scholarly journals Somatic cell counts and bacteria in milk from two nomadic herds in Abeokuta, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-120
Author(s):  
F.C. Thomas ◽  
O.O. Alarape ◽  
O.M. Oliwo ◽  
E. Omoshaba ◽  
O.E. Ojo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Dairy Production ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Costs Of Treatment ◽  
Mastitic Milk

Mastitis, the inflammation of the mammary gland, is a major endemic disease affecting dairy production worldwide. Costs of treatment and control of mastitis contributes to major losses to the dairy industry especially if the condition is not promptly and accurately diagnosed, thus necessitating the engagement of regular and reliable means of recognising intra-mammary infections. Somatic cell counting, which has been recognized as a major standard for mastitis diagnosis in milk, was utilized in this study as a direct measure of intramammary inflammation (IMI), along with bacterial culture and isolation to establish the presence of mammary infections in cows from two nomadic herds. Milk from all four quarters (composite samples) of each of 100 cows at various stages of lactation, were obtained and subjected to Levowitz-Weber staining of duplicate smears and direct microscopic counting of somatic cells. Culture and isolation of sterile milk swabs and subsequent identification by morphology, gram staining and biochemical tests were employed to assess the presence of mastitis-causing pathogens in the samples. Using ≤100,000 cells/ml as cut off for non-mastitic milk, sub-clinical mastitis (SM), was determined in 70 (70%) of the examined samples. Contagious pathogens, namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus species and others as well as environmental bacteria, E. coli and Enterococcus species amongst others, were isolated from the samples. This result circuitously indicates the level of losses to dairy production through poor milk quality and yield, costs of treatment and culling obtainable in the nomadic dairying venture. The need for routine evaluation of raw milk and other dairy products emanating from the itinerant pastoralists, using sensitive and reliable parameters to facilitate prompt diagnosis, targeted treatment and rapid control of cow to cow or herd to herd spread of IMI is highlighted in this study.

scholarly journals Detection of Sub-Clinical Mastitis Using Prototype Electronic -Nose

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 1071-1075
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Q Fever ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
The Difference

Nowadays, traditional testing methods and expensive import detection devices restrict the requirements of fresh milk from agriculture, which is contrary to the improvement of fresh milk quality. The main illness of dairy livestock is mastitis. There are two types of mastitis. One is a clinical and another sub-clinical. Clinical mastitis is easily detected by its medical signs and the quality of milk but sub-clinical mastitis shows no pain. The other hand subcategory mulch results in more financial loss compared to the experimental form. It can be diagnosed with a variety of medical research, and the somatic Cell Count (SCC) is acknowledged as a major indicator. However, the SCC's decision with traditional methods is time consuming and laborious. So the quick field detection technique is a powerful tool to reduce this field. The proposed system is a MSP430 based monitoring unit. The volatility of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in raw milk headspaces vary drastically when contaminated with bacterial metabolism. The key focus on the ability of the electronic nose (e-nose) system with TGS sensor to break the milks to a limit value with somatic cell counts (SCC). Milk samples are stored from dairy farms. The cow's milk enters the food chain by accidentally mixed milk in sub-clinical mastectomy, causing a threat to human health, such as diarrhea, tuberculosis, scarlet fever, and Q-fever. Major component analysis (PCA) was used to describe the difference between non-mastitis (N-M) / mastitis (M) patterns in conformity with sensor reactions

Warm vs Cold Sampling of Raw Milk for Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Counting

1990 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073-1075
Author(s):  
ROY GINN ◽  
VERNAL PACKARD
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Microscopic Method ◽  
Grand Average ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Different Levels

Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (1) requires that milk be sampled cold for analysis of both bacteria and somatic cells by the direct microscopic method. Preliminary observations made at Dairy Quality Control Institute, Inc. indicated that better precision in somatic cell counting could be obtained if milk was sampled at 38°C rather than 0–4.4°C. A study was undertaken to confirm preliminary findings. Three technicians made direct microscopic somatic cell counts (DMSCC) in triplicate on milk samples standardized to four different levels of counts. The grand average counts at the four levels of cells for cold vs warm milk sampling were, in thousands of cells per ml, 149 vs 154, 410 vs 416, 705 vs 697, and 1034 vs 1024. Grand average standard deviations for cold vs warm, respectively, at the four levels of count were 19 vs 17, 47 vs 42, 54 vs 50, and 69 vs 62. Thus, an improvement in precision of counting was observed at all four levels of somatic cells when raw milk is warmed to 38°C prior to sampling.

scholarly journals Extensive Countrywide Field Investigation of Somatic Cell Counts and Total Bacterial Counts in Bulk-Tank Raw Milk in Sheep Flocks in Greece

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 268
Author(s):  
Daphne T. Lianou ◽  
Charalambia K. Michael ◽  
Natalia G. C. Vasileiou ◽  
Efthymia Petinaki ◽  
Peter J. Cripps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Bulk Tank Milk ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank

Objectives were to investigate somatic cell counts (SCC) and total bacterial counts (TBC) in the raw bulk-tank milk of sheep flocks in Greece, to study factors potentially influencing increased SCC and TBC in the bulk-tank milk of sheep and to evaluate possible associations of SCC and TBC with milk content. Throughout Greece, 325 dairy sheep flocks were visited for collection of milk sampling for somatic cell counting, microbiological examination and composition measurement. Geometric mean SCC were 0.488 × 106 cells mL−1; geometric mean TBC were 398 × 103 cfu mL−1; 228 staphylococcal isolates were recovered form 206 flocks (63.4%). Multivariable analyses revealed annual incidence risk of clinical mastitis, age of the farmer and month into lactation period (among 53 variables) to be significant for SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1 and month into lactation period at sampling and availability of mechanical ventilators (among 58 variables) to be significant for TBC > 1500 × 103 cfu mL−1. Negative correlation of SCC with fat, total protein and lactose and positive correlation of SCC with added water were found. With SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1, significant reduction of protein content (2%) was observed, whilst in flocks with SCC > 1.5 × 106 cells mL−1, significantly lower annual milk production per ewe (42.9%) was recorded.

Association between Somatic Cell Count progeny tests in the United States of America (USA), The Netherlands and the United Kingdom (UK)

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 25-25
Author(s):  
R A Mrode ◽  
G J T Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Management Control ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The Uk

Mastitis remains a costly health problem to dairy farmers despite a significant reduction in both clinical and sub-clinical mastitis over the last 25 years. This reduction has been due predominantly to the success of management control programmes. The continuing losses have raised the interest in breeding as a means to reduce mastitis incidence. Somatic Cell Counts (SCC) have been used since 1977 as an indirect means of monitoring mastitis within dairy herds. Since 1991 an optional individual cell count service has been offered by Milk Recording Organisations in the UK. The result is that 0.80 of recorded cows have SCC records. The Animal Data Centre has analysed the SCC data to establish genetic parameters and produced preliminary evaluations on bulls and cows (Mrode et al, 1996). As a forerunner to launching SCC evaluations it is important to determine whether SCC evaluations in the UK agree with similar evaluations overseas.

scholarly journals Prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in bovine mastitis in Zimbabwe

2002 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kudinha ◽  
C. Simango
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Cell Counts

