Mold and Aflatoxin Reduction by Gamma Radiation of Packed Hot Peppers and Their Evolution during Storage

The effect of gamma radiation on moisture content, total mold counts, Aspergillus counts, and aflatoxins of three hot pepper hybrids (Sky Red, Maha, and Wonder King) was investigated. Whole dried peppers packed in polyethylene bags were gamma irradiated at 0 (control), 2, 4, and 6 kGy and stored at 25°C for 90 days. Gamma radiation proved to be effective in reducing total mold and Aspergillus counts in a dose-dependent relationship. Total mold counts in irradiated peppers immediately after treatments were significantly lowered compared with those in nonirradiated samples, achieving 90 and 99% reduction at 2- and 4-kGy doses, respectively. Aspergillus counts were significantly reduced, by 93 and 97%, immediately after irradiation at doses of 2 and 4 kGy, respectively. A radiation dose of 6 kGy completely eliminated the population of total molds and Aspergillus fungi. The evolution of total molds in control and irradiated samples indicated no further fungal proliferation during 3 months of storage at 25°C. Aflatoxin levels were slightly affected by radiation doses of 2 and 4 kGy and showed a nonsignificant reduction of 6% at the highest radiation dose of 6 kGy. The distinct effectiveness of gamma radiation in molds and aflatoxins can be explained by the target theory of food irradiation, which states that the likelihood of a microorganism or a molecule being inactivated by gamma rays increases as its size increases.

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Assessment of Hot Peppers for Aflatoxin and Mold Proliferation during Storage

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-449 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 74 (5) ◽

pp. 830-835 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

QUMER IQBAL ◽

MUHAMMAD AMJAD ◽

MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE ASI ◽

AGUSTIN ARIÑO

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Aflatoxin Production ◽

Aflatoxin Contamination ◽

Prolonged Storage ◽

Hot Pepper ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Hot Peppers ◽

Polyethylene Bags ◽

Jute Bags

Aflatoxin contamination and mold proliferation in three hot pepper hybrids (Sky Red, Maha, and Wonder King) were studied during 5 months of storage at three temperatures (20, 25, and 30°C) and under different packaging conditions (low-density polyethylene bags and jute bags). The presence of aflatoxins in hot pepper samples was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV-Vis detector. Sampling for analysis of aflatoxins, total mold counts, and Aspergillus counts was carried out at 0, 50, 100, and 150 days of storage. Hot peppers packed in jute bags were more susceptible to aflatoxin contamination than those packed in polyethylene bags; aflatoxin concentrations were 75% higher in peppers stored in jute bags. The effect of storage temperature resulted in aflatoxin concentrations that were 61% higher in hot peppers stored at 25 and 30°C than in those stored at 20°C. Of the three pepper hybrids, Wonder King was more susceptible to aflatoxin contamination, with a maximum of 1.50 μg/kg when packed in jute bags and stored at 25°C for 150 days. However, no sample exceeded the maximum permitted level for total aflatoxins in spices established by European Union regulations (10 μg/kg). Total mold counts and Aspergillus counts increased with storage duration, but all counts were significantly lower in peppers stored in polyethylene bags. A gradual increase in temperature during prolonged storage of hot peppers in combination with aeration may be the main reasons for increases in fungal biomass and Aspergillus proliferation with the subsequent aflatoxin production.

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Evaluation of Gamma Radiation-Induced Biochemical Changes in Skin for Dose Assesment: A Study on Small Experimental Animals

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness ◽

10.1017/dmp.2018.16 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

pp. 197-202

Author(s):

Sandeep Kumar Soni ◽

Mitra Basu ◽

Priyanka Agrawal ◽

Aseem Bhatnagar ◽

Neelam Chhillar

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Gamma Radiation ◽

Radiation Injury ◽

Acute Radiation ◽

Dose Assessment ◽

Whole Body ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Acute Radiation Injury ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Dose Dependent

AbstractObjectiveResearchers have been evaluating several approaches to assess acute radiation injury/toxicity markers owing to radiation exposure. Keeping in mind this background, we assumed that whole-body irradiation in single fraction in graded doses can affect the antioxidant profile in skin that could be used as an acute radiation injury/toxicity marker.MethodsSprague-Dawley rats were treated with CO-60 gamma radiation (dose: 1-5 Gy; dose rate: 0.85 Gy/minute). Skin samples were collected (before and after radiation up to 72 hours) and analyzed for glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidation (LPx).ResultsIntra-group comparison showed significant differences in GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT, and they declined in a dose-dependent manner from 1 to 5 Gy (P value<0.01, r value: 0.3-0.5). LPx value increased (P value<0.01, r value: 0.3-0.5) as the dose increased, except in 1 Gy (P value>0.05).ConclusionsThis study suggests that skin antioxidants were sensitive toward radiation even at a low radiation dose, which can be used as a predictor of radiation injury and altered in a dose-dependent manner. These biochemical parameters may have wider application in the evaluation of radiation-induced skin injury and dose assessment. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:197–202).

