Warm vs Cold Sampling of Raw Milk for Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Counting

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073-1075
Author(s):  
ROY GINN ◽  
VERNAL PACKARD
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Microscopic Method ◽  
Grand Average ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Different Levels

Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (1) requires that milk be sampled cold for analysis of both bacteria and somatic cells by the direct microscopic method. Preliminary observations made at Dairy Quality Control Institute, Inc. indicated that better precision in somatic cell counting could be obtained if milk was sampled at 38°C rather than 0–4.4°C. A study was undertaken to confirm preliminary findings. Three technicians made direct microscopic somatic cell counts (DMSCC) in triplicate on milk samples standardized to four different levels of counts. The grand average counts at the four levels of cells for cold vs warm milk sampling were, in thousands of cells per ml, 149 vs 154, 410 vs 416, 705 vs 697, and 1034 vs 1024. Grand average standard deviations for cold vs warm, respectively, at the four levels of count were 19 vs 17, 47 vs 42, 54 vs 50, and 69 vs 62. Thus, an improvement in precision of counting was observed at all four levels of somatic cells when raw milk is warmed to 38°C prior to sampling.

Optical Somatic Cell Counting and Total Protein Analysis in a Dairy Herd Improvement Program1

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. WANG ◽  
G. H. RICHARDSON
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cheese Industry

Milk sample preparation for Optical Somatic Cell Counter II operation was simplified by using a diluter to add fixative, mix, and dilute samples. Potassium dichromate preservative tablets produced a mean increase of 7,000 in somatic cell counts in fresh milk. Samples held at 20–23 C beyond 2 days or at 4–7 C beyond 4 days showed a reduction in somatic cell count. The mean somatic cells in 3 Holstein herds tested over a 6-month period was 3.8 × 105/ml. A 22-month survey of 52.6 thousand Utah Dairy Herd Improvement samples which were shipped under ambient conditions and then held at 5 C until tested, indicated 75% below 400,000 and 2.7% above 1.6 million somatic cells/ml. Casein, noncasein protein, total protein, fat and milk weight data were also obtained on the three herds. Multiple correlations were obtained. The best correlations suggested that testing for total protein and somatic cells in a central laboratory would estimate casein and noncasein protein. Such tests are most valuable for the cheese industry.

Improved bioluminescent assay of somatic cell counts in raw milk

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery G Frundzhyan ◽  
Inna M Parkhomenko ◽  
Lubov Y Brovko ◽  
Natalia N Ugarova
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Bioluminescent Assay ◽  
Direct Microscopy ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Simple Protocol

Somatic cell count (SCC) in milk is considered to be a valuable indicator of cow mastitis. For assessment of SCC in milk, the bioluminescent assay based on determination of ATP from somatic cells ([ATPsom]) in milk was proposed earlier. However, this assay is still not widely used in practice owing to lower reliability compared with conventional methods such as direct microscopy and flow cytometry. We revised the bioluminescent SCC assay and developed a simple protocol based on determination of the total non-bacterial ATP concentration in milk. It was shown that the novel ATP-releasing agent Neonol-10 (oxy-ethylated iso-nonyl phenol) has superior performance providing 100% lysis of somatic cells while not disrupting bacterial cells of milk at a concentration of 1·5% w/w. There was high correlation (R2=0·99) between measured bioluminescence and SCC as measured by direct microscopy. The observed detection limit of the bioluminescent milk SCC assay was as low as 900 cell/ml, time of analysis was 2–3 min per sample. The proposed method has high potential for on-site mastitis diagnostics.

scholarly journals Somatic cell counts and bacteria in milk from two nomadic herds in Abeokuta, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
F.C. Thomas ◽  
O.O. Alarape ◽  
O.M. Oliwo ◽  
E. Omoshaba ◽  
O.E. Ojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Costs Of Treatment ◽  
Mastitic Milk

