Activated Carbons: In Vitro Affinity for Fumonisin B1 and Relation of Adsorption Ability to Physicochemical Parameters

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 985-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIO GALVANO ◽  
AMEDEO PIETRI ◽  
TERENZIO BERTUZZI ◽  
MATTEO BOGNANNO ◽  
LUIGI CHIES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Fumonisin B1 ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adsorption Ability ◽  
Calcium Aluminosilicate

In vitro affinity tests were conducted to assess the effectiveness of 19 activated carbons (ACs), hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), and sepiolite (S) in binding fumonisin B1 (FB1) from solution. Relationships between adsorption ability and physicochemical parameters of ACs (specific surface area, iodine value, and methylene blue index) were tested. When 5 ml of a 4-μg/ml aqueous solution of FB1 was treated with 10 mg of AC, ACs adsorbed 0.46 to 100% of the FB1. HSCAS and S were not effective in binding FB1. In two saturation tests carried out with decreased amounts of sorbent (5 and 2 mg, respectively), three ACs also showed high adsorption ability (adsorbing 96.48 to 99.20% of the FB1) A general relationship between adsorption ability and the physicochemical parameters of the ACs was observed, supporting the inference of a close relationship between molecule trapping and surface physicochemical adsorption processes. The methylene blue index was more reliable than iodine number and surface area for predicting ability of ACs to adsorb FB1. In tests of simultaneous adsorption ability carried out using 5 ml of a solution containing 10 μg/ml FB1 plus 50 μg/ml aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)and 2 or 5 mg of sorbent, ACs showed a higher affinity for AFB1 than for FB1. However, two ACs bound ca. 100% of the two mycotoxins. When 5 ml of an aqueous extract solution obtained from naturally contaminated corn containing 1.84 μg/ml FB1 and 0.042 μg/ml AFB1 was treated with 10 mg of sorbent, one AC adsorbed ca. 95% and 99% of FB1 and AFB1, respectively. It is concluded that certain ACs have high in vitro affinity for FB1 and AFB1 singly or in combination, and may hold promise as multi-mycotoxin sequestering agents. However, further in vivo investigations are neededto confirm the abilities of ACs to sequester the most important mycotoxins singly or in combinations, establish the amounts to be added to feeds, and determine any long-term effects they may have on gastrointestinal absorption of essential nutrients.

Activated Carbons: In Vitro Affinity for Ochratoxin A and Deoxynivalenol and Relation of Adsorption Ability to Physicochemical Parameters

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIO GALVANO ◽  
AMEDEO PIETRI ◽  
TERENZIO BERTUZZI ◽  
ANDREA PIVA ◽  
LUIGI CHIES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Adsorption Ability

In vitro affinity tests were conducted to test the effectiveness of 19 activated carbons (ACs), hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and sepiolite (S) in binding ochratoxin A (OA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) from solution. Relationships between adsorption ability and physicochemical parameters of ACs (surface area, iodine number, methylene blue Index) were tested. When 5 ml of a 4-μg/ml aqueous solution of OA was treated with 2 mg of AC, the ACs adsorbed 0.80 to 99.86% of the OA. HSCAS and S were not effective in binding OA. In two saturation tests carried out with increased amounts of OA (5 ml of 10- and 50-μg/ml aqueous Solutions of OA, respectively), three ACs also showed high adsorption ability (adsorbing 92.23 to 96.57% of the OA). When 5 ml of a 4-μg/ml aqueous solution of DON was treated with 10 mg of AC, ACs adsored 1.83 to 98.93% of the DON. HSCAS and S were not effective in binding DON. An overall relation of adsorption ability to the physicochemical parameters of ACs was observed. The methylene blue index was more reliable than iodine number and surface area in predicting ability of ACs to adsorb OA and DON. Based on the data observed on the present study as well as on aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 from previous studies, it is concluded that ACs have high in vitro affinity for chemically different mycotoxins, and can be considered as potential multi-mycotoxin-sequestering agents. However, the ability to bind the main mycotoxins singly or in combination should be confirmed by in vivo investigations. Moreover, information on the amounts of AC to be added to feeds, and on the possible long-term effect on absorption of essential nutrients are needed.

