Optical Somatic Cell Counting and Total Protein Analysis in a Dairy Herd Improvement Program1

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. WANG ◽  
G. H. RICHARDSON
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cheese Industry

Milk sample preparation for Optical Somatic Cell Counter II operation was simplified by using a diluter to add fixative, mix, and dilute samples. Potassium dichromate preservative tablets produced a mean increase of 7,000 in somatic cell counts in fresh milk. Samples held at 20–23 C beyond 2 days or at 4–7 C beyond 4 days showed a reduction in somatic cell count. The mean somatic cells in 3 Holstein herds tested over a 6-month period was 3.8 × 105/ml. A 22-month survey of 52.6 thousand Utah Dairy Herd Improvement samples which were shipped under ambient conditions and then held at 5 C until tested, indicated 75% below 400,000 and 2.7% above 1.6 million somatic cells/ml. Casein, noncasein protein, total protein, fat and milk weight data were also obtained on the three herds. Multiple correlations were obtained. The best correlations suggested that testing for total protein and somatic cells in a central laboratory would estimate casein and noncasein protein. Such tests are most valuable for the cheese industry.

scholarly journals PSVIII-36 Late-Breaking Abstract: Somatic cells count in dairy farms of Northern Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 345-346
Author(s):  
Daulet Aitmukhanbetov ◽  
Aizhan Abylgazinova ◽  
Zhumadiya Tleulenov ◽  
Aliya Serikbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
The Republic

Abstract According to requirements of the Safety of Milk and Dairy Products in our republic somatic cells count should be less than 750,000 cells / mL. Achieving this level is possible with the implementation of somatic cell programs based on the experience of laboratories in Western Europe and Northern America (G.M. Jones). Somatic cells in milk are counted in the United States and Canada as part of the National Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) program. The result was a significant improvement of the dairy herd by mastitis level (Barkema H.W., Schukken Y.H., Lam T.J., Beiboer M.L., Wilmink H. et al. 1998). Average somatic cell content was less than 200 thousand cells/mL. The purpose was to determine somatic cells count in the herds of Republic of Kazakhstan and to test the SCC program. Research work was carried out under project “Improving the breeding methods efficiency.” The chemical composition and somatic cell count were carried out on a CombiFossFT + infrared analyzer. The results of counting somatic cells in milk of dairy cows in the farms of the northern region, the Republic of Kazakhstan, showed that the quality of milk in most dairy farms meets the requirements of the technical regulation on the quality and safety of milk (table 1). According to the table, it can be said that livestock of dairy cattle by 16% or more are affected by clinical and subclinical mastitis. Moreover, each farm receives less than 6% or more of milk. To increase the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding in the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is necessary to introduce a program for somatic cell counting into the practice of dairy laboratories.

Somatic Cell Reference Samples for Calibration of Milk Somatic Cell Counting Methods

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 694-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. LINTNER ◽  
C. W. HEALD ◽  
R. J. EBERHART
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Counting Methods ◽  
Raw Bulk Milk

Somatic cell count samples (SCCS) for use in calibration of milk somatic cell counting methods were prepared from raw bulk milk preserved with potassium dichromate. Somatic cells were separated by centrifugation, then appropriate cell dilutions were prepared in the dichromate-preserved skim milk. Somatic cell counts from SCCS stored at 4°C were stable over a 23-wk period. No bacterial contamination was detected in these samples. In a collaborative study among eight laboratories, SCCS were not affected by usual conditions by shipping. The SCCS can be used as reference standards for the direct microscopic somatic cell count and the Fossomatic and Coulter Counter somatic cell counting methods.

Fossomatic Method of Somatic Cell Counting in Milk: Collaborative Study

1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-784
Author(s):  
Richard D Mochrie ◽  
Robert J Monroe
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Th Cells ◽  
Linear Coefficient ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Local Standard ◽  
Fully Automatic ◽  
Cell Counter

