scholarly journals Diversity of mangrove fungal endophytes from selected mangrove species of coastal Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-136
Author(s):  
Helen M. Kiti ◽  
Cosmas N. Munga ◽  
Josiah O. Odalo ◽  
Paul M. Guyo ◽  
Cromwell M. Kibiti
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Community ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Colonization Rate ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Red Mangrove ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Gazi Bay

Endophytes are bacteria or fungi living asymptomatically in the internal tissues of plants. They are symbiotic in nature and can be exploited for novel bioactive metabolites with applications in agriculture, medicine and industry. Mangrove fungal endophytes from the marine environment are abundant and have been recognized as sources of bioactive natural products. The study was designed to isolate, purify and identify mangrove fungal endophytes from selected common mangrove species of Gazi Bay, Tudor and Mida creek on the Kenya coast. The colonization rate and isolation rate of the mangrove fungal endophytes were determined. The studied mangrove species were Rhizophora mucronata (red mangrove), Sonneratia alba (mangrove apple), Avicennia marina (grey or white mangrove), and Ceriops tagal (spurred mangrove). Samples from twigs of these mangrove species were collected and analyzed using standard methods. Isolation of pure cultures of the endophytes was performed using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) incubated at 28 ± 1ºC for 5 days. The fungal isolates were identified under a light microscope based on colony morphology characteristics, type and presentation of conidiophores and conidia. A total of 18 different mangrove fungal endophytes were identified and these belonged to 5 genera. These were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Cephalosporium and Blastomyces, with Aspergillus being the most dominant genus. Tudor Creek recorded the highest fungal community diversity (H’ = 1.35) and Gazi Bay had the lowest diversity (H’ = 0.45). Fungal community similarity based on the identified genera was highest between Gazi Bay and Mida Creek (0.80) and lowest between Tudor Creek and Mida Creek (0.57). The selected mangrove species recorded a colonization rate of endophytic fungi of between 38.9 – 94.4 % with the highest habitation being associated with S. alba and C. tagal. There were differences and similarities in the colonization rate within mangrove species across study sites. Findings of this study have confirmed that the selected mangrove species exhibit high diversity of fungal endophytes with host recurrence and spatial heterogeneity.

scholarly journals A preliminary investigation of endophytic fungal diversity at Hope, East Coast Demerara, Guyana

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 044-048
Author(s):  
Kimberly Craig ◽  
Abdullah Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Avicennia Germinans ◽  
Laguncularia Racemosa ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Red Mangrove ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
White Mangrove

Foliar endophytic fungi spend a part of their life cycle on the leaves of plants. They may demonstrate no apparent symptoms but may also cause disease at a later time in the plant’s life. Studies investigating foliar fungal endophytes of mangroves are limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the foliar fungal endophytes present on the leaves of three mangrove species: namely Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), Black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) and White mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa). The study site was an area located at Hope, East Coast Demerara, and South America, Guyana. Out of sixty (60) leaf samples that were prepared, fourteen (14) fungal isolates were identified. Most of the fungi isolated in the study were found to be Hyphomycetes (Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Cladosporium and Curvularia) while the others were Zygomorphic (Mucor and Rhizopus). The ANOVA calculations for the isolates from the three mangrove species were found to not be statistically significant. R mangle was the preferred host out of the three (3) species. The findings of this study confirm that mangroves have rich endophytic diversity and demonstrate rich research and biochemical potential.

Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Mangrove Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilesh L. Dahibhate ◽  
Utpal Roy ◽  
Kundan Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Sonneratia Caseolaris ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorhiza

Background: Mangrove plant extracts are used in folkloric medicine as aphrodisiac, sedative, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimalarial. Screening for antimicrobial, phytochemical and antioxidant activities of fourteen mangroves plant species (Aegiceras corniculatum, Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops tagel, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris) in various solvents are reported in this work. Methods: The antimicrobial screening was carried out using agar well diffusion method. In this study, nine pathogenic strains were used, including three Gram-positive and six Gram-negative bacteria. Phytochemical screening, total flavonoids, total phenolic and antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Four phenolic compounds (gallic acid, vanillin, tannic acid and quercetin) were quantified by LC-MS/MS in selected mangrove species. Results: Antimicrobial screening showed Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were most susceptible to ethyl acetate extract as compared to ethanol and methanol extract. Ethyl acetate extract of Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorhiza showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids, which was found to be variable as per the solvent used for extraction. In addition, total phenolics and total flavonoids content with different solvents were found in the range of 11.08 to 196.76 mg GAE/g and 12.92 to 110.3 mg QE/g of extract respectively. Moreover, antioxidant capacities expressed in terms of IC50 (mg/mL) showed that methanol extract exhibited higher antioxidant capacity followed by ethanol extract. LC-MS/MS analysis showed gallic acid and tannic acid are present in higher concentration in Aegiceras corniculatum and Sonneratia caseolaris than other species. The vanillin and quercetin were found in the least concentration. Conclusion: Mangroves species are rich source of antioxidant, phenolics and antimicrobial compounds.