Activated Carbons: In Vitro Affinity for Aflatoxin B1 and Relation of Adsorption Ability to Physicochemical Parameters

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIO GALVANO ◽  
AMEDEO PIETRI ◽  
BIAGIO FALLICO ◽  
TERENZIO BERTUZZI ◽  
SALVATORE SCIRÈ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Surface Acidity ◽  
High Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Ability ◽  
Very High

Affinity in vitro tests were conducted of the efficacy of 17 activated carbons (ACs) in binding aflatoxin B1 from solution. Relationships between adsorption ability and physicochemical parameters of the ACs (surface area, iodine number, methylene blue index, and surface acidity) were tested. Using 5 ml of a 4 μg/ml aqueous solution of aflatoxin B1 and 2 mg of an AC, adsorption abilities ranged from 44.47% to 99.82%. Four ACs showed very high adsorption abilities, binding more than 99% of the available aflatoxin B1. In comparative testing five ACs showed a greater ability to bind aflatoxin B1 than hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS). Three ACs also showed high adsorption abilities (ca. 99%) at increasing aflatoxin B1 concentrations (50 and 250 μg/ml) whereas HSCAS adsorption ability greatly declined. With the exception of three ACs, aflatoxin B1 adsorption was significantly correlated with all the physicochemical parameters, confirming a close relationship between molecule trapping and the surface physicochemical adsorption process. The methylene blue index was more reliable than iodine number and surface area in predicting AC adsorptive ability. The results suggested that ACs with a high methylene blue index and low surface acidity have a very high in vitro affinity for aflatoxin B1; however, their efficacy in protecting against aflatoxicosis should be verified further by in vivo tests.

Reduction of Carryover of Aflatoxin from Cow Feed to Milk by Addition of Activated Carbons

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIO GALVANO ◽  
AMEDEO PIETRI ◽  
TERENZIO BERTUZZI ◽  
GIORGIO FUSCONI ◽  
MARCO GALVANO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Calcium Aluminosilicate ◽  
Pelleted Feed ◽  
Friesian Cows

According to a double-reversal experimental design on 12 late-lactation Friesian cows the effect of two activated carbons (ACs) (CAC1 and CAC2) and a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) on carryover of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from feed to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk was determined. Cows were fed a basal diet containing AFB1 naturally contaminated corn meal and copra, During week 1 cows were fed diets containing AFB1 alone (11.28 μg of AFB1/kg of feed); in week 2 the diets contained AFB1 plus 2.0% sorbent; and in week 3 the diets again contained AFB1 alone (13.43 μg of AFB1/kg of feed). ACs reduced the analytical content of AFB1 in the pelleted feed by from 40.6% to 73.6%, whereas reduction by HSCAS was 59.2%, The AFM1 concentrations in milk in weeks 1 and 3 were higher than that in week 2, Decreases in the AFM1 excreted in the milk by addition to feed of 2% of the sorbents ranged from 22% to 45%. CAC1 and HSCAS were significantly different from each other in reducing the AFM1concentration in milk (45.3% versus 32.5%); these reductions were significantly higher than that of CAC2 (22.0%). Carryover reduction by addition of CAC1 (50%) was significantly higher than that of HSCAS (36%). Addition of 2% CAC2 did not allow pelleting of feed because of the caking action of this carbon, The lower performance of CAC2 could be related to the unsuccessful pelleting. The addition of ACs did not influence feed intake, milk production, milk composition, or body weight. Our results suggest that ACs, high-affinity sorbents for AFB1 in vitro, are efficacious in reducing AFB1 carryover from cow feed to milk. Further in vivo investigations should establish lower amounts of ACs which can be efficacious.

scholarly journals Simple Equations Pertaining to the Particle Number and Surface Area of Metallic, Polymeric, Lipidic and Vesicular Nanocarriers

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
M. R. Mozafari ◽  
E. Mazaheri ◽  
K. Dormiani
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Nutraceutical Compounds ◽  
Mathematical Formulas ◽  
Simple Equations

Introduction: Bioactive encapsulation and drug delivery systems have already found their way to the market as efficient therapeutics to combat infections, viral diseases and different types of cancer. The fields of food fortification, nutraceutical supplementation and cosmeceuticals have also been getting the benefit of encapsulation technologies. Aim: Successful formulation of such therapeutic and nutraceutical compounds requires thorough analysis and assessment of certain characteristics including particle number and surface area without the need to employ sophisticated analytical techniques. Solution: Here we present simple mathematical formulas and equations used in the research and development of drug delivery and controlled release systems employed for bioactive encapsulation and targeting the sites of infection and cancer in vitro and in vivo. Systems covered in this entry include lipidic vesicles, polymeric capsules, metallic particles as well as surfactant- and tocopherol-based micro- and nanocarriers.

scholarly journals Newly Emerging Airborne Pollutants: Current Knowledge of Health Impact of Micro and Nanoplastics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2997
Author(s):  
Alessio Facciolà ◽  
Giuseppa Visalli ◽  
Marianna Pruiti Ciarello ◽  
Angela Di Pietro
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Outdoor Exposure ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Bodily Fluids

