Motile Aeromonads in the Feces and Carcasses of Broiler Chickens in Turkey

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEHMET AKAN ◽  
AYSEGUL EYIGOR ◽  
K. SERDAR DIKER
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Selective Isolation ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Isolation Techniques ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Processing Water ◽  
Chicken Feces ◽  
Commercial Processing

Motile Aeromonas spp. were surveyed in chicken feces, carcasses, scalding water, and chilling water during slaughtering in a commercial processing plant in Turkey. Fecal and carcass samples of 351 chickens from 15 different flocks were examined by selective isolation techniques. All of the 15 flocks were positive for motile aeromonads. Motile aeromonads were detected in 14.8%, 90.5%, and 100% of fecal, carcass, and chilling water samples, respectively, while scalding water samples were negative for these organisms. Aeromonas hydrophila was the predominant species in both feces (51.9%) and carcass (66.9%) samples, followed by A. caviae and A. sobria. These results suggested that during the slaughtering process the spread of motile aeromonads from the intestinal contents to carcasses via processing water caused a heavy contamination of chicken carcasses.

Recovery of Aeromonas hydrophila from Carcasses and Processing Water in a Broiler Processing Operation

1989 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 646-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAROLD M. BARNHART ◽  
OSCAR C. PANCORBO ◽  
DAVID W. DREESEN ◽  
EMMETT B. SHOTTS
Keyword(s):  
Process Evaluation ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Potential Pathogen ◽  
Intestinal Origin ◽  
Processing Water ◽  
Commercial Processing ◽  
Bacteriological Parameters

Aeromonas hydrophila, a potential pathogen associated with cases of human diarrhea, was enumerated using a rinse method on broiler carcasses and in processing water at selected locations in a commercial processing plant. A. hydrophila was detected on 98% of all carcasses tested, and 92% of all chill water samples; scald and rinse water samples were negative for this organism. Mean numbers on carcasses ranged for 28 CFU/ml of rinse fluid, detected immediately after the chiller, to 580 CFU/ml of rinse fluid at the post-evisceration stage. Water chilling and washing resulted in a significant reduction in A. hydrophila numbers on carcasses, while refrigerated storage (48 h) resulted in a significant increase. Data suggest that isolates recovered from carcasses may likely have been of intestinal origin and that the evisceration step was a probable cause of contamination. A. hydrophila levels on carcasses and processing waters showed no correlation to other bacteriological parameters which might be used in a process evaluation program.

Effect of Intestinal Content Contamination on Broiler Carcass Campylobacter Counts

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. BERRANG ◽  
D. P. SMITH ◽  
W. R. WINDHAM ◽  
P. W. FELDNER
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Content ◽  
T Test ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Commercial Processing ◽  
Paired T Test

Intestinal contents may contaminate broiler carcasses during processing. The objective of this study was to determine what effect various levels of intestinal contents had on the numbers of Campylobacter detected in broiler carcass rinse samples. Eviscerated broiler carcasses were collected from the shackle line in a commercial processing plant immediately after passing through an inside/outside washer. Broiler carcasses were cut longitudinally into contralateral halves using a sanitized saw. Cecal contents from the same flock were collected, pooled, homogenized, and used to contaminate carcass halves. Paired carcass halves were divided into groups of eight each, and then cecal contents (2, 5, 10, 50, or 100 mg) were placed onto one randomly selected half of each carcass, while the corresponding half of the same broiler carcass received no cecal contents. Campylobacter counts from carcass halves with cecal contamination were compared to the uncontaminated halves of the same carcasses using a paired t test. Carcass halves with 5 mg or more of surface cecal contamination had significantly higher numbers of Campylobacter than those without (P < 0.01). Carcass halves contaminated with only 5 mg of cecal contents had an average of 3.3 log CFU Campylobacter per ml of rinse, while corresponding uncontaminated carcass halves had 2.6 log CFU Campylobacter per ml of rinse. These data indicate that even small (5 mg) amounts of cecal contents can cause a significant increase in the numbers of Campylobacter on eviscerated broiler carcasses. Therefore, it is important to keep such contamination to a minimum during processing.