Mastitis, the inflammation of the mammary gland, is a major endemic disease affecting dairy production worldwide. Costs of treatment and control of mastitis contributes to major losses to the dairy industry especially if the condition is not promptly and accurately diagnosed, thus necessitating the engagement of regular and reliable means of recognising intra-mammary infections. Somatic cell counting, which has been recognized as a major standard for mastitis diagnosis in milk, was utilized in this study as a direct measure of intramammary inflammation (IMI), along with bacterial culture and isolation to establish the presence of mammary infections in cows from two nomadic herds. Milk from all four quarters (composite samples) of each of 100 cows at various stages of lactation, were obtained and subjected to Levowitz-Weber staining of duplicate smears and direct microscopic counting of somatic cells. Culture and isolation of sterile milk swabs and subsequent identification by morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests were employed to assess the presence of mastitis-causing pathogens in the samples. Using ≤100,000 cells/ml as cut off for non-mastitic milk, sub-clinical mastitis (SM), was determined in 70 (70%) of the examined samples. Contagious pathogens, namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus species and others as well as environmental bacteria, E. coli and Enterococcus species amongst others, were isolated from the samples. This result circuitously indicates the level of losses to dairy production through poor milk quality and yield, costs of treatment and culling obtainable in the nomadic dairying venture. The need for routine evaluation of raw milk and other dairy products emanating from the itinerant pastoralists, using sensitive and reliable parameters to facilitate prompt diagnosis, targeted treatment and rapid control of cow to cow or herd to herd spread of IMI is highlighted in this study.

Somatic Cells in Milk-Physiological Aspects and Relationship to Amount and Composition of Milk

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. SCHULTZ
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts

Somatic cells in milk include epithelial cells from the gland and leukocytes from the blood. Epithelial cells are elevated in very early and late lactation. Leukocytes increase during mastitis infection or injury. They have phagocytic properties and combat invading organisms. Mean somatic cell counts of each milking over a 1-month period for cows with no udder infection, non-pathogens, or pathogens, were 169,500, 225,800, and 997,800 cells per ml, with coeffecients of variation of 94, 66, and 82%. Advanced age, late lactation, and a previous history of mastitis are related to elevated cells. Milk loss in subclinical mastitis is related to somatic cell counts. On a quarter basis, loss started at 500,000 cells per ml, progressed to 7.5% at 1 million, and 30% at 5 million. In cell counting programs associated with monthly testing of individual cows, those cows with two cell counts over 1 million cells per ml produced over 1,000 pounds of milk per lactation less than other cows in the same lactation whose cell count never exceeded 500,000 per ml. Use of cell counting on an individual cow basis improves its usefulness as a management tool for the dairyman compared to bulk tank counts. Literature data suggest the following changes in the milk composition from quarters definitely positive to mastitis screening tests based on somatic cell counts compared to normal quarters (values represent percent of normal): total solids (92), lactose (85), fat (88), total protein (100), caseins (82), whey protein (162), chloride (161), sodium (136), potassium (91), pH (105), lipase activity (116), and acid degree value (183).

scholarly journals Extensive Countrywide Field Investigation of Somatic Cell Counts and Total Bacterial Counts in Bulk-Tank Raw Milk in Sheep Flocks in Greece

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Daphne T. Lianou ◽  
Charalambia K. Michael ◽  
Natalia G. C. Vasileiou ◽  
Efthymia Petinaki ◽  
Peter J. Cripps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank

Objectives were to investigate somatic cell counts (SCC) and total bacterial counts (TBC) in the raw bulk-tank milk of sheep flocks in Greece, to study factors potentially influencing increased SCC and TBC in the bulk-tank milk of sheep and to evaluate possible associations of SCC and TBC with milk content. Throughout Greece, 325 dairy sheep flocks were visited for collection of milk sampling for somatic cell counting, microbiological examination and composition measurement. Geometric mean SCC were 0.488 × 106 cells mL−1; geometric mean TBC were 398 × 103 cfu mL−1; 228 staphylococcal isolates were recovered form 206 flocks (63.4%). Multivariable analyses revealed annual incidence risk of clinical mastitis, age of the farmer and month into lactation period (among 53 variables) to be significant for SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1 and month into lactation period at sampling and availability of mechanical ventilators (among 58 variables) to be significant for TBC > 1500 × 103 cfu mL−1. Negative correlation of SCC with fat, total protein and lactose and positive correlation of SCC with added water were found. With SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1, significant reduction of protein content (2%) was observed, whilst in flocks with SCC > 1.5 × 106 cells mL−1, significantly lower annual milk production per ewe (42.9%) was recorded.

