Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Hepatitis E Virus and Salmonella antibodies in meat juice samples from pigs at slaughter in Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucien Kelbert ◽  
Roger Stephan ◽  
Caroline Furtwaengler ◽  
Juan Antonio Pinillo ◽  
Marina Morach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Diaphragm Muscle ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Meat Juice ◽  
Seropositive Animal ◽  
Fattening Pigs

Toxoplasma gondii , hepatitis E virus (HEV) and Salmonella are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that may be transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked pork.  The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of anti- Toxoplasma gondii , anti-HEV and anti- Salmonella antibodies from healthy pigs at slaughter in Switzerland. In the period of August to September 2020 diaphragm muscle of Swiss fattening pigs was collected in three Swiss abattoirs from a total of 188 farms. Two randomly chosen pig carcasses per farm were selected. On the basis of the slaughter data, the production system and the canton of origin were noted, comparing indoor (n=120) and free-range farming (n=68), and regional allocation. The meat juice of these samples was analyzed for pathogen-specific antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The seroprevalences were 1.3% for T. gondii , 71.8% for the HEV and 5.3% for Salmonella , respectively. Comparing the origins, the results of many cantons weren't meaningful due to the low number of samples. No regional accumulations were found for T. gondii and the HEV. The results showed that 2.1% of the farms had least one T. gondii seropositive animal, 80.3% had at least one HEV seropositive animal, and 8.5% had at least one Salmonella seropositive animal, respectively. The seropositivity of T. gondi i was higher in free-range pigs than in indoor pigs, whereas anti- Salmonella antibodies were more common in pigs from indoor farming than in outdoor pigs. The seroprevalence of anti HEV-Abs was similar in free-range and indoor farming pigs. Compared to studies from 2012 the seroprevalence of T. gondii has decreased whereas the seroprevalence of the HEV has increased and is highly prevalent among fattening pigs in Switzerland. The low seroprevalence of Salmonella has remained stable in recent years.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella in Hunted Wild Boars from Two Different Regions in Switzerland

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2227
Author(s):  
Alessia Maria Giuseppina Bassi ◽  
Janine Carmen Steiner ◽  
Roger Stephan ◽  
Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Diaphragm Muscle ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hunting Season ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Meat Juice ◽  
The North ◽  
Specific Igg

Toxoplasma gondii and Salmonella are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that may be transmitted to humans through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat, including game. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Salmonella antibodies in wild boars in two different regions in Switzerland. During the hunting season of 2020, a total of 126 diaphragm muscle samples of hunted wild boars were collected and the meat juice of these samples was analysed for pathogen-specific IgG antibodies using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The overall seroprevalences were 35% for T. gondii and 17% for Salmonella, respectively. In general, seropositivity increased with the age of the animals. Seroprevalences of T. gondii were similar for animals from the northern region (29%) to those from the southern region (36.8%), indicating that T. gondii is widespread in the sylvestrian environment. By contrast, Salmonella seropositivity was remarkably higher in wild boars from the north (52%) compared with those from the south (5.3%). The high occurrence of Salmonella may represent a risk of transmission to compatriot domestic animals such free-range farmed pigs as well as to humans. Further, meat of hunted wild boars may present a source of human toxoplasmosis or salmonellosis.

Seroprevalence of Anti–Hepatitis E Virus and Anti-Salmonella Antibodies in Pigs at Slaughter in Switzerland

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 1483-1485 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. WACHECK ◽  
E. SARNO ◽  
E. MÄRTLBAUER ◽  
C. ZWEIFEL ◽  
R. STEPHAN
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
Meat Juice ◽  
Fattening Pigs

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and Salmonella bacteria are zoonotic pathogens that can be acquired by foodborne transmission because food animals, for example pigs, are recognized as a reservoir. The objectives of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-Salmonella antibodies from healthy pigs at slaughter in Switzerland, a country with a good health status of pig herds (e.g., eradication of enzootic pneumonia) compared with those of many countries in the European Union, and a rate of importation of live pigs that is very low (<1%). Based on pooled (diaphragm muscles from 3 to 5 animals per producer) meat juice samples, 120 (60%) of 200 and 8 (4%) of 200 samples were positive for anti-HEV IgG and anti-Salmonella antibodies, respectively. HEV seems to be highly prevalent among fattening pigs in Switzerland, whereas the low seroprevalence of anti-Salmonella IgG has not changed in recent years.