scholarly journals Controlled atmosphere stunning of broiler chickens. II. Effects on behaviour, physiology and meat quality in a commercial processing plant

2007 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E.F. McKeegan ◽  
S.M. Abeyesinghe ◽  
M.A. McLeman ◽  
J.C. Lowe ◽  
T.G.M. Demmers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Controlled Atmosphere ◽  
Commercial Processing

Partitioning of External and Internal Bacteria Carried by Broiler Chickens before Processing†

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 2056-2062 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. CASON ◽  
A. HINTON ◽  
J. K. NORTHCUTT ◽  
R. J. BUHR ◽  
K. D. INGRAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Peptone Water ◽  
Commercial Processing

Broiler chickens from the loading dock of a commercial processing plant were sampled to determine the incidence and counts of coliforms, Escherichia coli, and pathogenic bacteria. Feathers were removed by hand from ten 6-week-old chickens from each of seven different flocks and rinsed in 400 ml of 0.1% peptone water. Heads and feet were removed and rinsed, and the picked carcass was also rinsed, each in 200 ml. The ceca, colon, and crop were aseptically removed and stomached separately in 100 ml of peptone water. Campylobacter was present in six of the seven flocks. Salmonella was isolated from 50 of the 70 carcasses, with at least 2 positive carcasses in each flock, and five-tube most-probable-number (MPN) assays were performed on positive samples. Significantly (P < 0.05) more coliforms and E. coli were found in the ceca than in the feathers, which in turn carried more than the other samples, but total external and internal counts were roughly equivalent. Counts of Campylobacter were higher in the ceca and colon than in the other samples. Salmonella was isolated in external samples from 46 of the 50 positive carcasses compared with 26 positive internal samples or 17 positives in the ceca alone. The total MPN of Salmonella was approximately equivalent in all samples, indicating that contamination was distributed through all external and internal sampling locations. Salmonella-positive samples did not carry higher counts of coliforms or E. coli, and there were no significant correlations between the indicators and pathogens in any sample. Campylobacter numbers in the ceca were correlated with Campylobacter numbers in the feathers and colon, but Salmonella numbers in those samples were not correlated. The pattern of bacterial contamination before processing is complex and highly variable.

Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in the Broiler Chicken Processing Plant as Determined by Recovery in Iron Milk Medium

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1956-1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN E. CRAVEN
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Injury Recovery

Over 30 years ago, Clostridium perfringens was reported as a contaminant of the processing plant and processed carcasses of broiler chickens. Poultry processing procedures and methods for detecting C. perfringens have changed since that time. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the incidence and numbers of C. perfringens in the water of the scald tank, the water of the chill tank, and the rinse water of the processed carcasses from modern broiler chicken processing plants. In trial 1, collected samples were inoculated into iron milk medium (IMM) and incubated at 46°C for 18 h (the traditional method) or at 37°C for 3 h followed by incubation at 46°C for 15 h (an injury recovery method). Each of three preselected broiler chicken flocks from two integrators were the first processed for that processing shift. The overall incidence of confirmed C. perfringens in samples associated with the three flocks was 40% of postprocessing scald water samples, 13% of preprocessing chill water samples, 13% of postprocessing chill water samples, and 19% of carcass rinses. The incidence of C. perfringens in samples incubated in IMM using the injury recovery procedure was significantly higher than in samples incubated in IMM by the traditional method, but only when all samples associated with the three flocks were pooled. In trial 2, water samples from each tank of a three-tank counterflow scalder, water samples from the prechill and chill tank, and samples of carcass rinses were collected in the middle of a processing shift during multiple visits to a processing plant. Samples were inoculated into IMM with neomycin and polymyxin B sulfate (IMMA) and incubated using the traditional and injury recovery procedures. The incidence of C. perfringens in water samples was 100% from scald tank 1, 100% from scald tank 2, 100% from scald tank 3, 88% from the prechill tank, and 63% from the chill tank. The incidence in carcass rinse samples was 67%. The mean most probably number (MPN) of C. perfringens for contaminated samples decreased from log10 5.07/100 ml of water in scald tank 1 to log10 1.26/100 ml of water in the chill tank. The mean MPN in carcass rinse samples was log10 1.20 C. perfringens per 100 ml. The incidence and mean MPN of C. perfringens in these samples after heat shock at 75°C for 20 min was somewhat less, but high enough to indicate that much of the contamination arises from heat-resistant spores of this organism. In trial 2, there were no differences in incidence and MPN of C. perfringens in samples incubated in IMMA with the traditional method or the injury recovery method.

