Occurrence of Clostridium perfringens in the Broiler Chicken Processing Plant as Determined by Recovery in Iron Milk Medium

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 1956-1960 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN E. CRAVEN
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Recovery Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Injury Recovery

Over 30 years ago, Clostridium perfringens was reported as a contaminant of the processing plant and processed carcasses of broiler chickens. Poultry processing procedures and methods for detecting C. perfringens have changed since that time. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the incidence and numbers of C. perfringens in the water of the scald tank, the water of the chill tank, and the rinse water of the processed carcasses from modern broiler chicken processing plants. In trial 1, collected samples were inoculated into iron milk medium (IMM) and incubated at 46°C for 18 h (the traditional method) or at 37°C for 3 h followed by incubation at 46°C for 15 h (an injury recovery method). Each of three preselected broiler chicken flocks from two integrators were the first processed for that processing shift. The overall incidence of confirmed C. perfringens in samples associated with the three flocks was 40% of postprocessing scald water samples, 13% of preprocessing chill water samples, 13% of postprocessing chill water samples, and 19% of carcass rinses. The incidence of C. perfringens in samples incubated in IMM using the injury recovery procedure was significantly higher than in samples incubated in IMM by the traditional method, but only when all samples associated with the three flocks were pooled. In trial 2, water samples from each tank of a three-tank counterflow scalder, water samples from the prechill and chill tank, and samples of carcass rinses were collected in the middle of a processing shift during multiple visits to a processing plant. Samples were inoculated into IMM with neomycin and polymyxin B sulfate (IMMA) and incubated using the traditional and injury recovery procedures. The incidence of C. perfringens in water samples was 100% from scald tank 1, 100% from scald tank 2, 100% from scald tank 3, 88% from the prechill tank, and 63% from the chill tank. The incidence in carcass rinse samples was 67%. The mean most probably number (MPN) of C. perfringens for contaminated samples decreased from log10 5.07/100 ml of water in scald tank 1 to log10 1.26/100 ml of water in the chill tank. The mean MPN in carcass rinse samples was log10 1.20 C. perfringens per 100 ml. The incidence and mean MPN of C. perfringens in these samples after heat shock at 75°C for 20 min was somewhat less, but high enough to indicate that much of the contamination arises from heat-resistant spores of this organism. In trial 2, there were no differences in incidence and MPN of C. perfringens in samples incubated in IMMA with the traditional method or the injury recovery method.

Motile Aeromonads in the Feces and Carcasses of Broiler Chickens in Turkey

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
MEHMET AKAN ◽  
AYSEGUL EYIGOR ◽  
K. SERDAR DIKER
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Selective Isolation ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Isolation Techniques ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Processing Water ◽  
Chicken Feces ◽  
Commercial Processing

Motile Aeromonas spp. were surveyed in chicken feces, carcasses, scalding water, and chilling water during slaughtering in a commercial processing plant in Turkey. Fecal and carcass samples of 351 chickens from 15 different flocks were examined by selective isolation techniques. All of the 15 flocks were positive for motile aeromonads. Motile aeromonads were detected in 14.8%, 90.5%, and 100% of fecal, carcass, and chilling water samples, respectively, while scalding water samples were negative for these organisms. Aeromonas hydrophila was the predominant species in both feces (51.9%) and carcass (66.9%) samples, followed by A. caviae and A. sobria. These results suggested that during the slaughtering process the spread of motile aeromonads from the intestinal contents to carcasses via processing water caused a heavy contamination of chicken carcasses.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Recovered from Processed Poultry

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 2466-2472 ◽  
Author(s):  
SALINA PARVEEN ◽  
MARYAM TAABODI ◽  
JURGEN G. SCHWARZ ◽  
THOMAS P. OSCAR ◽  
JEANINE HARTER-DENNIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Poultry Processing ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates recovered from processed poultry. Four hundred eighty pre- and postchill whole broiler chicken carcasses were collected from a poultry processing plant between July 2004 and June 2005. Water samples also were collected at the entrance and exit of the chiller. After preenrichment, carcass and water samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using the automated BAX system followed by traditional culture methods. The proportions of pre- and postchill carcasses that were positive for Salmonella were 88.4 and 84.1%, respectively. Ninety-two percent of water samples collected at the entrance of the chiller were positive for Salmonella, but all exit samples were negative. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of Salmonella between pre- and postchill carcasses (P > 0.05). Salmonella isolates recovered were serotyped and tested for susceptibility to antimicrobials. Thirteen serotypes were identified; the most common were Salmonella Kentucky (59.5%) and Salmonella Typhimurium (17.8%). Three hundred thirty-nine (79.8%) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and 53.4% were resistant to three or more antimicrobials. Resistance was most often observed to tetracycline (73.4% of isolates), ampicillin (52.9%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (52%), ceftiofur (51.7%), streptomycin (35.2%), and sulfisoxazole (21.8%). These results indicate the high prevalence of Salmonella contamination in whole broiler carcasses, and a large number of these Salmonella isolates were resistant to commonly used antimicrobials.