scholarly journals DESIGN OF HEPATITIS E VIRUS GENOTYPE 1 RECOMBINANT ORF3 PROTEIN BY CODON OPTIMIZATION METHOD

2017 ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
G. I. Alatortseva ◽  
A. V. Sidorov ◽  
L. N. Nesterenko ◽  
L. N. Luhverchik ◽  
M. V. Zhukina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Protein ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Recombinant Polypeptide ◽  
Full Size

Aim. The development of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 1 full-size ORF3 recombinant polypeptide. Materials and methods. Escherichia coli strains, plasmid vectors, serological and clinical samples, ELISA reagent kits, molecular biological, bioinformatic, biotechnological, biochemical and serological methods. Results. HEV genotype 1 RNA had been isolated from clinical samples collected in Kyrgyzstan. DNA copy of subgenomic virus RNA had been cloned and used for further development of E.coli strains producing full-size recombinant protein ORF3 fused to E.coli beta-galactosidase. Codons optimization method was used in aim to increase expression level of recombinant protein. Recombinant protein ORF3 had been isolated from the inclusion bodies of the E.coli biomass and purified by size exclusion chromatography. Antigenic specificity of recombinant polypeptide had been confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting with the specific sera. Conclusion. HEVgenotype 1 ORF3 recombinant antigen had been designed, and it’s applicability in diagnostic tests had been experimentally confirmed.

scholarly journals Effect of Sodium Chloride, Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Nitrate on the Infectivity of Hepatitis E Virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Wolff ◽  
Taras Günther ◽  
Thiemo Albert ◽  
Reimar Johne
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Sodium Nitrite ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Raw Meat

Abstract Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can cause acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. The zoonotic HEV genotype 3, which is highly prevalent in Europe, is mainly transmitted by consumption of raw meat and raw meat products produced from infected pigs or wild boars. High salt concentrations represent an important measure to preserve meat products and to inactivate foodborne pathogens. Here, an HEV preparation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was subjected to different salt concentrations and the remaining infectivity was measured in a cell culture assay. Treatments with up to 20% sodium chloride for 24 h at 23 °C, with and without addition of 0.015% sodium nitrite or 0.03% sodium nitrate, did not lead to virus inactivation as compared to PBS only. Conditions usually applied for short-term and long-term fermented raw sausages were simulated by incubation at 22 °C for up to 6 days and at 16 °C for up to 8 weeks, respectively. Only 2% sodium chloride with 0.015% sodium nitrite showed a weak (< 1 log10), but significant, infectivity reduction after 2 and 4 days as compared to PBS only. Addition of 2% sodium chloride and 0.03% sodium nitrate showed a slight, but not significant, decrease in infectivity after 2 and 8 weeks as compared to PBS only. In conclusion, HEV is highly stable at high salt concentrations and at salt conditions usually applied to preserve raw meat products.

Serological and Molecular Investigation of Swine Hepatitis E Virus in Pigs Raised in Southern Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 2099-2102 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICOLA COSTANZO ◽  
ELEONORA SARNO ◽  
VINCENZO PERETTI ◽  
LUCIA CIAMBRONE ◽  
FRANCESCO CASALINUOVO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Significant Difference

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a common acute hepatitis transmitted by the fecal-oral route. In developed countries, the virus has a zoonotic potential, and domestic pigs and wild boars are considered main reservoirs. To assess the prevalence of HEV-positive animals in the Calabria region (southern Italy) on a serological and molecular level, a total of 216 autochthonous healthy pigs (Apulo-Calabrese breed) were sampled. Both sera and feces were collected. Pigs were grouped based on age: 117 pigs &lt;6 months and 99 pigs &gt;6 months. By using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system, a total of 173 (80%) of the 216 pigs tested seropositive. In all sampled farms (n = 8), pigs with antibodies (immunoglobulin G) against HEV were detected at a level higher than 60%, with a significant difference among age groups (P &lt; 0.0001). Moreover, 16 fattening pigs were found to be nested reverse transcription PCR positive and thus to shed viral genomes in their feces. These positive findings resulted in a prevalence of 48.4% on the farm level (16 of 35 pigs) and an overall prevalence of 7.4% at the animal level (16 of 216 pigs). Based on the present study, HEV seems to circulate among the autochthonous domestic pig population of southern Italy with a low sharing rate. Further studies exploring the origin of infection are needed to minimize the risk of human exposure and to reduce consequences for public health.

scholarly journals Low Hepatitis E Virus Prevalence Among Blood Donor in Dali in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Fu ◽  
Baochai Lin ◽  
Bingting Wu ◽  
Ling Ke ◽  
Tianfu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Iga Antibodies ◽  
Positive Rate

