Taking the stress out of transport - indices of physiological stress in transit

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 42-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Mitchell ◽  
P.J. Kettlewell
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The Uk ◽  
In Transit

Currently, in excess of 650 million broiler chickens are produced per annum in the UK.The rearing of these animals on large numbers of geographically dispered sites necessitates their transportation to centralised processing plants for slaughter. Birds are transported in containers in which behaviour, including any thermoregulatory component, will be restricted. The design of the container and the vehicle and the external climatic conditions will have profound effects upon the immediate environment of the birds. In transit they may be exposed to a variety of potential stressors including the thermal demands of this transport microenvironment, motion, acceleration, vibration, impacts, fasting, withdrawal of water, social disruption and noise. The adverse effects of these factors and their combinations may range from discomfort and mild aversion to death. Mortalities in transit are generally 0.4% or less but this may represent approximately 2 million birds per annum in the UK. It is estimated that up to 40% of the mortalities observed at the processing plant are a consequence of “stress”. It is thus essential from the standpoints of both animal welfare and productivity to optimise commercial poultry transport conditions and to provide the sound scientific basis for legislation relating to vehicles and transport practices. Although examination of the existing literature reveals that thermal stress is acknowledged as a major hazard during animal transportation it has been poorly characterised under practical conditions and the interactions between the animals and the complex thermal microenvironments clearly require more rigorous analyses.

scholarly journals Effect of Salmonella Vaccination of Breeder Chickens on Contamination of Broiler Chicken Carcasses in Integrated Poultry Operations

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (23) ◽  
pp. 7820-7825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda C. D�rea ◽  
Dana J. Cole ◽  
Charles Hofacre ◽  
Katherine Zamperini ◽  
Demetrius Mathis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT While measures to control carcass contamination with Salmonella at the processing plant have been implemented with some success, on-farm interventions that reduce Salmonella prevalence in meat birds entering the processing plant have not translated well on a commercial scale. We determined the impact of Salmonella vaccination on commercial poultry operations by monitoring four vaccinated and four nonvaccinated breeder (parental) chicken flocks and comparing Salmonella prevalences in these flocks and their broiler, meat bird progeny. For one poultry company, their young breeders were vaccinated by using a live-attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine (Megan VAC-1) followed by a killed Salmonella bacterin consisting of S. enterica serovar Berta and S. enterica serovar Kentucky. The other participating poultry company did not vaccinate their breeders or broilers. The analysis revealed that vaccinated hens had a lower prevalence of Salmonella in the ceca (38.3% versus 64.2%; P < 0.001) and the reproductive tracts (14.22% versus 51.7%; P < 0.001). We also observed a lower Salmonella prevalence in broiler chicks (18.1% versus 33.5%; P < 0.001), acquired from vaccinated breeders, when placed at the broiler farms contracted with the poultry company. Broiler chicken farms populated with chicks from vaccinated breeders also tended to have fewer environmental samples containing Salmonella (14.4% versus 30.1%; P < 0.001). There was a lower Salmonella prevalence in broilers entering the processing plants (23.4% versus 33.5%; P < 0.001) for the poultry company that utilized this Salmonella vaccination program for its breeders. Investigation of other company-associated factors did not indicate that the difference between companies could be attributed to measures other than the vaccination program.

scholarly journals Physiological stress and welfare of broiler chickens in transit: solutions not problems!

1998 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 1803-1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Mitchell ◽  
P.J. Kettlewell
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
In Transit

scholarly journals The Influence of Welfare Training on Bird Welfare and Carcass Quality in Two Commercial Poultry Primary Processing Plants

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 584
Author(s):  
Ellie Wigham ◽  
Andrew Grist ◽  
Siobhan Mullan ◽  
Stephen Wotton ◽  
Andrew Butterworth
Keyword(s):  
Product Quality ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Primary Processing ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Poultry Processing ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
Welfare Measures

The number of broilers slaughtered globally is increasing. Ensuring acceptable welfare conditions for birds at the time of slaughter is paramount in meeting legislative and retailer specifications, and in producing high quality meat. There is knowledge that welfare training programs for members of the farming and red meat slaughter industry can improve animal welfare measures and product quality, however there is little evidence of the effects of welfare training in poultry processing plants. In our study, a comprehensive welfare training program was introduced to a Costa Rican and a British commercial broiler primary processing plant, both of which slaughter birds by way of neck cut post electrical water bath stunning. The effects of this program on some welfare and product quality measures were investigated, both immediately and six months post training. The welfare measures that showed significant improvements post training included; flapping at shackling, pre-stun shocks, stun parameters and effective neck cut. Product quality measures including broken wings and red pygostyles also improved, however the positive effect of training was not seen in all quality measures. Welfare training does have the potential to improve broiler welfare and product quality at slaughter, and these data could help the development and targeting of future welfare training courses and encourage the uptake of welfare training in the poultry slaughter industry.

scholarly journals How many gamebirds are released in the UK each year?