Histopathology in diagnosis of broiler chicken and layer diseases – review of cases 1999-2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dolka ◽  
R. Sapierzyński ◽  
W. Bielecki ◽  
E. Malicka ◽  
A. Żbikowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Histopathological Lesions ◽  
Inclusion Body Hepatitis ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Histopathological Evidence

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of histopathological lesions in the different organs in relation to the commercial-type and the age of birds (i.e. broiler chickens and layers). During the period 1999-2010 a total of 189 cases was submitted to the Division of Animal Pathomorphology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics at WULS. Most cases were found in broiler chickens (66.7%). The majority of the histopathological lesions were detected in the liver and lymphoid organs. In of 29% cases of hepatic injury pathognomonic lesions associated with inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) were found. The mean age of birds was 23 days. Among IBH cases proventriculitis (58%) was more often found than gizzard lesions (25.8%). Interestingly, we noted some intranuclear inclusions in the epithelial cells within the proventriculus. A low percentage of histopathological evidence of infectious bursal disease (IBD) was reported in chickens. The gastrointestinal tract was the second most frequent predilection site for histopathological lesions. Histopathological findings within the heart and lungs were less common and were more often seen in the upper respiratory tract. Cases of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) were registered in broiler chickens (3.2%, mean age 37 days) and in layers (4.8%; mean age 196 days). Lesions associated with Marek’s disease, avian leukosis and fowl pox were recognized only in layers, respectively in 3.2% (mean age 176 days), 1.6% (mean age 205 days) and 1.1% (mean age 196 days) of all cases. Avian encephalomyelitis (AE) was noted only in 0.5% of all cases.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Clostridium perfringens Strains Isolated from Broiler Chickens Revealed by PFGE Analysis in China and Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 85-91
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umar Zafar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Type A ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Pfge Profile ◽  
Pfge Analysis ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Beta 2

Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is widely distributed in broiler chickens causing clinical and subclinical enteritis and is especially known for causing necrotic enteritis (NE). There are numerous reports of NE outbreaks in Pakistan as well as China but there is a lack of information related to PFGE profile from both the countries. To close this gap, we designed this study and obtained samples from broiler chicken farms located in 3 different regions of Pakistan and 4 different regions of China. A total of 79 fecal swabs (Pakistan=29; China=50) were collected and grown on FTA media. Further, isolates were grown on TSE agar and black colonies were selected for DNA extraction. All 79 isolates were tested for toxin profiles by PCR (α-gene; beta-2; netB gene) and PFGE profiling (pulsotypes analysis). Toxinotyping results revealed that all the isolates (n=50) from China were type A (α-toxin positive) while 23 and 6 isolates (n=29) from Pakistan were type A (α-toxin positive) and type G (α-toxin, NetB positive), respectively. Toxinotyping revealed α-toxin is highly prevalent in both the countries while from Pakistani isolates, NetB toxin was also detected. PFGE discriminated 79 isolates into 45 different PFGE patterns (pulsotypes). The analysis further showed different pulsotypes originating from China and Pakistan and isolates were subtyped by SmaI. The results showed high genetic polymorphism in C. perfringens even within the same strain. These preliminary findings of genetic variations will further help to design control strategies

scholarly journals Bioequivalence study of two oral amoxicillin formulations (Biocillin® and Atcomox 87%®) in broiler chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1042
Author(s):  
Mohamed Aboubakr ◽  
Mohamed Elbadawy
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Bioequivalence Study ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Model Following ◽  
Systemic Bioavailability ◽  
Acceptance Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Kinetics Of

Background: The present study was designed to assess the comparative bioequivalence of Biocillin® and Atcomox87%® in healthy broiler chickens after oral administration of both products in a dose of 20 mg amoxicillin base/kg.b.wt.Methods: Twenty-four broiler chickens were divided into two groups. The first group was designed to study the pharmacokinetics of Biocillin®, while the 2nd group was designed to study the pharmacokinetics of Atcomox87%®. Each broiler chicken in both groups was injected intravenously with 20 mg amoxicillin pure standard/kg.b.wt. After 15 days both groups taken orally Biocillin® and Atcomox87%®, respectively. Blood samples were obtained from the wing vein and collected immediately before and at 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after a single intravenous or oral administration.Results: Amoxicillin in both products obeyed a two compartments open model following I.V. injection. The disposition kinetics of Biocillin® and Atcomox87%® following oral administration of 20 mg amoxicillin base/kg.b.wt. revealed that the maximum blood concentration [Cmax] were 10.79 and 10.30 μg/ml and attained at [tmax] of 0.90 and 0.86 hours, respectively. The mean systemic bioavailability of amoxicillin in Biocillin® and Atcomox 87%® after oral administration in healthy chickens was 64.15 and 65.54%, respectively.Conclusions: Atcomox 87%® is bioequivalent to Biocillin® since the ratios of Cmax, AUC0-24 and AUC0-∞ (T/R) were 0.95, 0.91 and 0.90 respectively. These are within the bioequivalence acceptance range. Biocillin® and Atcomox87%® are therefore bioequivalent and interchangeable.

