Cordula Matthies ◽  
Peter Vorkapic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Vestibular Schwannomas ◽  
Additional Patient ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Neurosurgical Department ◽  
Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Meningiomas arising primarily within the internal auditory canal (IAC) are notably rare. By far the most common tumors that are encountered in this region are neuromas. We report a series of eight patients with meningiomas of the IAC, analyzing the clinical presentations, surgical management strategies, and clinical outcomes. METHODS: The charts of the patients, including histories and audiograms, imaging studies, surgical records, discharge letters, histological records, and follow-up records, were reviewed. RESULTS: One thousand eight hundred meningiomas were operated on between 1978 and 2002 at the Neurosurgical Department of Nordstadt Hospital. Among them, there were 421 cerebellopontine angle meningiomas; 7 of these (1.7% of cerebellopontine angle meningiomas) were limited to the IAC. One additional patient underwent surgery at the Neurosurgical Department of the International Neuroscience Institute, where a total of 21 cerebellopontine angle meningiomas were treated surgically from 2001 to 2003. As a comparison, the incidence of intrameatal vestibular schwannomas during the same period, 1978 to 2002, was 168 of 2400 (7%). There were five women and three men, and the mean age was 49.3 years (range, 27–59 yr). Most patients had signs and symptoms of vestibulocochlear nerve disturbance at presentation. One patient had sought treatment previously for total hearing loss before surgery. No patient had a facial paresis at presentation. The neuroradiological workup revealed a homogeneously contrast-enhancing tumor on magnetic resonance imaging in all patients with hypointense or isointense signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images. Some intrameatal meningiomas showed broad attachment, and some showed a dural tail at the porus. In all patients, the tumor was removed through the lateral suboccipital retrosigmoid approach with drilling of the posterior wall of the IAC. Total removal was achieved in all cases. Severe infiltration of the facial and vestibulocochlear nerve was encountered in two patients. There was no operative mortality. Hearing was preserved in five of seven patients; one patient was deaf before surgery. Postoperative facial weakness was encountered temporarily in one patient. CONCLUSION: Although intrameatal meningiomas are quite rare, they must be considered in the differential diagnosis of intrameatal mass lesions. The clinical symptoms are very similar to those of vestibular schwannomas. A radiological differentiation from vestibular schwannomas is not always possible. Surgical removal of intrameatal meningiomas should aim at wide excision, including involved dura and bone, to prevent recurrences. The variation in the anatomy of the faciocochlear nerve bundle in relation to the tumor has to be kept in mind, and preservation of these structures should be the goal in every case.

scholarly journals Differential virulence and tsetse fly transmissibility of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei strains

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purity K. Gitonga ◽  
Kariuki Ndung’u ◽  
Grace A. Murilla ◽  
Paul C. Thande ◽  
Florence N. Wamwiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Countries

African animal trypanosomiasis causes significant economic losses in sub-Saharan African countries because of livestock mortalities and reduced productivity. Trypanosomes, the causative agents, are transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). In the current study, we compared and contrasted the virulence characteristics of five Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei isolates using groups of Swiss white mice (n = 6). We further determined the vectorial capacity of Glossina pallidipes, for each of the trypanosome isolates. Results showed that the overall pre-patent (PP) periods were 8.4 ± 0.9 (range, 4–11) and 4.5 ± 0.2 (range, 4–6) for T. congolense and T. brucei isolates, respectively (p < 0.01). Despite the longer mean PP, T. congolense–infected mice exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) shorter survival time than T. brucei–infected mice, indicating greater virulence. Differences were also noted among the individual isolates with T. congolense KETRI 2909 causing the most acute infection of the entire group with a mean ± standard error survival time of 9 ± 2.1 days. Survival time of infected tsetse flies and the proportion with mature infections at 30 days post-exposure to the infective blood meals varied among isolates, with subacute infection–causing T. congolense EATRO 1829 and chronic infection–causing T. brucei EATRO 2267 isolates showing the highest mature infection rates of 38.5% and 23.1%, respectively. Therefore, our study provides further evidence of occurrence of differences in virulence and transmissibility of eastern African trypanosome strains and has identified two, T. congolense EATRO 1829 and T. brucei EATRO 2267, as suitable for tsetse infectivity and transmissibility experiments.

scholarly journals Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Toxicity of Disoproxil Tenofovir Fumarate and Emtricitabine for Mild to Moderate SARS-CoV-2 Infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldo A M Lima ◽  
Erico A G Arruda ◽  
Roberto J Pires-Neto ◽  
Melissa S Medeiros ◽  
J Quirino-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Suspicion ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Controlled Clinical Trial ◽  
Double Blind

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of tenofovir (TDF) and TDF combined with emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 infections. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients with clinical suspicion of mild to moderate respiratory infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 who were treated at an outpatient clinic. Patients were randomly recruited to take 10 days of TDF (300 mg/day), TDF (300 mg/day) combined with FTC (200 mg/day) or placebo Vitamin C (500 mg/day). The primary parameter was the score of symptoms and predictive signs of COVID-19, assessed on the seventh day of patient follow-up. From a total of 309 patients with clinical suspicion of SARS-CoV-2, 227 met the inclusion criteria and were randomly distributed into the following groups: (a) 75 (one did not initiate treatment) in the TDF group; (b) 74 in the TDF combined with FTC group; and (c) 77 in the Vitamin C group (placebo). Of the 226 patients, 139 (62%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Fever (37.8oC), ageusia or dysgeusia, anosmia or dysosmia, and two or more clinical symptoms or signs were significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. There was no significant change in clinical score based on clinical symptoms and signs between treatment groups. Patients with mild to moderate infection by SARS-CoV-2 had higher concentrations of G-CSF, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α compared to patients without infection. Patients with mild to moderate respiratory infection, with fever (37.8oC), loss of smell, loss of taste and two or more symptoms, have a better prediction for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Patients with SARS-CoV-2 showed higher and more persistent proinflammatory cytokines profile compared to patients not infected with SARS-CoV-2. Pharmacological intervention with TDF or TDF combined with FTC did not change the clinical signs and symptoms score in mild to moderate respiratory infection in patients with SARS-CoV-2 compared to the Vitamin C group (placebo).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document