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joah Robert Madden
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Effects ◽  
Phasianus Colchicus ◽  
Alectoris Rufa ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Know How ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Official Records

AbstractLarge numbers of gamebirds (pheasants Phasianus colchicus, red-legged partridges Alectoris rufa and mallard Anus platyrhynchos) are released annually in the UK to support recreational shooting. It is important to know how many of these birds are being released because their release and management has ecological effects on the wildlife and habitats of the UK. There is little regulation governing their release, and consequently, an accurate figure for the numbers being released is unknown. I took 12 different approaches, totalling 4329 estimates of the numbers of birds being released annually, based on a series of datasets that described numbers of birds being held for breeding, rearing or release, being released, managed or shot on game shoots, being shot by individual guns or being recorded during breeding bird surveys. These 12 approaches produced estimates ranging from 14.7 to 106.1 million with a mean of 43.2 million (95% CI 29.0–57.3 million). This suggests that 31.5 million pheasants (range 29.8–33.7 million), 9.1 million red-legged partridges (range 5.6–12.5 million) and 2.6 million mallard (range 0.9–6.0 million) are released annually in the UK. These figures differ substantially from both official records of gamebirds and previous published estimates, and I discuss why such differences may occur. I set these figures in the context of the number and behaviour of shoots operating in the UK. Improved estimates of numbers of gamebird being released are critical if we are to better understand the ecological effects occurring in areas where they are released and managed.

Diversity of flaA Genotypes among Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Six Niche-Market Poultry Species at Farm and Processing

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. VanWORTH ◽  
B. A. McCREA ◽  
K. H. TONOOKA ◽  
C. L. BOGGS ◽  
J. S. SCHRADER
Keyword(s):  
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Guinea Fowl ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism of the flagellin (flaA) gene in Campylobacter jejuni was used to determine the relationships of isolates collected at the farm and throughout processing for six niche-market poultry species. This study focused on two specialty chicken products, poussin and free range, and four other specialty products, squab, duck, guinea fowl, and quail. Cloacal and carcass samples were collected from three flocks from each of the six niche species. Three processing plants in California participated in a 2-year investigation. A total of 773 isolates from farm, posttransport, and the processing plants were genotyped, yielding a total of 72 distinct flaA profiles for the six commodities. Genetic diversity of C. jejuni at the farm was greatest for ducks with up to 12 distinct flaA types in two flocks and least for squab 1 flaA type between two farms. For two of the guinea fowl flocks, one free-range flock, two squab flocks, and all three poussin flocks, the flaA types recovered at the prepackage station matched those from the farm. Cross-contamination of poultry carcasses was supported by the observation of flaA types during processing that were not present at the farm level. New C. jejuni strains were detected after transport in ducks, guinea fowl, and free-range chickens. Postpicker, postevisceration, and prewash sampling points in the processing plant yield novel isolates. Duck and free-range chickens were the only species for which strains recovered within the processing plant were also found on the final product. Isolates recovered from squab had 56 to 93% similarity based on the flaA types defined by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles. The 26 duck isolates had genetic similarities that ranged from 20 to 90%. Guinea fowl and free-range chickens each had 40 to 65% similarity between isolates. Poussin isolates were 33 to 55% similar to each other, and quail isolates were 46 to 100% similar. Our results continue to emphasize the need to clean processing equipment and posttransport crates in order to decrease cross contamination between flocks. This study also determined that several strains of C. jejuni had unique flaA types that could only be recovered in their host species.

Effects of processing on peat moss microflora

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvon Cormier ◽  
Anne Mériaux ◽  
Gilles Brochu
Keyword(s):  
Peat Soil ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Soil Drying ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Sphagnum Peat Moss ◽  
Large Numbers

We studied the microflora of Quebec sphagnum peat moss samples taken from five different locations in a peat moss processing plant: soil, drying stacks, sedimented dust (walls and floor), and in bagged peat moss. Large numbers of microorganisms were found; the predominant ones were of the genus Monocillium (up to 112 × 106 colonies/g of dry peat) and the genus Penicillium (320 × 104 colonies/g dry weight). These moulds were more abundant in the processed peat moss than in the peat soil (e.g., Monocillium: soil, 138 × 103; processed peat, 112 × 106). Aspergillus spp. were absent in all five sample sites. We conclude that Quebec peat moss contains large quantities of microorganisms and that moulds become more concentrated during the processing of the peat from the soil to the final product.