scholarly journals Transformation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) during UV-Catalyzed Processes Assisted by Chlorine

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1432
Author(s):  
Edyta Kudlek
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Contaminants Of Emerging Concern ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Processing Water ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Trace Concentrations ◽  
By Products

Every compound that potentially can be harmful to the environment is called a Contaminant of Emerging Concern (CEC). Compounds classified as CECs may undergo different transformations, especially in the water environment. The intermediates formed in this way are considered to be toxic against living organisms even in trace concentrations. We attempted to identify the intermediates formed during single chlorination and UV-catalyzed processes supported by the action of chlorine and hydrogen peroxide or ozone of selected contaminants of emerging concern. The analysis of post-processing water samples containing benzocaine indicated the formation of seven compound intermediates, while ibuprofen, acridine and β-estradiol samples contained 5, 5, and 3 compound decomposition by-products, respectively. The number and also the concentration of the intermediates decreased with the time of UV irradiation. The toxicity assessment indicated that the UV-catalyzed processes lead to decreased toxicity nature of post-processed water solutions.

Identification of Enterobacteriaceae from Washed and Unwashed Commercial Shell Eggs

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (11) ◽  
pp. 2613-2616 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL T. MUSGROVE ◽  
DEANA R. JONES ◽  
JULIE K. NORTHCUTT ◽  
NELSON A. COX ◽  
MARK A. HARRISON
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Storage Study ◽  
The Family ◽  
Glucose Agar ◽  
Commercial Processing ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

To evaluate the effect of processing on the safety and quality of retail shell eggs, a storage study was conducted with unwashed and commercially washed eggs. This work demonstrated that commercial processing decreased microbial contamination of eggshells. To know which species persisted during storage on washed or unwashed eggs, Enterobacteriaceae isolates were selected and identified biochemically. For each of three replications, shell eggs were purchased from a commercial processing plant, transported back to the laboratory, and stored at 4°C. Once a week for 6 weeks, 12 eggs for each treatment (washed and unwashed control) were rinsed in sterile phosphate-buffered saline. A 1-ml aliquot of each sample was plated onto violet red bile glucose agar with overlay and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Following incubation, plates were observed for colonies characteristic of the family Enterobacteriaceae. A maximum of 10 isolates per positive sample were streaked for isolation before being identified to the genus or species level using commercially available biochemical strips. Although most of the isolates from the unwashed control eggs belonged to the genera Escherichia or Enterobacter, many other genera and species were identified. These included Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Providencia, Rahnella, Salmonella, Serratia, and Yersinia. Non-Enterobacteriaceae also recovered from the unwashed egg samples included Xanthomonas and Flavimonas. Very few washed egg samples were contaminated with any of these bacteria. These data provide useful information on the effectiveness of processing in removing microorganisms from commercial shell eggs.