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Effects of Heat and Ionizing Radiation on Salmonella typhimurium In Mechanically Deboned Chicken Meat

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-54.9.718 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 54 (9) ◽

pp. 718-724 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

D. W. THAYER ◽

S. SONGPRASERTCHAI ◽

G. BOYD

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Ionizing Radiation ◽

Gamma Radiation ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Irradiation Temperature ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Gamma Radiation Dose ◽

Irradiated Meat ◽

Radiation Treatments ◽

Dose Dependent

Response-surface methodologies were used to examine the effects of gamma-irradiation temperature and dose preceded or followed by heating at 60°C for 3 min on the survival of Salmonella typhimurium in mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM). The effects of irradiation temperature and dose were significant. Heating the inoculated chicken meat before irradiation did not sensitize the bacteria to the effects of the ionizing radiation. Treating the inoculated chicken meat with gamma radiation made the Salmonella much more sensitive to the effects of heat. For example, 3 min of heat at 60°C followed by a radiation dose of 0.90 kGy at 0°C decreased the number of survivors by 6.4-log units; when the irradiation occurred prior to heating, the decrease was 8.9-log units. Independent studies revealed that the effect of cooking was directly dependent upon the irradiation dose regardless of the order in which the heat and radiation treatments were applied. The effect of irradiation on the survival of the Salmonella was not dependent on the amount of heat applied regardless of the order in which the treatments were applied. There was no evidence of a gamma-radiation, dose-dependent decrease in the thermal D10 value at 60°C of S. typhimurium in MDCM. The increased gamma-radiation, dose-dependent sensitivity of irradiated Salmonella in MDCM to heat did not change even when the irradiated meat was stored for periods of up to 6 weeks at 5°C prior to heating.

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PO-0694: Radiation dose-dependent changes of the spleen following chemoradiotherapy for gastric cancer

Radiotherapy and Oncology ◽

10.1016/s0167-8140(15)40686-3 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 115 ◽

pp. S340-S341

Author(s):

A.K. Trip ◽

K. Sikorska ◽

H. Boot ◽

A. Cats ◽

J.W. Van Sandick ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Dose Dependent

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Optimization of gamma radiation dose for induction of mutations in okra

International Journal of Vegetable Science ◽

10.1080/19315260.2021.1894626 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Soham Hazra ◽

Shouvik Gorai ◽

V Umesh Kumar ◽

Sudip Bhattacharya ◽

Anirban Maji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiation Dose ◽

Gamma Radiation ◽

Gamma Radiation Dose

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A narrative review of chronic alcohol-induced atrial fibrillation

Future Cardiology ◽

10.2217/fca-2021-0007 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rea Mittal ◽

Lilly Su ◽

Devyani Ramgobin ◽

Ashwani Garg ◽

Rahul Jain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atrial Fibrillation ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Alcohol Intake ◽

Cardiovascular Complications ◽

Chronic Alcohol ◽

Higher Alcohol ◽

Dependent Relationship ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Low Levels ◽

Dose Dependent

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is highly prevalent and can lead to many cardiovascular complications, including arrhythmias. Chronic alcohol use has a dose-dependent relationship with incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF), where higher alcohol intake (>3 drinks a day) is associated with higher risk of AF. Meanwhile, low levels of chronic alcohol intake (<1 drink a day) is not associated with increased risk of AF. Mechanistically, chronic alcohol intake alters the structural, functional and electrical integrity of the atria, predisposing to AF. Increased screening can help identify AUD patients early on and provide the opportunity to educate on chronic alcohol use related risks, such as AF. The ideal treatment to reduce risk of incident or recurrent AF in AUD populations is abstinence.

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DISINFESTATION OF MANGOES HADEN IN-FESTED BY Anastrepha fraterculus (WIED., 1830) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE), WITH GAMMA RADIATION

Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences ◽

10.15392/bjrs.v9i1a.1444 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1A) ◽

Author(s):

Valter Arthur

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Gamma Radiation ◽

Adult Stage ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Climate Chamber ◽

Anastrepha Fraterculus

The objective of experiment was determinate the radiation dose for disinfestation to mango Mangifera indica cv. Haden, infested by Anastrepha fraterculus larvae. For realization of the experiment, were collected fruits in the field, which were taking to Entomology laboratory where there was a infestation by the flies in cages during 72 hours period. Waited for the development of the larvae and before 5 – 8 days to infestation, the mangos were irradiated in a Cobalt-60 source with doses of: 0(control), 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1.100, 1.200 and 1.300 Gy. After the irradiation, the fruits were placed in climate chamber with 25 ±5°C of temperature and 70±5% of relative humidity, posteriorly waited the larvae exit to out of the fruit until the transformation in pupae and posteriorly in adult stage. By the results obtained our can concluded that the lethal dose to larvae in mangoes infested with 5-8 days after infestation were 600 Gy and 1.000 Gy (0.6 and 1 kGy) respectively. The dose of 50 Gy prevented the total adult emergence for both treatments.

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