Skeletal health | ScienceGate

The elevation of ambient temperature beyond the thermoneutral zone leads to heat stress, which is a growing health and welfare issue for homeothermic animals aiming to maintain relatively constant reproducibility and survivability. Particularly, global warming over the past decades has resulted in more hot days with more intense, frequent, and long-lasting heat waves, resulting in a global surge in animals suffering from heat stress. Heat stress causes pathophysiological changes in animals, increasing stress sensitivity and immunosuppression, consequently leading to increased intestinal permeability (leaky gut) and related neuroinflammation. Probiotics, as well as prebiotics and synbiotics, have been used to prevent or reduce stress-induced negative effects on physiological and behavioral homeostasis in humans and various animals. The current data indicate dietary supplementation with a Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic has similar functions in poultry. This review highlights the recent findings on the effects of the probiotic Bacillus subtilis on skeletal health of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. It provides insights to aid in the development of practical strategies for improving health and performance in poultry.

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TNF is a homoeostatic regulator of distinct epigenetically primed human osteoclast precursors

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219262 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. annrheumdis-2020-219262

Author(s):

Cecilia Ansalone ◽

John Cole ◽

Sabarinadh Chilaka ◽

Flavia Sunzini ◽

Shatakshi Sood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Epigenetic Modification ◽

Human Peripheral Blood ◽

Joint Destruction ◽

Receptor Expression ◽

Skeletal Health ◽

Flow Cytometric ◽

Human Osteoclast ◽

The Relationship ◽

Pathological Consequence ◽

Necrosis Factor

ObjectivesCirculating myeloid precursors are responsible for post-natal osteoclast (OC) differentiation and skeletal health, although the exact human precursors have not been defined. Enhanced osteoclastogenesis contributes to joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a well-known pro-osteoclastogenic factor. Herein, we investigated the interplay between receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANK-L), indispensable for fusion of myeloid precursors and the normal development of OCs, and TNF in directing the differentiation of diverse pre-OC populations derived from human peripheral blood.MethodsFlow cytometric cell sorting and analysis was used to assess the potential of myeloid populations to differentiate into OCs. Transcriptomic, epigenetic analysis, receptor expression and inhibitor experiments were used to unravel RANK-L and TNF signalling hierarchy.ResultsTNF can act as a critical homoeostatic regulator of CD14+ monocyte (MO) differentiation into OCs by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis to favour macrophage development. In contrast, a distinct previously unidentified CD14−CD16−CD11c+ myeloid pre-OC population was exempt from this negative regulation. In healthy CD14+ MOs, TNF drove epigenetic modification of the RANK promoter via a TNFR1-IKKβ-dependent pathway and halted osteoclastogenesis. In a subset of patients with RA, CD14+ MOs exhibited an altered epigenetic state that resulted in dysregulated TNF-mediated OC homoeostasis.ConclusionsThese findings fundamentally re-define the relationship between RANK-L and TNF. Moreover, they have identified a novel pool of human circulating non-MO OC precursors that unlike MOs are epigenetically preconditioned to ignore TNF-mediated signalling. In RA, this epigenetic preconditioning occurs in the MO compartment providing a pathological consequence of failure of this pathway.

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Relationship Between Estrogen Treatment and Skeletal Health in Women With Cystic Fibrosis

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.amjms.2020.06.005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 360 (5) ◽

pp. 581-590

Author(s):

Malinda Wu ◽

Erika L. Bettermann ◽

Neha Arora ◽

William R. Hunt ◽

Courtney McCracken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Estrogen Treatment ◽

Skeletal Health

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Low Levels of Estradiol Are Associated with Vertebral Fractures in Older Men, But Not Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study1

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.85.1.6327 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 219-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elizabeth Barrett-Connor ◽

Judith E. Mueller ◽

Denise G. von Mühlen ◽

Gail A. Laughlin ◽

Diane L. Schneider ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vertebral Fractures ◽

Critical Role ◽

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽

Older Men ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Total Testosterone ◽

Skeletal Health ◽

Lateral Spine ◽

Assay Sensitivity ◽

Endogenous Estrogen

This longitudinal study included 288 postmenopausal women without estrogen use (median age, 72 yr) and 352 men (median age, 66 yr). All were community-dwelling, ambulatory, and Caucasian. Blood for hormone assays (total and bioavailable estradiol and testosterone, estrone, androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) was obtained in 1984–1987, and vertebral fractures were diagnosed from lateral spine radiographs obtained in 1992–1996. At least one vertebral fracture was found in 21% of women and 8% of men. Among men, age-adjusted hormone levels differed by fracture status only for total (64.1 vs. 75.4 pmol/L, P = 0.012) and bioavailable (43.0 vs. 51.4 pmol/L, P = 0.008) estradiol. There was a graded association between higher concentrations of total and bioavailable estradiol and lower fracture prevalence (trend P < 0.01 for both hormones). Men with total testosterone levels compatible with hypogonadism (<7 nmol/L) were not more likely to have vertebral fractures. In women, none of the measured sex hormones was associated with vertebral fractures. There was also no increased prevalence of fractures in women with estradiol levels below the assay sensitivity (<11 pmol/L). These data suggest that estrogen plays a critical role in the skeletal health of older men and confirm other studies showing no association of postmenopausal endogenous estrogen levels with vertebral fractures in older women.

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Physical activity and skeletal health in adults

The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology ◽

10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30351-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 150-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jane A Cauley ◽

Lora Giangregorio

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Skeletal Health

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Determinants of vitamin D status in Kenyan calves

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-77209-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rebecca Callaby ◽

Emma Hurst ◽

Ian Handel ◽

Phil Toye ◽

Barend M. de C. Bronsvoort ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Health Outcomes ◽

Critical Role ◽

Subsequent Development ◽

Vitamin D Metabolites ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Skeletal Health ◽

A Genome ◽

Wide Range

AbstractVitamin D plays a critical role in calcium homeostasis and in the maintenance and development of skeletal health. Vitamin D status has increasingly been linked to non-skeletal health outcomes such as all-cause mortality, infectious diseases and reproductive outcomes in both humans and veterinary species. We have previously demonstrated a relationship between vitamin D status, assessed by the measurement of serum concentrations of the major vitamin D metabolite 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), and a wide range of non-skeletal health outcomes in companion and wild animals. The aims of this study were to define the host and environmental factors associated with vitamin D status in a cohort of 527 calves from Western Kenya which were part of the Infectious Disease of East African Livestock (IDEAL) cohort. A secondary aim was to explore the relationship between serum 25(OH)D concentrations measured in 7-day old calves and subsequent health outcomes over the following 12 months. A genome wide association study demonstrated that both dietary and endogenously produced vitamin D metabolites were under polygenic control in African calves. In addition, we found that neonatal vitamin D status was not predictive of the subsequent development of an infectious disease event or mortality over the 12 month follow up period.

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