Taking the stress out of transport - indices of physiological stress in transit

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 42-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Mitchell ◽  
P.J. Kettlewell
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The Uk ◽  
In Transit

Currently, in excess of 650 million broiler chickens are produced per annum in the UK.The rearing of these animals on large numbers of geographically dispered sites necessitates their transportation to centralised processing plants for slaughter. Birds are transported in containers in which behaviour, including any thermoregulatory component, will be restricted. The design of the container and the vehicle and the external climatic conditions will have profound effects upon the immediate environment of the birds. In transit they may be exposed to a variety of potential stressors including the thermal demands of this transport microenvironment, motion, acceleration, vibration, impacts, fasting, withdrawal of water, social disruption and noise. The adverse effects of these factors and their combinations may range from discomfort and mild aversion to death. Mortalities in transit are generally 0.4% or less but this may represent approximately 2 million birds per annum in the UK. It is estimated that up to 40% of the mortalities observed at the processing plant are a consequence of “stress”. It is thus essential from the standpoints of both animal welfare and productivity to optimise commercial poultry transport conditions and to provide the sound scientific basis for legislation relating to vehicles and transport practices. Although examination of the existing literature reveals that thermal stress is acknowledged as a major hazard during animal transportation it has been poorly characterised under practical conditions and the interactions between the animals and the complex thermal microenvironments clearly require more rigorous analyses.

Molecular Characterization of Arcobacter Isolates Collected in a Poultry Slaughterhouse

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
KURT HOUF ◽  
LIEVEN DE ZUTTER ◽  
BIEKE VERBEKE ◽  
JAN VAN HOOF ◽  
PETER VANDAMME
Keyword(s):  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Arcobacter Butzleri ◽  
Processing Water ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Skin Samples

In a poultry slaughterhouse, Arcobacter contamination was examined over a period of 1 week to establish possible routes of contamination. Samples were collected from the slaughter equipment and from processing water before the onset of slaughter and from the first broiler flock slaughtered on each sampling day. Characterization of 1,079 isolates by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus–polymerase chain reaction and a random amplified polymorphic DNA assay resulted in the delineation of 159 Arcobacter butzleri and 139 Arcobacter cryaerophilus types. From almost all 140 neck skin samples collected before and after evisceration, A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were isolated simultaneously at contamination levels ranging from 101 to 104 CFU/g. Only six A. butzleri types present in the slaughterhouse environment were also present on the broiler carcasses. None of the A. cryaerophilus genotypes were detected in both the neck skin and the environmental samples. All A. butzleri types isolated from the feather samples were also isolated from broiler neck skin samples. The slaughter equipment was contaminated with arcobacters before the onset of slaughter, but it appeared unlikely that contamination through the slaughter equipment alone explained the high contamination levels on poultry products. Arcobacters were also present in processing water, but types present in water and poultry products were different. Characterization of the Arcobacter isolates did not clarify the routes of transmission, probably because of the extreme heterogeneity among Arcobacter isolates. However, the results obtained in this study brought to light insufficient decontamination at the processing plant involved in the study and confirmed the survival capacity of certain A. butzleri strains.

scholarly journals Rearing and handling injuries in broiler chickens and risk factors for wing injuries during loading

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-410
Author(s):  
Michael S. Cockram ◽  
Ketan Jung Dulal ◽  
Henrik Stryhn ◽  
Crawford W. Revie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Median Percentage ◽  
Final Model ◽  
Load Risk

Some injuries to broilers occur during rearing, but most injuries occur during handling before slaughter. Records provided by a processing plant for loads transported over a 19 mo period during 2009 and 2010 were examined. The median percentage of wing injuries per load was 5.7%, whereas injuries to the legs, breast, or shoulders were all less than 1% per load. Risk factors for wing injuries were examined by considering the data from each load by handling event (i.e., loads originating from the same producer on the same date). A multilevel model with three levels, producer (n = 86), handling event (n = 1694), and load (n = 4219), was fitted. The final model included weight, sex, season, catching team, time of day at which loading began, speed of loading, and an interaction between speed of loading and time of day. Factors that reduced the risk of wing injuries were loading lighter birds, loads containing only cockerels, and loading in the fall. The predicted percentage of wing injuries was relatively constant for slower loading speeds, but it was increased significantly when faster loading speeds were adopted during daytime (0700–1700). Identification of these risk factors can be used to adjust loading practices.

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