Jewish philosophy in the early 19th century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Seeskin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Moral Agency ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Moral Agents ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Jewish Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Issues

Although Jewish philosophy flourished in the Middle Ages, it underwent a serious decline in 1492, when the Jews were expelled from Spain. The period following Kant and Mendelssohn witnessed an attempt to reintegrate Jewish philosophy into the mainstream of Western culture. The strategy of reintegration consisted of two elements: (1) showing that there is more to Judaism than the study of Scripture and (2) arguing that some of the ideas that won favour in the Enlightenment were anticipated by Jews centuries earlier. The most central idea that Jewish thinkers claimed as their own is a shift in focus from theoretical issues to practical ones. As important features of the medieval worldview fell into disrepute, many philosophers began to ask whether there are limits to what human reason can know. Can it really prove that God exists or that the soul is immortal? One response was to argue that even if no proof can be found, there are still grounds for believing, particularly if our understanding of ourselves as moral agents makes no sense without them. But it did not take long for people to argue that moral agency requires not just a God but a free and transcendent God capable of issuing commands to free agents created in the divine image. Here too, Jewish thinkers claimed that the idea of a God who is not limited by nature and insists on mercy and justice for all people was an integral part of monotheism as understood by the Hebrew prophets.

scholarly journals Paganate kookidest seakõrvadeni. Transkultuuriline rännak ühe toidu jälgedes läbi sajandite ja kokaraamatute

2017 ◽  
pp. 16-33
Author(s):  
Inna Põltsam-Jürjo
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Cultural Exchange ◽  
Food History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

From “heathens’ cakes” to “pig’s ears”: tracing a food’s journey across cultures, centuries and cookbooks It is intriguing from the perspective of food history to find in 19th and 20th century Estonian recipe collections the same foods – that is, foods sharing the same names – found back in European cookbooks of the 14th and 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that they have survived this long, and invites a closer study of the phenomenon. For example, 16th century sources contain a record about the frying of heathen cakes, a kind of fritter, in Estonia. A dish by the same name is also found in 18th and 19th century recipe collections. It is a noteworthy phenomenon for a dish to have such a long history in Estonian cuisine, spanning centuries in recipe collections, and merits a closer look. Medieval European cookbooks listed two completely different foods under the name of heathen cakes and both were influenced from foods from the east. It is likely that the cakes made it to Tallinn and finer Estonian cuisine through Hanseatic merchants. It is not ultimately clear whether a single heathen cake recipe became domesticated in these parts already in the Middle Ages. In any case, heathen cakes would remain in Estonian cuisine for several centuries. As late as the early 19th century, the name in the local Baltic German cuisine referred to a delicacy made of egg-based batter fried in oil. Starting from the 18th century, the history of these fritters in Estonian cuisine can be traced through cookbooks. Old recipe collections document the changes and development in the tradition of making these cakes. The traditions of preparing these cakes were not passed on only in time, but circulated within society, crossing social and class lines. Earlier known from the elites’ culture, the dish reached the tables of ordinary people in the late 19th and early 20th century. In Estonian conditions, it meant the dish also crossed ethnic lines – from the German elite to the Estonian common folk’s menus. In the course of adaptation process, which was dictated and guided by cookbooks and cooking courses, the name of the dish changed several times (heydenssche koken, klenätid, Räderkuchen, rattakokid, seakõrvad), and changes also took place in the flavour nuances (a transition from spicier, more robust favours to milder ones) and even the appearance of the cakes. The story of the heathen cakes or pig’s ears in Estonian cuisine demonstrates how long and tortuous an originally elite dish can be as it makes its way to the tables of the common folk. The domestication and adaptation of such international recipes in the historical Estonian cuisine demonstrates the transregional cultural exchange, as well as culinary mobility and communication.

scholarly journals Between the old and the new : Friedrich Gentz, 1764-1832

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ardis Travis Eakin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Edmund Burke ◽  
The Political ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Political Impact ◽  
Revolutionary Ideology ◽  
The 19Th Century