scholarly journals Tree Diversity Reduces Fungal Endophyte Richness and Diversity in a Large-Scale Temperate Forest Experiment

Diversity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Griffin ◽  
Joshua G. Harrison ◽  
Melissa K. McCormick ◽  
Karin T. Burghardt ◽  
John D. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Tree Diversity ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
And Function

Although decades of research have typically demonstrated a positive correlation between biodiversity of primary producers and associated trophic levels, the ecological drivers of this association are poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that the plant microbiome, or the fungi and bacteria found on and inside plant hosts, may be cryptic yet important drivers of important processes, including primary production and trophic interactions. Here, using high-throughput sequencing, we characterized foliar fungal community diversity, composition, and function from 15 broadleaved tree species (N = 545) in a recently established, large-scale temperate tree diversity experiment using over 17,000 seedlings. Specifically, we tested whether increases in tree richness and phylogenetic diversity would increase fungal endophyte diversity (the “Diversity Begets Diversity” hypothesis), as well as alter community composition (the “Tree Diversity–Endophyte Community” hypothesis) and function (the “Tree Diversity–Endophyte Function” hypothesis) at different spatial scales. We demonstrated that increasing tree richness and phylogenetic diversity decreased fungal species and functional guild richness and diversity, including pathogens, saprotrophs, and parasites, within the first three years of a forest diversity experiment. These patterns were consistent at the neighborhood and tree plot scale. Our results suggest that fungal endophytes, unlike other trophic levels (e.g., herbivores as well as epiphytic bacteria), respond negatively to increasing plant diversity.

Phenology, litterfall and nutrient resorption in Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh in Gazi Bay, Kenya

Trees ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline A. Ochieng ◽  
Paul L. Erftemeijer
Keyword(s):  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Nutrient Resorption ◽  
Gazi Bay

scholarly journals Eutypella parasitica and Other Frequently Isolated Fungi in Wood of Dead Branches of Young Sycamore Maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) in Slovenia

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Brglez ◽  
Barbara Piškur ◽  
Nikica Ogris
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Sycamore Maple

Eutypella parasitica R.W. Davidson and R.C. Lorenz is the causative agent of Eutypella canker of maple, a destructive disease of maples in Europe and North America. The fungus E. parasitica infects the trunk through a branch stub or bark wound. Because the fungal community may have an impact on infection and colonization by E. parasitica, the composition of fungi colonizing wood of dead branches of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) was investigated in five sampling sites in Slovenia. Forty samples from each sampling site were collected between the November 2017 and March 2018 period. Isolations were made from the wood in the outer part of dead branches and from discoloured wood in the trunk that originated from a dead branch. Pure cultures were divided into morphotypes, and one representative culture per morphotype was selected for further molecular identification. From a total of 2700 cultured subsamples, 1744 fungal cultures were obtained, which were grouped into 212 morphotypes. The investigated samples were colonized by a broad spectrum of fungi. The most frequently isolated species were Eutypa maura (Fr.) Sacc., Eutypa sp. Tul. and C. Tul., Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc., Neocucurbitaria acerina Wanas., Camporesi, E.B.G. Jones and K.D. Hyde and E. parasitica. In this study, we distinguished species diversity and the fungal community. There were no significant differences in the diversity of fungal species between the five sampling sites, and branch thickness did not prove to be a statistically significant factor in fungal species diversity. Nevertheless, relatively low Jaccard similarity index values suggested possible differences in the fungal communities from different sampling sites. This was confirmed by an analysis of similarities, which showed that the isolated fungal community distinctly differed between the five sampling sites and between the different isolation sources. Eutypella parasitica was isolated from all five investigated sampling sites, although Eutypella cankers were observed in only three sampling sites, indicating the possibility of asymptomatic infection.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS MANGROVE DI DESA MENDALOK KECAMATAN SUNGAI KUNYIT KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahrul Muharamsyah ◽  
M Sofwan Anwari ◽  
Hafiz Ardian
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Stylosa ◽  
Sonneratia Caseolaris ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Bruguiera Cylindrica

Mangrove forests are unique ecosystems that have ecological, biological and socio-economic functions. The function of mangrove forests on the environment is very important especially in the coastal and oceanic regions. Mangrove forests providers of wood, leaves as raw material for medicines, and natural dye. This study aims to inventory the diversity of species of mangrove vegetation in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. The benefits of this study are to provide the data on mangrove forest vegetation as basic data for local government and related agencies in efforts to protect and preserve mangrove forests in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. Inventory the tree in mangrove forest used a line with measured 200 meters. There are 6 lines and the distance between the lines as far as 100 meters. The lines of observation are placed by purposive sampling. The results of research found 11 types of species and consisted of 6 genera. The genera are Avicennia, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Rhizophora, Soneratia and Xylocarpus. The species found were Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, Xylocarpus mollucensis. Diversity of mangrove species in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency was high and should be maintained for conservation and ecotourism area. Keywords : conservation, ecotourism, mangrove, Mendalok Village

scholarly journals Patterns of Sediment Fungal Community Dependent on Farming Practices in Aquaculture Ponds