Abstract BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a nonenveloped RNA virus causing Hepatitis E worldwide. An increasing transfusion transmission cases of HEV infections from asymptomatic blood donors which causing serious illnesses in immunosuppressed recipients have been reported in the past few years. China is one of the highly prevalent regions of HEV, it is important to evaluate the risk of HEV transmission from blood transfusion. METHODS: A total of 1864 serum samples from blood donors and demographic characteristics were randomly collected from Feb to Mar 2018 in Dali city. Anti-HEV IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies and HEV antigen were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HEV RNA was detected by real-time PCR. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to examine risk factors associated with HEV prevalence.RESULTS: Overall, the positive rate of anti-HEV IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies was 13.36% (249/1864), 1.13%(21/1864), and 1.82%(34/1864), respectively. However, none of the 1864 serum samples was detected as HEV antigen-positive nor HEV RNA positive. The positive rate of anti-HEV IgG antibody is high as 28.57% (2/7) in the donors with isolated elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Females (16.69%) had a significantly higher HEV seroprevalence than males (13.04%) (odds ratio [OR]: 1.34 [95% CI, 1.02-1.75]). Other ethnic minority (24.32%) and Bai (18.85%) donors had a significantly higher HEV seroprevalence when compared to Han (12.21%) blood donors (odds ratio [OR], 2.25 [95% CI, 1.04-4.88] for other ethnic minority, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.24-2.19] for Bai). Conclusions: Dali, Yunnan province, China is an endemic region for HEV and have a relatively low risk of HEV transmission via blood transfusion. Whether to formulate the strategy for HEV screening in blood center needed further researched.

scholarly journals Detection of Hepatitis E Virus-Specific Immunoglobulin A in Patients Infected with Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 1 or 3

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Herremans ◽  
E. Duizer ◽  
E. Jusic ◽  
M. P. G. Koopmans
Keyword(s):  
Acute Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Route Of Transmission

ABSTRACT Currently, diagnosis of acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) in patients is primarily based on anti-HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) detection. However, several investigations suggest the use of HEV-specific IgA for diagnosing acute HEV infections. We evaluated two commercially available assays, an IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Diacheck) and an adapted immunoblot protocol (Mikrogen) for IgA detection and compared the performance in genotype 1- and 3-infected patients. The specificity of the IgA assays was high, with no positive reactions in a control group of 18 acute hepatitis patients who were negative for HEV. The sensitivity calculated in nine PCR-positive type 1-infected patients was 100% in both assays but was clearly lower in genotype 3-infected patients (n = 14), with sensitivities of only 67% and 57% for the ELISA and immunoblot assay, respectively. The lower IgA responses detected in genotype 3-infected patients could be caused by the use of only the genotype 1 and 2 antigens in the serological assays. Interestingly in two patients with possible infection through blood transfusion no response or intermediate IgA responses were detected, and this might confirm the parenteral route of transmission. In both the type 1- and type 3-infected patients both the IgA and IgM responses disappeared simultaneously. We conclude that IgA detection is of limited value for the serodiagnosis of acute HEV cases, particularly with genotype 3.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Assay Performance of Commercial Hepatitis E Virus Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits in Australian Blood Donor Samples

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish C. Shrestha ◽  
Robert L. P. Flower ◽  
Clive R. Seed ◽  
Susan L. Stramer ◽  
Helen M. Faddy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donor ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Poor Agreement ◽  
Igm Elisa ◽  
Assay Performance ◽  
Antibody Elisa

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transfusion-transmissible and therefore poses a risk to blood transfusion safety. Seroprevalence studies are useful for estimating disease burden and determining risk factors. Considerable variability in the sensitivity of HEV antibody detection assays exists. This study aimed to compare the performances of commercially available HEV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in Australian blood donor samples. Plasma samples that tested positive (n=194) or negative (n=200) for HEV IgG (Wantai HEV IgG ELISA) were selected. Of the 194 HEV IgG positive samples, 4 were positive for HEV IgM (Wantai HEV IgM ELISA). All samples were tested with the MP Diagnostics: HEV IgG ELISA, total (IgG, IgM, and IgA) HEV antibody ELISA, and HEV IgM ELISA. Of the 194 Wantai HEV IgG positive samples, 92 (47%) tested positive with the MP Diagnostics HEV IgG ELISA (κ=0.47) and 126 (65%) with MP Diagnostics total HEV antibody assay (κ=0.65). There was poor agreement between Wantai and MP Diagnostics HEV IgM assays. This study demonstrated poor agreement between the assays tested. These observations are consistent with previous reports demonstrating significant variability between HEV ELISAs, highlighting that results of HEV serology should be interpreted with caution.

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