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of coagulase-negative staphylococci in clinical and subclinical mastitis in commercial and small-scale farms in Zimbabwe. Thirty five quarter milk samples from clinical mastitis cases and 371 quarter milk samples from cows with subclinical mastitis were cultured for bacterial pathogens. The most frequent pathogens isolated in clinical mastitis were the enteric bacteria (31.4 %), followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (22.9 %) and then Staphylococcus aureus (17.1 %), whereas in subclinical mastitis S. aureus (34.2 %) and coagulase-negative staphylococci were (33.2 %) the most common. Bacillus species were only isolated in milk samples from subclinical mastitis. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were observed in mixed infections with other bacteria in only 2.2 % of the 406 milk samples from clinical and subclinical mastitis where they were isolated together with Bacillus species in 6 of the 9 mixed infection cases. About 95 % of the milk samples from which 131 coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated had correspondingly high somatic cell counts. The coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated most frequently were S. chromogenes (7.9 %), S. epidermidis (7.4 %) and S. hominis (5.9 %). They were all associated with high somatic cell counts. All the coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates were susceptible to cloxacillin and erythromycin, and more than 90 %of the isolates were susceptible to neomycin, penicillin and streptomycin. The highest resistance was to tetracycline (17.6 %), followed by lincomycin (13.7 %). About 8 % of the isolates were resistant to both penicillin and streptomycin.

Collaborative Study of an Automated Optical Somatic Cell Counting Method for Raw Milk

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-956
Author(s):  
Wesley N Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Sampling Rate ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Comparison Of Results ◽  
Statistical Results

Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to compare tbe automated optical somatic cell counting method (OSCC) with the direct microscopic somatic cell counting method (DMSCC) for raw milk. Samples were prefixed with formaldehyde and introduced into an Auto-Analyzer system. Dilution, clarification, and cell counting were performed automatically. Eight collaborators participated in the study, analyzing 48 samples in duplicate, using 2 different sampling rates. The results were compared with DMSCC counts reported by 3 different analysts. Statistical results show that the standard deviation for the DMSCC method was 0.1086 and for the OSCC method, at a sampling rate of 30/hr, 0.0911. From comparison of results it appears that the OSCC method is as accurate as, and more precise than, the DMSCC method. The faster sampling rate of the OSCC method (60/hr) has some effect on precision but little effect on accuracy. The method has been adopted as official first action.

Intramammary infections and risk factors for clinical mastitis in herds with low somatic cell counts in bulk milk

1989 ◽  
Vol 125 (15) ◽  
pp. 393-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Schukken ◽  
D. Van de Geer ◽  
F. Grommers ◽  
J. Smit ◽  
A. Brand
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Bulk Milk

Optical Somatic Cell Counting and Total Protein Analysis in a Dairy Herd Improvement Program1

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. WANG ◽  
G. H. RICHARDSON
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cheese Industry

Milk sample preparation for Optical Somatic Cell Counter II operation was simplified by using a diluter to add fixative, mix, and dilute samples. Potassium dichromate preservative tablets produced a mean increase of 7,000 in somatic cell counts in fresh milk. Samples held at 20–23 C beyond 2 days or at 4–7 C beyond 4 days showed a reduction in somatic cell count. The mean somatic cells in 3 Holstein herds tested over a 6-month period was 3.8 × 105/ml. A 22-month survey of 52.6 thousand Utah Dairy Herd Improvement samples which were shipped under ambient conditions and then held at 5 C until tested, indicated 75% below 400,000 and 2.7% above 1.6 million somatic cells/ml. Casein, noncasein protein, total protein, fat and milk weight data were also obtained on the three herds. Multiple correlations were obtained. The best correlations suggested that testing for total protein and somatic cells in a central laboratory would estimate casein and noncasein protein. Such tests are most valuable for the cheese industry.

scholarly journals Application of the Support Vector Machine to Predict Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazira Mammadova ◽  
İsmail Keskin
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Somatic Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Counts

This study presented a potentially useful alternative approach to ascertain the presence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cows using support vector machine (SVM) techniques. The proposed method detected mastitis in a cross-sectional representative sample of Holstein dairy cattle milked using an automatic milking system. The study used such suspected indicators of mastitis as lactation rank, milk yield, electrical conductivity, average milking duration, and control season as input data. The output variable was somatic cell counts obtained from milk samples collected monthly throughout the 15 months of the control period. Cattle were judged to be healthy or infected based on those somatic cell counts. This study undertook a detailed scrutiny of the SVM methodology, constructing and examining a model which showed 89% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and 50% error in mastitis detection.

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