Animal Supply

2021 ◽  
pp. 544-556
Author(s):  
Michael MacKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Final Destination ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Exotic Animal ◽  
Roman Antiquity ◽  
In Transit

Animals of all types, be these domestic or wild, native or exotic, were routinely required for spectacles and events in the Graeco-Roman world, most notably, perhaps, in the context of the amphitheatre games of Roman antiquity. Behind such events, however, lay networks involved in the capture, transport, and supply of these animals. The integration of ancient textual, iconographical, and archaeological (including zooarchaeological) evidence provides the requisite data to investigate these aspects. Available ancient textual and artistic evidence suggest that soldiers and professional hunters, assisted by civilians and natives as required or demanded, undertook many of these tasks. Guilds or professional organizations of wild beast hunters and merchants provided further administrative, technical, financial, and transport assistance. Equipment involved in capturing the animals varied depending upon factors such as the size, age, or ferocity of the animal, but included a range of nets, cages, and traps, among other methods. Extrapolation from more modern practices, however, suggests that baiting and ambushing, arguably somewhat less noble or brave tactics, likely characterized much of exotic animal capture in antiquity. Treatment for many of these animals, in transit to their final destination, was probably poor; large numbers certainly perished during transport or while in captivity. Available zooarchaeological evidence helps locate exotic animal bones across different contexts in the ancient Graeco-Roman world, including beasts presumably involved in amphitheatre games, but also provides tempering evidence to downplay the magnitude of numbers actually supplied to such events, as is attested in ancient textual and iconographical data.

The calculation of required fire resistance limits for engineering structures of technological pipe racks at oil and gas processing plants on the basis of an evaluation of the time needed for personnel evacuation and rescue in case of fire

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 58-65
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Shebeko ◽  
Yu. N. Shebeko ◽  
A. V. Zuban
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Probabilistic Method ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Gas Processing ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
The One ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Rescue Time

Introduction. GOST R 12.3.047-2012 standard offers a methodology for determination of required fire resistance limits of engineering structures. This methodology is based on a comparison of values of the fire resistance limit and the equivalent fire duration. However, in practice incidents occur when, in absence of regulatory fire resistance requirements, a facility owner, who has relaxed the fire resistance requirements prescribed by GOST R 12.3.047–2012, is ready to accept its potential loss in fire for economic reasons. In this case, one can apply the probability of safe evacuation and rescue to compare distributions of fire resistance limits, on the one hand, and evacuation and rescue time, on the other hand.A methodology for the identification of required fire resistance limits. The probabilistic method for the identification of required fire resistance limits, published in work [1], was tested in this study. This method differs from the one specified in GOST R 12.3.047-2012. The method is based on a comparison of distributions of such random values, as the estimated time of evacuation or rescue in case of fire at a production facility and fire resistance limits for engineering structures.Calculations of required fire resistance limits. This article presents a case of application of the proposed method to the rescue of people using the results of full-scale experiments, involving a real pipe rack at a gas processing plant [2].Conclusions. The required fire resistance limits for pipe rack structures of a gas processing plant were identified. The calculations took account of the time needed to evacuate and rescue the personnel, as well as the pre-set reliability of structures, given that the personnel evacuation and rescue time in case of fire is identified in an experiment.

Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Rwomushana
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Lepidopteran Pest ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a lepidopteran pest that feeds in large numbers on the leaves, stems and reproductive parts of more than 350 plant species, causing major damage to economically important cultivated grasses such as maize, rice, sorghum, sugarcane and wheat but also other vegetable crops and cotton. Native to the Americas, it has been repeatedly intercepted at quarantine in Europe and was first reported from Africa in 2016 where it caused significant damage to maize crops. In 2018, S. frugiperda was first reported from the Indian subcontinent (Ganiger et al., 2018; Sharanabasappa Kalleshwaraswamy et al., 2018). It has since invaded Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, China and Sri Lanka (IPPC, 2018b, 2019; FAO, 2019c). The ideal climatic conditions for fall armyworm present in many parts of Africa and Asia, and the abundance of suitable host plants suggests the pest can produce several generations in a single season, and is likely to lead to the pest becoming endemic.

EVALUATING THE EFFICIENCY OF FEEDING BROILER CHICKENS OF THE ARBOR ACRES CROSS IN HOT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHAD

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-82
Author(s):  
M.V. LAZKO ◽  
◽  
ADAM A. ABDERAKHIM
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Geochemical Conditions ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The University

The paper presents the results of evaluating the efficiency of feed rations offered to broilers of the Arbor Acres cross, formed taking into account the climatic, geochemical conditions of Central Africa and its native food flora. The study was conducted on the basis of an experimental farm at the University of N’Djamena, the Republic of Chad. In the experiment, the authors used five formulas of feed rations, which are currently used by farms in the Republic of Chad for growing broiler chickens. They mainly contain locally availble ingredients. To increase the resistance of the poultry organism to unfavorable environmental factors, the chickens of the control and experimental groups were given “TETRACOLIVIT” and “AMIN’TOTAL” vitamins. The efficiency of feed rations was evaluated by determining the age dynamics of live weight, average weekly gains in live weight and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens of the Arbor Acres cross from 1 to 42 days of life. The formula of feed ration No. 1 proved to be the most effective in terms of the cross productivity.

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