Abstract Fossomatic, a fully automatic, fluoro-optoelectronic somatic cell counter, was evaluated in 6 laboratories. One set of 6 duplicate milk samples, fresh and preserved, was read with instruments as routinely calibrated to each laboratory’s direct microscopic somatic cell counts (DMSCCs), i.e., local standard. A second set was read after standardizing the instrument to a 3-sample common standard (DMSCC) shipped to each collaborator. Cell levels of the unknowns ranged from 371 to 2301 thousand (th)/ml by DMSCC, with an s per sample of 14.8% and s of a level mean of 1.8%. Fossomatic values averaged 1014 compared to 1031 th cells/ml by DMSCC, had homogeneous variance for duplicates within laboratories (s = 4.0%), and had an error per observation of 6.2%. The linear coefficient of 0.9966±0.0039 (for fresh milk and common standard) for the Fossomatic values regressed on DMSCC gave an excellent and unbiased estimate of the cell concentration in a milk sample. A small bias was evident in only 5 of 24 linear regressions (fresh or preserved within each standard) where slopes differed significantly from 1. All 5 were on values derived from a local standard with maximum biases of +18% and —28% (at a 1 million level). Preserved milk had slightly lower (P < 0.01) cell concentrations than fresh milk but only by 3.6% at 1 million. Although condition X level was significant (P < 0.01), the 6 cell levels differed by a magnitude of only 27— 45 th cells/ml. Between-laboratory variation (the component was 4.6%) and laboratory X level interaction were both significant, but their contributions to error were small. The spread in laboratories at any cell level was about 12% and the error of estimate for a sample sent to 2 laboratories was 6.8%. Although interactions were significant with this precise method, they were not of such a magnitude as to invalidate cell count estimates in practice. The Fossomatic method has been adopted as official first action.

Warm vs Cold Sampling of Raw Milk for Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Counting

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073-1075
Author(s):  
ROY GINN ◽  
VERNAL PACKARD
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Microscopic Method ◽  
Grand Average ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Different Levels

Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (1) requires that milk be sampled cold for analysis of both bacteria and somatic cells by the direct microscopic method. Preliminary observations made at Dairy Quality Control Institute, Inc. indicated that better precision in somatic cell counting could be obtained if milk was sampled at 38°C rather than 0–4.4°C. A study was undertaken to confirm preliminary findings. Three technicians made direct microscopic somatic cell counts (DMSCC) in triplicate on milk samples standardized to four different levels of counts. The grand average counts at the four levels of cells for cold vs warm milk sampling were, in thousands of cells per ml, 149 vs 154, 410 vs 416, 705 vs 697, and 1034 vs 1024. Grand average standard deviations for cold vs warm, respectively, at the four levels of count were 19 vs 17, 47 vs 42, 54 vs 50, and 69 vs 62. Thus, an improvement in precision of counting was observed at all four levels of somatic cells when raw milk is warmed to 38°C prior to sampling.

Somatic Cells in Milk-Physiological Aspects and Relationship to Amount and Composition of Milk

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. SCHULTZ
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts

Somatic cells in milk include epithelial cells from the gland and leukocytes from the blood. Epithelial cells are elevated in very early and late lactation. Leukocytes increase during mastitis infection or injury. They have phagocytic properties and combat invading organisms. Mean somatic cell counts of each milking over a 1-month period for cows with no udder infection, non-pathogens, or pathogens, were 169,500, 225,800, and 997,800 cells per ml, with coeffecients of variation of 94, 66, and 82%. Advanced age, late lactation, and a previous history of mastitis are related to elevated cells. Milk loss in subclinical mastitis is related to somatic cell counts. On a quarter basis, loss started at 500,000 cells per ml, progressed to 7.5% at 1 million, and 30% at 5 million. In cell counting programs associated with monthly testing of individual cows, those cows with two cell counts over 1 million cells per ml produced over 1,000 pounds of milk per lactation less than other cows in the same lactation whose cell count never exceeded 500,000 per ml. Use of cell counting on an individual cow basis improves its usefulness as a management tool for the dairyman compared to bulk tank counts. Literature data suggest the following changes in the milk composition from quarters definitely positive to mastitis screening tests based on somatic cell counts compared to normal quarters (values represent percent of normal): total solids (92), lactose (85), fat (88), total protein (100), caseins (82), whey protein (162), chloride (161), sodium (136), potassium (91), pH (105), lipase activity (116), and acid degree value (183).

scholarly journals Extensive Countrywide Field Investigation of Somatic Cell Counts and Total Bacterial Counts in Bulk-Tank Raw Milk in Sheep Flocks in Greece

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Daphne T. Lianou ◽  
Charalambia K. Michael ◽  
Natalia G. C. Vasileiou ◽  
Efthymia Petinaki ◽  
Peter J. Cripps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank

Objectives were to investigate somatic cell counts (SCC) and total bacterial counts (TBC) in the raw bulk-tank milk of sheep flocks in Greece, to study factors potentially influencing increased SCC and TBC in the bulk-tank milk of sheep and to evaluate possible associations of SCC and TBC with milk content. Throughout Greece, 325 dairy sheep flocks were visited for collection of milk sampling for somatic cell counting, microbiological examination and composition measurement. Geometric mean SCC were 0.488 × 106 cells mL−1; geometric mean TBC were 398 × 103 cfu mL−1; 228 staphylococcal isolates were recovered form 206 flocks (63.4%). Multivariable analyses revealed annual incidence risk of clinical mastitis, age of the farmer and month into lactation period (among 53 variables) to be significant for SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1 and month into lactation period at sampling and availability of mechanical ventilators (among 58 variables) to be significant for TBC > 1500 × 103 cfu mL−1. Negative correlation of SCC with fat, total protein and lactose and positive correlation of SCC with added water were found. With SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1, significant reduction of protein content (2%) was observed, whilst in flocks with SCC > 1.5 × 106 cells mL−1, significantly lower annual milk production per ewe (42.9%) was recorded.

THE EFFECT OF MIXING ON DISTRIBUTION OF SOMATIC CELLS IN BULK TANK MILK1

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 470-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert E. Ward ◽  
David T. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Representative Samples

Agitation of milk in bulk tanks for at least 1 min is necessary so that representative samples for somatic cell counts can be obtained.

scholarly journals Short communication: Influence of the sampling device on somatic cell count variation in cow milk samples (by official recording)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. e05SC01
Author(s):  
Ramiro Fouz ◽  
María J. Vilar ◽  
Eduardo Yus ◽  
María-Luisa Sanjuán ◽  
Francisco J. Diéguez
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Sampling Device ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

<p>The objective of this study was to investigate the variability in cow´s milk somatic cell counts (SCC) depending on the type of milk meter used by dairy farms for official milk recording. The study was performed in 2011 and 2012 in the major cattle area of Spain. In total, 137,846 lactations of Holstein-Friesian cows were analysed at 1,912 farms. A generalised least squares regression model was used for data analysis. The model showed that the milk meter had a substantial effect on the SCC for individual milk samples obtained for official milk recording. The results suggested an overestimation of the SCC in milk samples from farms that had electronic devices in comparison with farms that used portable devices and underestimation when volumetric meters are used. A weak positive correlation was observed between the SCC and the percentage of fat in individual milk samples. The results underline the importance of considering this variable when using SCC data from milk recording in the dairy herd improvement program or in quality milk programs.</p>

Streptococcus spp. from bulk-tank milk and milking machine teatcups on small ruminant farms, and factors potentially associated with their isolation

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-281
Author(s):  
Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos ◽  
Daphne T. Lianou ◽  
Charalambia K. Michael ◽  
Dimitris A. Gougoulis ◽  
Vasia S. Mavrogianni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Milking Machine

AbstractThe objectives of this work were (a) to determine the presence of streptococci in samples from small ruminant dairy farms (bulk-tank milk and, where possible, teatcup swabs), (b) to investigate the potential adverse effects of streptococci on milk quality and (c) to investigate the importance of some husbandry factors for the isolation of streptococci. Bulk-tank milk samples and teatcups swab samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of streptococci. Somatic cell counting and milk composition measurements were also performed. The husbandry factors present in each farm were assessed for potential associations with the isolation of streptococci. Streptococci were isolated from milk samples from 31.4% of sheep and 17.4% of goat farms and from 4.8% of sheep and 5.9% of goat teatcups. Streptococci were isolated more frequently from the upper part than the lower part of teatcups: 5.0% vs. 1.9%. Most isolates (57.9%) were identified as Streptococcus uberis. Most isolates (68.4%) were slime-producing; slime-production was more frequent among isolates from teatcups (83.3%) than from bulk-tank milk (55.0%). Somatic cell counts and milk composition did not differ between farms in which streptococci were or were not isolated. Machine-milking was associated with the isolation of streptococci from bulk-tank milk samples. The initial stage of the milking period (first two months) was found to be associated with the isolation of streptococci from milking machine teatcups in sheep farms only.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document