Boyer elected president.—His character.—Revolution in the north—annexed to the south.—Revolution in Spanish part.—Union of the whole.—Measures pursued after.—Overtures to France.—Arrival of French fleet. —Negotiation and independence.—Baron Mackau.—Dissatisfaction prevails.—British consul-general.—Further dissatisfaction.—Determination not to pay the indemnity.—Voluntary loan attempted—it fails.—Observations on the inefficiency of government.—State of the military.—Naval force, etc.

2013 ◽  
pp. 246-284
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
The Military ◽  
Naval Force

The Second Crusade as Seen by Contemporaries

Traditio ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 213-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giles Constable
Keyword(s):  
North Coast ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
River Elbe ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
South Shore ◽  
Naval Force

The years between 1146 and 1148 were signalized in the annals and chronicles of Medieval Europe by Christian campaigns on all fronts against the surrounding pagans and Moslems. The most important of these was directed towards the Holy Land, against the Moslems, who had recently seized Edessa. It consisted of no less than five expeditions. The two largest armies, commanded by the Emperor Conrad III and King Louis VII of France, followed the same route overland across the Balkans to Constantinople; both met with crushing defeats in Asia Minor and finally reached the Holy Land, as best they could, by land and sea. A third force, under Amadeus III of Savoy, moved down Italy, crossed from Brindisi to Durazzo, and joined the army of Louis at Constantinople late in 1147. In August of the same year a naval expedition led by Alfonso of Toulouse left the South of France and arrived in Palestine probably in the spring of 1148. At the same time, a joint Anglo-Flemish naval force sailed along the north coast of Europe, assisted the King of Portugal in the capture of Lisbon, proceeded around the peninsula early in 1148, attacked Faro, and presumably reached the Holy Land later that year. Meanwhile, in the northeast, four armies co-operated in a campaign against the pagan Wends across the river Elbe: a Danish army joined the Saxons under Henry the Lion and Archbishop Adalbero of Bremen in an attack on Dubin; another, larger, army led by Albert the Bear of Brandenburg and many other temporal and spiritual lords advanced against Demmin and Stettin; a fourth expedition, finally, under a brother of the Duke of Poland attacked from the southeast. In 1148, on the south shore of the Mediterranean, a powerful fleet under George of Antioch extended the control of Roger II of Sicily over the entire littoral from Tripoli to Tunis. In the West, four campaigns were directed against the crumbling power of the Almoravides. The Genoese in 1146 sacked Minorca and besieged Almeria. During the following year, the Emperor Alfonso VII of Castile advanced south through Andalusia and captured Almeria with the aid of a strong Genoese fleet, which in 1148 sailed north and joined the Count of Barcelona in his campaign against Tortosa. In the previous year, Alfonso Henriques of Portugal had captured Santarem and secured the assistance of the Anglo-Flemish fleet for an attack on Lisbon, which fell late in 1147.

An Ancient Scribal Error and its Modern Consequences: the date of the Nimrud Slab Inscription No. 1

1983 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayim Tadmor
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
The Military

Any attempt to reconstruct the proper chronological sequence of the military achievements of Tiglath-pileser III is greatly hampered by the fragmentary state of his annals uncovered during the century of excavations at Nimrud. Only portions of the text incised on sculptured stone slabs and designed to decorate the monarch's newly built palace have survived. Naturally, this deficiency has greatly enhanced the value of the non-annalistic records of Tiglath-pileser, namely the “summary” (or “display”) inscriptions written on stone slabs and clay tablets. Composed – like the annals – towards the very close of his reign, the texts of this genre relate the military exploits according to a geographical rather than strictly chronological sequence. The enumeration of the conquered lands usually adheres to a set order: it begins with the South (=Babylonia), proceeds to the East (=Namri and Media), then to the North (=Urartu and Ulluba), and concludes with the West (=from North Syria to the border of Egypt).

scholarly journals El Castillo de La Atalaya (siglo XVIII), en Cartagena (Región de Murcia, España). Análisis formal y constructivo