This dissertation reviews the life and political impact of Friedrich Gentz, who was born in Breslau, Prussia, in 1764, and died in Vienna, Austria, in 1832. Though remembered today as only a second- (or even third)- tier statesman alongside such luminaries of his day as Napoleon, Metternich, Wellington, and others, Gentz was nonetheless of importance in the shifting tides of late 18th and early 19th-century politics in Europe. The German translator of Edmund Burke, he was instrumental in bringing the conservative thinker's ideas into the conversations of Central Europe, while his writings against first the French Revolution, then Napoleon, marked him as one of the leading opponents of revolutionary ideology, and led the French emperor to dub him "that miserable scribe." But Gentz was important even beyond his anti-revolutionary polemics. As a product of the Enlightenment, he had some sympathy with the forces of modernity, and his career reflected the struggle to combine an openness to reform with hostility to revolution. In his later collaboration with Metternich to forge what became known as the Restoration, we can see just how much the post-Napoleonic conservative order in Europe was built upon a specific vision, one that rejected the quasi-feudal patterns of the ancien regime just as firmly as it did the democratic radicalism of its own day. Though it ultimately did not last, Gentz's work is clearly visible in the political contours of the 19th century. From the Enlightenment salons of Berlin to the dazzling Congress of Vienna and beyond, Between the Old and the New traces the eventful career of one of the most interesting men of letters in Revolutionary-era Europe.

scholarly journals GOTHIC TRADITION IN LITERATURE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERMEDIAL ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
S. D. Titarenko ◽  
◽  
M. M. Rusanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Visual Image ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Gothic Novel ◽  
Sign System ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
Gothic Novels

The article is devoted to the insufficiently studied problem of using intermedial analysis for studying the Gothic tradition in the literature of Russian symbolism (on the example of V. Brusov’s and F. Sologub’s works). We focus our attention on transition a visual image or a medieval art motive from one sign system to another. We analyze how medieval cultural categories correspond to the chronotope and figurative system in the Gothic novels of the 18th - early 19th century. It is concluded that the Symbolists refer to the visual images of the Gothic novel not only as elements of tradition, but also as categories of the culture of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Classical Humanism vs. Romanticism: two ways of imagining pre-modern torture at the castle of Pöggstall (Austria)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Zajic
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Classical Humanism ◽  
Austrian Emperor ◽  
Francis I

Pöggstall castle in Lower Austria has long been renowned to a national public for its ostensibly “authentic” medieval torture chamber located in an upper floor room of the 13th century keep. As recent investigations disclosed, the whole arrangement was not installed before the early 19th century when the Austrian Emperor Francis I owned the estate. The re-assessment of the interior betrays a “romantic” idea of pre-modern torture and punishment that imagined the “dark” Middle Ages as a “counter-draft” to “enlightened” practices of justice and criminal law. Whereas the allegedly “original” torture chamber is in fact an imaginative construction of historicism and romanticism, an inventory of the castle from 1548 lists, among other devices of torture and punishment, a curious item that might theoretically have served the same function. The object is referred to as a prison or a lock called an “iron cow” or “brazen bull”, a term that evokes associations with the legendary antique motive of the bull of Phalaris. The article seeks to examine the object in the light of the literary and iconographic tradition of the “brazen bull” and argues that – whether the Pöggstall bull was really intended to be used as a torture instrument or not – it proves, in any case, that the owners were well-acquainted with “humanistic” traditions of torture in antiquity.

scholarly journals Millennia of continuity in the votive behaviour of Europeans The testimony of tools for determining the value of metal Tisíciletá kontinuita votivního chování Evropanů Svědectví nástrojů k určení jakosti kovu

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-348
Author(s):  
Martin Ježek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
False Image ◽  
Hallstatt Period

Archaeology has a great deal of experience with how the misinterpretation of finds creates a false image of the past. The main reason for this is down to ideologically-conditioned stereotypes. The paper describes one such case involving hundreds of thousands of finds of one type of artefact, commonly classified as whetstones, pendants, amulets, etc., from the Chalcolithic up to the Early Middle Ages. The article emphasises that although touchstones from ancient burials had already been identified using an electron microscopy half a century ago, the interpretation of these finds corresponding to the paradigm from the early 19th century remains popular to this day. For the chemical microanalysis of metal traces preserved on the surface of these stone artefacts, samples were selected from Russian, Slovakian, Swedish and Ukrainian sites, from the Hallstatt period up to the Early Middle Ages, with special regard for their previous interpretation history. However, the main aim is to point out the symbolic role of tools used to test the value of precious metals outside the grave context. Finds from wet environments in particular reveal the continuity of the behaviour of European over the millennia, regardless of the current ideology or cult, and the diversity of artefacts that were, and still are, chosen as a medium for votive behaviour.