Plastics are ubiquitous persistent pollutants, forming the most representative material of the Anthropocene. In the environment, they undergo wear and tear (i.e., mechanical fragmentation, and slow photo and thermo-oxidative degradation) forming secondary microplastics (MPs). Further fragmentation of primary and secondary MPs results in nanoplastics (NPs). To assess potential health damage due to human exposure to airborne MPs and NPs, we summarize the evidence collected to date that, however, has almost completely focused on monitoring and the effects of airborne MPs. Only in vivo and in vitro studies have assessed the toxicity of NPs, and a standardized method for their analysis in environmental matrices is still missing. The main sources of indoor and outdoor exposure to these pollutants include synthetic textile fibers, rubber tires, upholstery and household furniture, and landfills. Although both MPs and NPs can reach the alveolar surface, the latter can pass into the bloodstream, overcoming the pulmonary epithelial barrier. Despite the low reactivity, the number of surface area atoms per unit mass is high in MPs and NPs, greatly enhancing the surface area for chemical reactions with bodily fluids and tissue in direct contact. This is proven in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and flock workers, who are prone to persistent inflammatory stimulation, leading to pulmonary fibrosis or even carcinogenesis.

Comparison of the hemodynamic effects of nitric oxide and endothelium-dependent vasodilators in intact lungs

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 735-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Archer ◽  
K. Rist ◽  
D. P. Nelson ◽  
E. G. DeMaster ◽  
N. Cowan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Pulmonary Vasculature ◽  
Hemodynamic Effects ◽  
Isolated Lung

The effects of endothelium-dependent vasodilation on pulmonary vascular hemodynamics were evaluated in a variety of in vivo and in vitro models to determine 1) the comparability of the hemodynamic effects of acetylcholine (ACh), bradykinin (BK), nitric oxide (NO), and 8-bromo-guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), 2) whether methylene blue is a useful inhibitor of endothelium-dependent relaxing factor (EDRF) activity in vivo, and 3) the effect of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension on the responsiveness of the pulmonary vasculature to ACh. In isolated rat lungs, which were preconstricted with hypoxia, ACh, BK, NO, and 8-bromo-cGMP caused pulmonary vasodilation, which was not inhibited by maximum tolerable doses of methylene blue. Methylene blue did not inhibit EDRF activity in any model, despite causing increased pulmonary vascular tone and responsiveness to various constrictor agents. There were significant differences in the hemodynamic characteristics of ACh, BK, and NO. In the isolated lung, BK and NO caused transient decreases of hypoxic vasoconstriction, whereas ACh caused more prolonged vasodilation. Pretreatment of these lungs with NO did not significantly inhibit ACh-induced vasodilation but caused BK to produce vasoconstriction. Tachyphylaxis, which was agonist specific, developed with repeated administration of ACh or BK but not NO. Tachyphylaxis probably resulted from inhibition of the endothelium-dependent vasodilation pathway proximal to NO synthesis, because it could be overcome by exogenous NO. Pretreatment with 8-bromo-cGMP decreased hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and, even when the hypoxic pressor response had largely recovered, subsequent doses of ACh and NO failed to cause vasodilation, although BK produced vasoconstriction. These findings are compatible with the existence of feedback inhibition of the endothelium-dependent relaxation by elevation of cGMP levels. Responsiveness to ACh was retained in lungs with severe monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Many of these findings would not have been predicted based on in vitro studies and illustrate the importance for expanding studies of EDRF to in vivo and ex vivo models.

scholarly journals In vivo reconstitution finds multivalent RNA-RNA interactions as drivers of mesh-like condensates

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weirui Ma ◽  
Gang Zheng ◽  
Wei Xie ◽  
Christine Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Large Surface Area ◽  
High Propensity ◽  
Membrane Protein Trafficking ◽  
Protein Components

Liquid-like condensates have been thought to be sphere-like. Recently, various condensates with filamentous morphology have been observed in cells. One such condensate is the TIS granule network that shares a large surface area with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is important for membrane protein trafficking. It has been unclear how condensates with mesh-like shapes, but dynamic protein components are formed. In vitro and in vivo reconstitution experiments revealed that the minimal components are a multivalent RNA-binding protein that concentrates RNAs that are able to form extensive intermolecular mRNA-mRNA interactions. mRNAs with large unstructured regions have a high propensity to form a pervasive intermolecular interaction network that acts as condensate skeleton. The underlying RNA matrix prevents full fusion of spherical liquid-like condensates, thus driving the formation of irregularly shaped membraneless organelles. The resulting large surface area may promote interactions at the condensate surface and at the interface with other organelles.