scholarly journals Glycerol as source of energy in broiler chicken fattening

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Kroupa ◽  
Pavel Suchý ◽  
Eva Straková ◽  
Ivan Herzig
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Plant Oil ◽  
Original Solution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group

The objective of this study was to verify the possibility of replacing soybean oil in a diet with glycerol, and investigate the effect of glycerol on performance indicators and health in broiler chickens. The experiment was performed on 122 one-day-old chickens that were divided based on sex into two control groups (30 females and 31 males) and two experimental groups (30 females and 31 males). Half (50%) of the soybean oil in diets used in the experimental groups was replaced with glycerol at a ratio of 1:2. On 15, 32 and 38 day of age chickens of both sexes in the experimental group that were fed with diets containing glycerol showed significantly higher (p ≤ 0.01) mean body weight compared to the control group. At the end of the experiment, the mean weight of chickens in the control group was 2.078 kg, whereas the mean weight of chickens in the experimental group was 2.341 kg. In females, the overall consumption of diets within 38 days of fattening was 3.588 kg in the control group and 4.011 kg in the experimental group, in males, it was 3.915 kg in the control group and 4.366 kg in the experimental group, i.e. it was higher in experimental chickens. Feed conversion in chickens in experimental groups was better, being 1.84 kg in the control group and 1.81 kg in the experimental group in females, and 1.73 kg in the control group and 1.72 kg in the experimental group in males. It follows from our results that the optimum amount of glycerol in feed for poultry is 5%.This study presents an original solution to optimize feed formula by replacing plant oil with glycerol. The results of the study can improve production indicators and economy in broiler fattening.

Bacterial Contamination of Broiler Chickens before Scalding

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 1326-1329 ◽  
Author(s):  
KATHRYN L. KOTULA ◽  
YOGA PANDYA
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
The Mean

The bacterial load on the feathers (breast, thigh, and drum), skin (breast, thigh, and drum), and feet of a total of 40 broiler chickens from four different production units was characterized after the chickens were exsanguinated but before the carcasses were scalded. Each broiler carcass contained a mean of aerobic bacteria at or near 8log10/g, a level at which the carcasses would be considered spoiled. Escherichia coli counts ranged from 6.3 to 8.0 log10/g, with the highest presence on the feathers and breast skin and lower levels on the thigh and drum skin, and feet. Contamination of the carcasses followed a similar pattern for Salmonella spp., which ranged between 5.8 and 7.2 log10/g, and Campylobacter jejuni/coli which ranged between 6.1 and 7.5 log10/g. The incidence of potential pathogens was higher on the feathers, breast skin, and feet than on the thigh and drum skin. The incidence of E. coli ranged from 42.5 to 100%, Salmonella spp. ranged from 27.5 to 75%, and C. jejuni/coli ranged from 45 to 82.5%. The mean counts of microorganisms on broilers from the four different grow-out farms were significantly different (P > 0.05) from one another immediately after killing, although the magnitude of the differences was small in most cases. The means ranged from 7.3 to 8.0 log10/g for total colony-forming units (CFU), 6.7 to 7.6 log10/g for E. coli, 5.4 to 6.9 for Salmonella spp., and 5.7 to 7.9 for C. jejuni/coli. All birds were contaminated with E. coli, 60 to 100% with Salmonella spp., and 80 to 100% with C. jejuni/coli, depending on grow-out farm. C. jejuni/coli counts and incidences were higher than those of Salmonella spp., and usually lower than those of E. coli. This research demonstrates that broilers entering the processing plant are highly contaminated. Although processing seems to decrease the number and incidence of microorganisms on the carcasses, additional modifications in production, transportation, and processing are warranted to reduce the microbial population on the birds before they are slaughtered.