scholarly journals Effect of somatic cell count on dairy products: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukta Talukder ◽  
HM Manir Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Endogenous Enzymes ◽  
Fluid Milk

Somatic cells are the most essential factors naturally present in milk, and somatic cell count (SCC) is used as an indicator of monitoring mastitis incidence in the herd and also to assess the quality of milk. In addition, SCC is frequently used to determine quality payments to dairy producers. The SCC is directly related to get maximum milk production from individual cow and a lower SCC indicates better animal health, as somatic cells originate only from inside the animal's udder. SCC monitoring is important because as the number of somatic cells increases, milk yield is likely to fall, primarily due to the damage to milk-producing tissue in the udder caused by mastitis pathogens and the toxins they produce, particularly when epithelial cells are lost. Keeping low SSC will allow good quality more raw milk and provide a better product to milk processors whether used as fluid milk or converted to milk based products. Somatic cells containing lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes lead to degrade major nutrients fats and proteins, respectively. Elevated SCC is related to udder inflammation, which leads to alter the normal microbial count and physicochemical parameters of milk, as well as the quality of heat treated fluid milk and milk based product. The objective of this review is to discuss on the SSC and endogenous enzymes released from somatic cells in raw milk as well as effect of somatic cells count and their endogenous enzymes in processed milk and milk based products.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 1-9

Collaborative Study of an Automated Optical Somatic Cell Counting Method for Raw Milk

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-956
Author(s):  
Wesley N Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Comparison Of Results ◽  
Statistical Results

Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to compare tbe automated optical somatic cell counting method (OSCC) with the direct microscopic somatic cell counting method (DMSCC) for raw milk. Samples were prefixed with formaldehyde and introduced into an Auto-Analyzer system. Dilution, clarification, and cell counting were performed automatically. Eight collaborators participated in the study, analyzing 48 samples in duplicate, using 2 different sampling rates. The results were compared with DMSCC counts reported by 3 different analysts. Statistical results show that the standard deviation for the DMSCC method was 0.1086 and for the OSCC method, at a sampling rate of 30/hr, 0.0911. From comparison of results it appears that the OSCC method is as accurate as, and more precise than, the DMSCC method. The faster sampling rate of the OSCC method (60/hr) has some effect on precision but little effect on accuracy. The method has been adopted as official first action.

THE EFFECT OF MIXING ON DISTRIBUTION OF SOMATIC CELLS IN BULK TANK MILK1

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 470-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilbert E. Ward ◽  
David T. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
Representative Samples

Agitation of milk in bulk tanks for at least 1 min is necessary so that representative samples for somatic cell counts can be obtained.

Electronic Somatic Cell Count—Chemical Method, DMSCC, and WMT Tests for Raw Milk

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 854-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. THOMPSON ◽  
V. S. PACKARD ◽  
R. E. GINN
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

The Direct Miscroscopic Somatic Cell Count — field method (DMSCC), Wisconsin Mastitis Test (WMT), and Electronic Somatic Cell Count (ESCC) were studied to determine variability and relationship to each other. The coefficients of variation computed at a DMSCC count near one million were 15.6% (DMSCC), 6.3% (WMT), and 4.2% (ESCC). Linear regression equations were determined for predicting DMSCC results by WMT and ESCC. The approximate width of the 95% confidence intervals for ESCC predicting DMSCC were ± 275,000 and for WMT predicting DMSCC were ± 600,000. The prediction of square root and log transformations of DMSCC by WMT exhibited narrower confidence intervals for low somatic cell counts, but wider intervals for high counts (greater than 1,000,000).

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