scholarly journals MiR-26a-5p inhibits GSK3β expression and promotes cardiac hypertrophy in vitro

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10371
Author(s):  
Liqun Tang ◽  
Jianhong Xie ◽  
Xiaoqin Yu ◽  
Yangyang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Myocardial Cell ◽  
Immunofluorescence Staining ◽  
Cell Surface Area ◽  
Direct Target

Background The role of miR-26a-5p expression in cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. Herein, the effect of miR-26a-5p on cardiac hypertrophy was investigated using phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro and in a rat model of hypertension-induced hypertrophy in vivo. Methods The PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy models in vitro and vivo were established. To investigate the effect of miR-26a-5p activation on autophagy, the protein expression of autophagosome marker (LC3) and p62 was detected by western blot analysis. To explore the effect of miR-26a-5p activation on cardiac hypertrophy, the relative mRNA expression of cardiac hypertrophy related mark GSK3β was detected by qRT-PCR in vitro and vivo. In addition, immunofluorescence staining was used to detect cardiac hypertrophy related mark α-actinin. The cell surface area was measured by immunofluorescence staining. The direct target relationship between miR-26a-5p and GSK3β was confirmed by dual luciferase report. Results MiR-26a-5p was highly expressed in PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy. MiR-26a-5p promoted LC3II and decreased p62 expression in PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy in the presence or absence of lysosomal inhibitor. Furthermore, miR-26a-5p significantly inhibited GSK3β expression in vitro and in vivo. Dual luciferase report results confirmed that miR-26a-5p could directly target GSK3β. GSK3β overexpression significantly reversed the expression of cardiac hypertrophy-related markers including ANP, ACTA1 and MYH7. Immunofluorescence staining results demonstrated that miR-26a-5p promoted cardiac hypertrophy related protein α-actinin expression, and increased cell surface area in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Our study revealed that miR-26a-5p promotes myocardial cell autophagy activation and cardiac hypertrophy by regulating GSK3β, which needs further research.

scholarly journals Optimisation of durian peel based activated carbon preparation conditions for dye removal

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Phung Thi Kim Le ◽  
Kien Anh Le
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Carbon Production ◽  
Removal Capacity

Agricultural wastes are considered to be a very important feedstock for activated carbon production as they are renewable sources and low cost materials. This study present the optimize conditions for preparation of durian peel activated carbon (DPAC) for removal of methylene blue (MB) from synthetic effluents. The effects of carbonization temperature (from 673K to 923K) and impregnation ratio (from 0.2 to 1.0) with potassium hydroxide KOH on the yield, surface area and the dye adsorbed capacity of the activated carbons were investigated. The dye removal capacity was evaluated with methylene blue. In comparison with the commercial grade carbons, the activated carbons from durian peel showed considerably higher surface area especially in the suitable temperate and impregnation ratio of activated carbon production. Methylene blue removal capacity appeared to be comparable to commercial products; it shows the potential of durian peel as a biomass source to produce adsorbents for waste water treatment and other application. Optimize condition for preparation of DPAC determined by using response surface methodology was at temperature 760 K and IR 1.0 which resulted the yield (51%), surface area (786 m2/g), and MB removal (172 mg/g).

scholarly journals Regulation of cilia abundance in multiciliated cells

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashmi Nanjundappa ◽  
Dong Kong ◽  
Kyuhwan Shim ◽  
Tim Stearns ◽  
Steven L Brody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Compensatory Mechanism ◽  
Multiciliated Cells ◽  
Culture Model ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Dependent Mechanism

Multiciliated cells (MCC) contain hundreds of motile cilia used to propel fluid over their surface. To template these cilia, each MCC produces between 100-600 centrioles by a process termed centriole amplification. Yet, how MCC regulate the precise number of centrioles and cilia remains unknown. Airway progenitor cells contain two parental centrioles (PC) and form structures called deuterosomes that nucleate centrioles during amplification. Using an ex vivo airway culture model, we show that ablation of PC does not perturb deuterosome formation and centriole amplification. In contrast, loss of PC caused an increase in deuterosome and centriole abundance, highlighting the presence of a compensatory mechanism. Quantification of centriole abundance in vitro and in vivo identified a linear relationship between surface area and centriole number. By manipulating cell size, we discovered that centriole number scales with surface area. Our results demonstrate that a cell-intrinsic surface area-dependent mechanism controls centriole and cilia abundance in multiciliated cells.

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