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Carta ◽  
Diego Ros McDonnell ◽  
Pedro Enrique Collado Espejo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
City Wall ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
The North ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City

The Atalaya Castle (eighteenth century), in Cartagena (Region of Murcia, Spain). Formal and constructive analysisThe Atalaya Castle (eighteenth century) is one of the military fortifications that were part of the defense of Cartagena. The defensive system of the period was composed of an important walled enclosure, which surrounded the city, the arsenal, and a group of fortresses outside the city wall, located on the nearby hills. One of these defensive constructions is the Atalaya Castle or Fort, located to the west of the city from its position it protected the population from attacks both by land and by sea. To the north and west by land, through the Almarjal and the Pelayo mountains, the south by sea covered the possible landings in the bays of the Algameca Grande and the Algameca Chica. The building is a magnificently construction, the fort has a pentagon ground plan with five bastions at each angle. It has an interior building in U arranged on a solid bastioned platform the whole complex is surrounded by a dry moat. The fortification present certain formal elements used in other constructions that had been lifted in the city at that time, circumstance gave unity to the whole. The materials consisted of employed mainly stone and brick, the constructive elements introduce certain heterogeneity. The purpose of the communication is to present the results of the comprehensive analysis carried out in the Atalaya Castle as well as to contribute, through its dissemination to raise awareness of the need for its restoration and enhancement. Research has studied the characteristics of the formal and constructive system of the fortification currently in a state of semiabandonment, a proposal has also been conducted for a new cultural use as a guarantee of its correct recovery and conservation.

scholarly journals THE STUDY OF THE RUBAS FORTIFICATION IN 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-86
Author(s):  
Ludmila B. Gmyrya ◽  
Vadim A. Saidov ◽  
Yusuph A. Magomedov
Keyword(s):  
Layer By Layer ◽  
The South ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
Military Engineering ◽  
The Military ◽  
Northern Segment ◽  
East West ◽  
Functional Purpose

The article presents the material of the excavation of the monumental fortification of the middle of the VI century on the river Rubas (Rubas fortification), conducted in 2018. Studies of the monument, accidentally discovered in 2014, have been carried out since 2016.In 2016–2017 two military engineering objects were identified - a monumental defensive wall and an arched structure.The defensive complex on the river Rubas has an intricate structure and layout. The full length of the main wall, oriented in the South – West direction, has not yet been established. Following the excavations of 2016–2017, its 20th segment had a continuation both to the north and to the south - in the direction of the riverbed Rubas. The functional purpose of the wall embedded in the trunk wall in the direction East – West is not defined either. There is no data on the appointment of another wall, attached to the construction of an arched structure from the north.The research in 2018 revealed new sections of the main defensive wall, the total length of which was 28 m. The wall has a continuation both to the north and to the south. New data on the technology of its facilities were received. In the northern segment, a layer-by-layer alternation of crushed stone and masonry from large stone blocks was found in the interwall space. The stone blocks of the eastern facade and backfilling had pairwise narrow slits for the installation of metal brackets that held the masonry together, which strengthened the structure.New sections of the wall oriented in the direction of East – West were also revealed, and it was established that it continues to the east (it is possible that this is another main wall directed to the coast of the sea).The archaeo- and paleoseismological surveys of 2018 revealed significant deformations of the military engineering structures of the Rubas fortification, caused by a powerful earthquake. The strongest flooding followed by mudflows were the reason for the destruction of this fortification object approximately in the X century.