Systemic infection

2021 ◽  
pp. 345-350
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Group B Streptococci ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Deadly Disease ◽  
Group B ◽  
Transmission Of Disease

In antiquity, transmission of disease was attributed to the miasma or contagion theory. In the Middle Ages, living in proximity to domestic animals and flies, the scarce use of soap, and absent sewage augmented the exposure to bacteria. In the early 19th century, Gordon, Holmes, and Semmelweis understood that maternal childbed fever—closely related to neonatal sepsis—was transferred by the physician’s hands to the mother during delivery. Before bacteria were discovered in the mid-19th century, septic infections in the newborn were perceived as different disorders: erysipelas, Buhl’s disease, Winckel’s disease, and so on. With the advent of microbiology, sepsis became heterogeneous and was mainly defined by the causing microorganism. In the 1940s, group B streptococci emerged as a pathogen of newborns and soon became the commonest cause of neonatal sepsis. The discovery of antibiotics made the deadly disease treatable. In the 1970s, resistant bacterial strains emerged and allied dangerously with indwelling devices, especially central venous catheters. In the developing world, neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of infant mortality.

scholarly journals Oświeconych nie trzeba oświecać… Refleksje o szkole, powadze czytania i szaleństwie ideologii

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Zając
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Cultural Tradition ◽  
Related Phenomenon ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Face ◽  
Polish Language

Pointing to the progressive marginalization of the Enlightenment literature in the Polish language curricula implemented in secondary schools over the last several years, the author focuses on the related phenomenon of biased reception of that literature, dominated by stereotypes and simplifications. The author asks how the 18th and early-19th-century texts should be read – with the aim of restoring their proper rank in the cultural tradition – to perceive them not only in the historical and social context, and thus not to reduce their meaning to a didactic or political message. In the face of the disturbing trends in the field of literary studies, which instrumentalise a literary work, the author also stresses the need to avoid a situation in which the ideological beliefs of the researcher projected on an older text seem to dominate it, distorting its image.

scholarly journals Contribution of educators Avram Mrazovic and Dositej Obradovic to the development of education among Serbs

Norma ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Bojana Trivunović ◽  
Maja Kosanović
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Teaching Profession ◽  
The Other ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Descriptive Method

At the time of the Enlightenment, the Serbian people were divided between the territories that were under the rule of Turkey, on one hand, and the Habsburg Monarchy, on the other. The transformation of man and his opinion were the guiding ideas of the Enlightenment movement, and one of the ways to achieve that goal was the path of education. The aim of this paper is to present the development of education among Serbs, with an emphasis on the contribution of educators Avram Mrazović and Dositej Obradović. By a descriptive method and analysis of relevant literature, the paper presents different historical and social contexts of their work, as well as the development of schools founded by their initiatives. The conclusion of the paper will place special emphasis on the similarities and differences in their work, but also on their contribution to the development of education, schools and the teaching profession among Serbs in the late 18th and early 19th century.

The Kitajskaja grammatika (1835) and Bičurin’s ideas on the “mechanism” of Chinese between European and Chinese grammatical traditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Anna Di Toro
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Early 19Th Century

The main contribution of Bičurin in the field of Chinese language, the Kitajskaja grammatika (1835), is still quite understudied, even though it represents the first grammar of Chinese written in Russian. Through a rapid overview of some of the early grammars of Chinese written by European authors and the analysis of some sections of the book, in which the Russian sinologist expounds the mechanism of Chinese, the paper dwells on the original ideas on this language developed by the Russian sinologist, inspired both by European and Chinese grammatical traditions. A particular attention is devoted to Bičurin’s concept of “mental modification”, related to the linguistic ideas discussed in Europe in the early 19th century.

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