Antimicrobial Resistance Risk Assessment in Food Safety

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 2063-2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. GREGG CLAYCAMP ◽  
BARRY H. HOOBERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Human Health Risks

Microbiological risk assessments generally focus on estimating adverse human health risks from exposures to human pathogenic microbes. The assessment of potential human health risks posed by pathogens that have acquired resistance to antimicrobial drugs is a new application of risk assessment that is closely related to microbiological risk assessment. Antimicrobial resistance risk assessment is a risk analytical process that focuses on resistance determinants as hazardous agents that might lead to drug-resistant microbial infections in humans exposed to bacteria carrying the determinants. Antimicrobial-resistant infections could occur directly from actively invading or opportunistic pathogens or indirectly from the transfer of resistance genes to other bacteria. Here, we discuss risk assessment models that might be employed to estimate risks from drug-resistant bacteria in the animal food pathway and the types of models and data that may be used for microbiological risk assessments or antimicrobial resistance risk assessments.

scholarly journals Paradigms to assess the human health risks of nano- and microplastics

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seta Noventa ◽  
Matthew S. P. Boyles ◽  
Andreas Seifert ◽  
Simone Belluco ◽  
Aracaeli Sánchez Jiménez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Research Experiences ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Integrated Risk Assessment

AbstractHuman exposure to nano- and microplastics (NMPs) has raised major societal concerns, yet no framework to assess the risks of NMPs for human health exists. A substantial proportion of plastic produced worldwide is not properly disposed and persists in the environment for decades while degrading. Plastic degradation generates a size continuum of fragments, including nano- and microplastic particles, with numerous associated environmental pollutants and plastic additives, and microbial communities colonising their surfaces. The ubiquitous presence of NMPs, their availability for uptake by organisms and their potential to act as vectors for toxicants and pathogens render risk assessment a priority on the political agenda at the global level. We provide a new, fully integrated risk assessment framework tailored to the specificities of NMPs, enabling an assessment of current and future human health risks from NMPs. The framework consists of four novel paradigms to the traditional risk assessment methodology. These paradigms deal with techniques in NMP analysis, gaps in empirical data, theoretical and modelling approaches and stakeholder engagement. Within the proposed framework, we propose how we can use research experiences gained so far to carry out the different steps of the assessment process, and we define priorities for further research.

Remediation of Contaminated Land

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-189
Author(s):  
Masashi Kamon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Permeable Reactive Barriers ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Contaminated Land ◽  
Human Health Risks

Growing awareness of geoenvironmental hazards has made clear the need to develop better technical knowledge of environmental issues. We are thus studying how to remediate soil and groundwater contaminated by heavy metals and organic chemical substances in natural and man-made disasters. Remediation technology includes containment and risk assessment of contaminated land, with permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) and monitored natural attenuation (MNA) presented as the passive and cost-effective techniques. A case study to assess the effectiveness of a containment facility as a remedial technique in reducing human health risks was introduced. Numerical analyzed results confirm that this significantly reduces potential human health risks from land contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dioxin. Risk assessment based on in situ monitored data indicated that no significant health risks were induced. The important projected role of the geoenvironment is developing a sustainable contamination-free society.

Assessing the Risks Associated With Exposure to Waterborne Pathogens: An Expert Panel's Report on Risk Assessment†

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 1426-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID A. NEUMANN ◽  
JEFFERY A. FORAN
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Waterborne Pathogens ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Exposed Population

The resurgence of outbreaks of waterborne diseases in the United States underscores the need for quantitative methods for assessing the human health risks associated with various types of waterborne pathogens in diverse environments (e.g., drinking water, waste water, recreational water) under different exposure scenarios (e.g., ingestion, inhalation from aerosols). An expert panel developed a three-stage general framework for conducting risk assessments of waterborne pathogens. An initial problem formulation stage involving all stakeholders identifies the purpose of the risk assessment, the critical issues to be addressed, and how the results might be used to protect public health. The analysis characterizes both the exposure and the health effects. This compilation of quantitative and qualitative data, expert opinion, and other information yields a host/pathogen profile that explicitly identifies the assumptions and uncertainties associated with the profile. The final stage, risk characterization, states the likelihood and types and magnitude of effects likely to be observed in the exposed population under the expected exposure scenario, including all the inherent assumptions and uncertainties. This characterization will be used by risk managers and policy makers to reduce human health risks and by risk communication specialists to inform the public.

scholarly journals Insects, Rodents, and Pets as Reservoirs, Vectors, and Sentinels of Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Willis Gwenzi ◽  
Nhamo Chaukura ◽  
Norah Muisa-Zikali ◽  
Charles Teta ◽  
Tendai Musvuugwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Health Risks

This paper reviews the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in insects, rodents, and pets. Insects (e.g., houseflies, cockroaches), rodents (rats, mice), and pets (dogs, cats) act as reservoirs of AMR for first-line and last-resort antimicrobial agents. AMR proliferates in insects, rodents, and pets, and their skin and gut systems. Subsequently, insects, rodents, and pets act as vectors that disseminate AMR to humans via direct contact, human food contamination, and horizontal gene transfer. Thus, insects, rodents, and pets might act as sentinels or bioindicators of AMR. Human health risks are discussed, including those unique to low-income countries. Current evidence on human health risks is largely inferential and based on qualitative data, but comprehensive statistics based on quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) are still lacking. Hence, tracing human health risks of AMR to insects, rodents, and pets, remains a challenge. To safeguard human health, mitigation measures are proposed, based on the one-health approach. Future research should include human health risk analysis using QMRA, and the application of in-silico techniques, genomics, network analysis, and ’big data’ analytical tools to understand the role of household insects, rodents, and pets in the persistence, circulation, and health risks of AMR.

scholarly journals Potential Environmental and Human Health Risks Caused by Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB), Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) and Emerging Contaminants (ECs) from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Landfill

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 374
Author(s):  
Uttpal Anand ◽  
Bhaskar Reddy ◽  
Vipin Kumar Singh ◽  
Amit Kishore Singh ◽  
Kavindra Kumar Kesari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Emerging Contaminants ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Msw Landfill

The disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) directly at landfills or open dump areas, without segregation and treatment, is a significant concern due to its hazardous contents of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and metal resistance genes (MGEs). The released leachate from landfills greatly effects the soil physicochemical, biological, and groundwater properties associated with agricultural activity and human health. The abundance of ARB, ARGs, and MGEs have been reported worldwide, including MSW landfill sites, animal husbandry, wastewater, groundwater, soil, and aerosol. This review elucidates the occurrence and abundance of ARB, ARGs, and MRGs, which are regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs). Recently, ECs have received global attention because of their prevalence in leachate as a substantial threat to environmental and public health, including an economic burden for developing nations. The present review exclusively discusses the demands to develop a novel eco-friendly management strategy to combat these global issues. This review also gives an intrinsic discussion about the insights of different aspects of environmental and public health concerns caused due to massive leachate generation, the abundance of antibiotics resistance (AR), and the effects of released leachate on the various environmental reservoirs and human health. Furthermore, the current review throws light on the source and fate of different ECs of landfill leachate and their possible impact on the nearby environments (groundwater, surface water, and soil) affecting human health. The present review strongly suggests the demand for future research focuses on the advancement of the removal efficiency of contaminants with the improvement of relevant landfill management to reduce the potential effects of disposable waste. We propose the necessity of the identification and monitoring of potential environmental and human health risks associated with landfill leachate contaminants.

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