THE DEFENSE OF THE BORDER FORTRESSES OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE CRIMEAN KHANATE IN 1689 AND 1695 ACCORDING TO THE CHRONICLE «TARIKH-I MEHMED GERAY»

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (72) (4) ◽  
pp. 3-13
Author(s):  
R. R. Abduzhemilev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The South ◽  
National Library ◽  
The North ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Manuscript Text ◽  
The Military ◽  
Xviith Century

In the article the fragments of the chronicle «Tarikh-i Mehmed Geray» of the Crimean historian Dervish Mehmed bin Mubarek Geray Chingizi, the content of which covers the description of the foreign policy of Peter the Great in the south at the end of the XVII century, are examined. The copy of the work has been preserved in the Austrian National Library. The material for analysis is the publication in Turkish of the master’s work of Ughur Demir «Tarikh-i Mehmed Giray» (assessment – transliteration of the text)» (consultant: Prof. Dr. Nejdet Oztürk, Istanbul, 163 pages). The translation from the Ottoman into Russian is carried out by R. Abduzhemilev. In the introductory part of the article, the source is described: the author’s personality, writing period, marking and volume of the manuscript, text script, and versatility of the contents. The works of the orientalists, where the chronicle is presented in the scientific-research context, are noted. The author focuses on the military campaigns during the reign of Peter I in the south at the end of the XVIIth century (the siege of the fortresses of Or, Dogan and Azak). The events described in the text: the struggle for the Or fortress, the refusal of Khan el-Haj Selim Geray to participate in the Ottoman campaign, the direction of the tsar’s troops from the north, the readiness of the troops of the Crimean Khanate to repel the siege, the negotiations of the parties, the siege of the Dogan fortress, the Azov fortress, an offensive from the sea, the defense of the strategic positions of the Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire.

World War I and Southern Modernism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Davis
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Southern Literature ◽  
The United States ◽  
World War ◽  
The South ◽  
Southern Writers ◽  
Claude Mckay ◽  
The North ◽  
Ellen Glasgow ◽  
The Military

When the United States entered World War I, parts of the country had developed industries, urban cultures, and democratic political systems, but the South lagged behind, remaining an impoverished, agriculture region. Despite New South boosterism, the culture of the early twentieth-century South was comparatively artistically arid. Yet, southern writers dominated the literary marketplace by the 1920s and 1930s. World War I brought southerners into contact with modernity before the South fully modernized. This shortfall created an inherent tension between the region’s existing agricultural social structure and the processes of modernization, leading to distal modernism, a form of writing that combines elements of modernism to depict non-modern social structures. Critics have struggled to formulate explanations for the eruption of modern southern literature, sometimes called the Southern Renaissance. Pinpointing World War I as the catalyst, this book argues southern modernism was not a self-generating outburst of writing, but a response to the disruptions modernity generated in the region. World War I and Southern Modernism examines dozens of works of literature by writers, including William Faulkner, Ellen Glasgow, and Claude McKay, that depict the South during the war. Topics explored in the book include contact between the North and the South, southerners who served in combat, and the developing southern economy. This book also provides a new lens for this argument, taking a closer look at African Americans in the military and changing gender roles.

scholarly journals Co-regency: Constantine and Licinivs and the political division of the Balkans

2012 ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Miroslava Mirkovic
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
The Military ◽  
Territorial Division ◽  
Western Half

In the agreement which followed the first war between Constantine and Licinius and Constantine?s victory on the Campus Ardiensis, Licinius was forced, as generally accepted, to surrender Illyricum where he was undisputed ruler until 316. However he was not neutralized politically and reigned together with Constantine between AD 316 and 324. Some kind of division of the sphere of interest seems to have existed between them. Constantine, whose movements in the Balkans are known from the places of editing laws, visited only the western half, i.e. Illyricum after 316. If we follow the evidence of the places and dates of the promulgation of Constantine?s laws, we can consider the line dividing the region controlled by Constantine and that under Licinius? command, running from the North to the South and leaving Constantine the Pannonian provinces, Moesia I, Dacia Ripensis, Dacia Mediterranea and Dardania, as well as Macedonia, with the legionary camps on the Danube in Pannonia and Moesia I; the provinces on the East of that line, Moesia II, Scythia Minor and Thracia belonged to the region in which Licinius had command. However, there is evidence indicating that the territorial division of the Balkans between Constantine and Licinius after the battle of Cibalae was not strictly observed except on the Danube, in the zone where the military camps were located. In spite of Constantine?s presence in Illyricum, Licinius?s influence on the high commanders on the Danube never disappeared nor did his presence in the provinces he lost after the Bellum Cibalense. Licinius had the jubilee silver plates made for his decennalia in Naissus in Dacia Mediterranea. The siver plates which have been produced in Naissus, in the part of the Balkans which was under Constantine?s control, bear the inscription LICINI AVGVSTE SEMPER VINCAS. The co-operation between Constantine and Licinius concerned the defense of the frontiers and the administration in both parts of the Empire, but it was not based on the subordination of one to another as it was in the time of Diocletian who created the system tetrarchy.