Kualitas Fisik Daging Ayam Broiler yang Diberi Minyak Buah Merah dalam Pakan Komersial

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahman Ollong ◽  
Rizki Arizona ◽  
Rusli Badaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Cooking Loss ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Fruit Oil ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Range Test

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan minyak buah merah (MBM) pada pakan terhadap kualitas fisik daging ayam broiler. Seratus ekor ayam broiler umur sehari (DOC) ditempatkan pada lima kelompok perlakuan pakan yang berbeda, yaitu: P1 (pakan kontrol/tanpa penambahan minyak), P2 (2% MBM), P3 (4% MBM), P4 (6% MBM) dan P5 (6% Minyak kelapa sawit). Setiap kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari empat ulangan masing-masing dengan lima ekor. Ayam broiler dipelihara selama 35 hari. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan analisis variansi pola searah dan diuji lanjut dengan Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua variable yang diamati menunjukkan adanya pengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap perlakuan yang diberikan. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan minyak buah merah (MBM) dalam pakan mampu memberikan pengaruh terhadap pH Daging, Daya Ikat Air (DIA), susut masak dan keempukan daging ayam broiler.Kata kunci : daging ayam broiler, daya ikat air, keempukan daging, pH daging, susut masakABSTRACT The experiment was conducted to study the effect of red fruit oil (RFO) onphysical quality  of broiler chicken. One hundred day old chicken (DOC) were placed in four groups of different treatments, of from levels of RFO (P1 (diet without addition of RFO), P2 (2% RFO), P3 (4% RFO) and P4 (6% RFO) and P5 (6% Palm oil)). The treatment group consisted of fivereplications with five birds each. Broiler chickens were reared for 35 days. Statistical analysis used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the pH value, moisture content, water holding capacity, and cooking loss was significant differences. It could be concluded that the addition of red fruit oil in the diet give effect  of broiler chicken meat.Keywords: broiler meat, cooking loss, moisture content, pH value, water holding capacity

scholarly journals Supplementing Garlic Nanohydrogel Optimized Growth, Gastrointestinal Integrity and Economics and Ameliorated Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens Using a Clostridium perfringens Challenge Model

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2027
Author(s):  
Doaa Ibrahim ◽  
Tamer Ahmed Ismail ◽  
Eman Khalifa ◽  
Shaimaa A. Abd El-Kader ◽  
Dalia Ibrahim Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Necrotic Enteritis ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Intestinal Lesion

Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) results in impaired bird growth performance and increased production costs. Nanotechnology application in the poultry industry to control NE outbreaks is still not completely clarified. Therefore, the efficacy of dietary garlic nano-hydrogel (G-NHG) on broilers growth performance, intestinal integrity, economic returns and its potency to alleviate C. perfringens levels using NE challenge model were addressed. A total of 1200 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were assigned into six groups; four supplemented with 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg of G-NHG/kg diet and co-challenged with C. perfringens at 21, 22 and 23 d of age and two control groups fed basal diet with or without C. perfringens challenge. Over the total growing period, the 400 mg/kg G-NHG group had the most improved body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency regardless of challenge. Parallel with these results, the mRNA expression of genes encoding digestive enzymes (alpha 2A amylase (AMY2A), pancreatic lipase (PNLIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK)) and intestinal barriers (junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2), occludin and mucin-2 (Muc-2)) were increased in groups fed G-NHG at higher levels to be nearly similar to those in the unchallenged group. At 14 d post challenge, real-time PCR results revealed that inclusion of G-NHG led to a dose-dependently decrease in the C. perfringens population, thereby decreasing the birds’ intestinal lesion score and mortality rates. Using 400 mg/kg of G-NHG remarkably ameliorated the adverse effects of NE caused by C. perfringens challenge, which contributed to better growth performance of challenged birds with rational economic benefits.

scholarly journals Groups and Individuals: Optical Flow Patterns of Broiler Chicken Flocks Are Correlated with the Behavior of Individual Birds

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 568
Author(s):  
Sabine G. Gebhardt-Henrich ◽  
Ariane Stratmann ◽  
Marian Stamp Dawkins
Keyword(s):  
Optical Flow ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Water Test ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
The Mean

Group level measures of welfare flocks have been criticized on the grounds that they give only average measures and overlook the welfare of individual animals. However, we here show that the group-level optical flow patterns made by broiler flocks can be used to deliver information not just about the flock averages but also about the proportion of individuals in different movement categories. Mean optical flow provides information about the average movement of the whole flock while the variance, skew and kurtosis quantify the variation between individuals. We correlated flock optical flow patterns with the behavior and welfare of a sample of 16 birds per flock in two runway tests and a water (latency-to-lie) test. In the runway tests, there was a positive correlation between the average time taken to complete the runway and the skew and kurtosis of optical flow on day 28 of flock life (on average slow individuals came from flocks with a high skew and kurtosis). In the water test, there was a positive correlation between the average length of time the birds remained standing and the mean and variance of flock optical flow (on average, the most mobile individuals came from flocks with the highest mean). Patterns at the flock level thus contain valuable information about the activity of different proportions of the individuals within a flock.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document