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhimin Zhang ◽  
Qinghui Deng ◽  
Xiuyun Cao ◽  
Yiyong Zhou ◽  
Chunlei Song
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Yangtze River Basin ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Aquaculture Ponds ◽  
Pond Sediments ◽  
Sediment Carbon

Despite fungi playing an important role in nutrient decomposition in aquatic ecosystems and being considered as vital actors in the ecological processes, they received limited attention regarding the community in aquaculture pond sediments which are extremely important and typically disturbed habitats. Using an ITS1 region of fungal rDNA, this study aimed to investigate sediment fungal communities in fish, crab, and crayfish ponds for decades of farming practices at representative aquaculture regions in the middle Yangtze River basin, China. We then aimed to explore the community patterns associated with species-based farming practices in the ponds at 18 farms. The results showed that the pond sediments harbored more than 9,000 operational taxonomic units. The sediments had significantly higher alpha diversity in crab ponds compared to that in fish and crayfish ponds. The fungal phyla largely belonged to Ascomycota and Chytridiomycota, and the dominance of Rozellomycota over Basidiomycota and Aphelidiomycota was observed. The majority of sediment fungal members were ascribed to unclassified fungi, with higher proportions in fish ponds than crab and crayfish ponds. Further, the fungal communities were markedly distinct among the three types of ponds, suggesting divergent patterns of fungal community assemblages caused by farming practices in aquaculture ponds. The community diversity and structure were closely correlated to sediment properties, especially sediment carbon content and pH. Thus, the distribution and pattern of fungal communities in the sediments appear to primarily depend on species-based farming practices responsible for the resulting sediment carbon content and pH in aquaculture ponds. This study provides a detailed snapshot and extension of understanding fungal community structure and variability in pond ecosystems, highlighting the impacts of farming practices on the assembly and succession of sediment fungal communities in aquaculture ponds.

scholarly journals Microbial diversity in raw milk and Sayram Ketteki from southern of Xinjiang, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongla Gao ◽  
Weihua Wang ◽  
Zhanjiang Han ◽  
Qian Xi ◽  
Ruicheng Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Fungal Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Resources

Raw milk and fermented milk are rich in microbial resources, which are essential for the formation of texture, flavor and taste. In order to gain a deeper knowledge of the bacterial and fungal community diversity in local raw milk and home-made yogurts from Sayram town, Baicheng county, Akesu area, southern of Xinjiang, China,30 raw milk and 30 home-made yogurt samples were collected and experiment of high-throughput sequencing was implemented.The results of experiments revealed the species of fungi in raw milk was the most, and the species of bacteria in fermented milk was the least.Based on principal component analysis (PCA), it was found that the bacterial and fungal community structure differed in samples from two types of dairy products.And the presence of 15 bacterial and 12 fungal phyla, comprising 218 bacterial and 495 fungal genera respectively, among all samples. Firmicutes and Ascomycota,Lactobacillus and Candida were the predominant phyla and genera of bacteria and fungi, respectively. The results indicated that the microbial community of raw milk differs from home-made yogurts due to sampling location and manufacturing process. The study suggested that high-throughput sequencing could provide a better understanding of microbiological diversity as well as lay a theoretical foundation for selecting beneficial microbial resources from this natural yogurt.

scholarly journals Regeneration capacity and threats to mangrove areas on the southern coast of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines: Implications to mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
AARON FROILAN RAGANAS ◽  
ANNALEE S. HADSALL ◽  
NELSON M. PAMPOLINA ◽  
STEFAN HOTES ◽  
DAMASA B. MAGCALE-MACANDOG
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Species ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Regeneration Capacity ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Ecosystem Rehabilitation

Abstract. Raganas AFM, Hadsall AS, Pampolina NM, Hotes S, Magcale-Macandog DB. 2020. Regeneration capacity and threats to mangrove areas on the southern coast of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines: Implications to mangrove ecosystem rehabilitation. Biodiversitas 21: 3625-3636. Regeneration capacity is important as it determines the fate of an ecosystem. This study assessed six mangrove areas in the southern coast of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines to evaluate their regeneration capacity status. Four mangrove ecotypes were delineated namely seaward, middle, landward and riverine zones at each mangrove ecosystem, where dominant mangrove species were identified and selected for regeneration capacity study. Three subplots measuring 1 x 1 m2 were laid within the five 10 x 10 m2 survey plots established per zone. The juveniles were counted and categorized according to their height classes, using linear regeneration sampling method; where: RCI (≤40 cm) considered seedlings; RCII (41-150 cm) as saplings; and RCIII (151-≤300 cm) as small trees. Potential threats both anthropogenic and natural were determined through key informant interviews. Seven dominant species were identified across ecotypes in all mangrove sites, namely Avicennia marina, Avicennia rumphiana, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum. RCI (seedlings) is the most abundant across mangrove sites irrespective of the dominant species. Fishpond operation within the mangrove stand is considered a major threat to the juveniles and most mangrove ecosystems. Therefore, protection and constant monitoring of these mangrove ecosystems are necessary to ensure regeneration success in the future.

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