Law and Its Use Among North Germanic Tribes: Frankish “Periphery” or Independent “Centres”?

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9 (107)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Mikhail Zemlyakov
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The South ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Indirect Influence ◽  
The North ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Military ◽  
Germanic Languages

The article deals with several law codes of the early Middle Ages, namely the Law of Frisians, the Law of Saxons and the Law of Thuringians. The article basing on these juridical texts illustrates, that despite of the military pressure and the violent christianization of the Frankish conquerors in the 6th — 9th centuries in the Rhine bassin, tribal laws fixed in the reign of Charlemagne (768—814) continued to rely on the North Germanic languages, traditions of trial, social ranks and system of punishments. At the same time, the paper contains an analysis of the Frankish impact on the legal space and trial of the North Germans as well as of the direct and indirect influence of the South Germans (Allemanni, Bavarians), of the Langobards and of the Anglo-Saxons.

Arms and Afghans in Makrān: an episode in Anglo-Persian relations 1905–1912

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Burrell
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Coast ◽  
The South ◽  
Military Intelligence ◽  
Naval Blockade ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The North ◽  
Literary Device ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
North Western

When Kipling published that aptly-named poem ‘Arithmetic on the Frontier’ in 1886 his use of the term ‘jezail’ was no more literary device, for the tribesmen of the north-western borderlands were then armed with locally made, muzzle-loading, smooth-bore muskets. A decade later a few European breech-loading rifles began to appear, and by 1907 the military intelligence department estimated that over a quarter of those tribesmen had acquired a modern weapon. It was the Government of India's wish to halt that flow of arms which led to a British naval blockade of the south-eastern coast of Persia from 1909, and the landing of troops in Makrāan during 1910 and 1911.

scholarly journals MILITARY TALENT OF LORD NGUYEN HOANG

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-74
Author(s):  
Thuan Tran
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Psychological Techniques ◽  
Strategic Vision ◽  
The North ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Natural Landscapes ◽  
The Military

In researching life and career of Nguyen Hoang, it is apparent to realize that he was a prominent politician as well as a military genius. In his over 60 years in the military, Nguyen Hoang won numerous battles without a single defeat. His victories were acknowledged by the Le Emperor and the Trinh lords of Kiem and Tac, and conferred to the title of Right hand General (18), Grand Duke Doan (Hữu tướng Đoan Quốc công). Right from the very first battles, his military ability was proven. That Talent was increasingly being challenged, trained, and made him the best general overtime. He mastered both naval and army warfare. His fought on diverse battle sites with enemies ranging from Vietnamese to Westerners. All of the victories earned him the fame of “invincible hero”. Nguyen Hoang was not merely a field general but also a military thinker. He knew how to maximize the advantages including natural landscapes and his troops’ spirit. He also used psychological techniques and exploited divisions among the enemies in order to skillfully escape from the Trinh’s control. Nguyen Hoang’s Southward territorial expansions proved himself a military man with strategic vision as well. Nguyen Hoang’s vision can be observed clearly in his consideration of his headquarters’ locations so that it could be well defended against rivals’ attacks. The headquarters’ Southward relocations reflect his gradual awareness of local strategic landscapes as well as the possibility of the Trinh’s invasion from the North, which he thought of very much ahead in time. Nguyen Hoang’s testament to his heir served as a guideline for the rule of the Nguyen in the South. The Nguyen lords put much effort on the early settlements, sustained with the Trinh in the North, and expanded Dai Viet frontier further Southward as far as Ca Mau.

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