A Nationally Representative Comparison Of Black and White Adoptive Parents Of Black Adoptees

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Raleigh ◽  
Rose M. Kreider
Keyword(s):  
Adoptive Parents ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Nationally Representative

scholarly journals The Effect of Biracial Status and Color on Crystallized Intelligence in the U.S.-Born African–European American Population

Psych ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54
Author(s):  
John Fuerst ◽  
Richard Lynn ◽  
Emil Kirkegaard
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
European American ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Sub Saharan

The relationship between biracial status, color, and crystallized intelligence was examined in a nationally representative sample of adult Black and White Americans. First, it was found that self-identifying biracial individuals, who were found to be intermediate in color and in self-reported ancestry, had intermediate levels of crystallized intelligence relative to self-identifying White (mostly European ancestry) and Black (mostly sub-Saharan African ancestry) Americans. The results were transformed to an IQ scale: White (M = 100.00, N = 7569), primarily White–biracial (M = 96.07, N = 43, primarily Black–biracial (M = 94.14 N = 50), and Black (M = 89.81, N = 1381). Next, among self-identifying African Americans, a statistically significant negative correlation of r = −0.102 (N = 637) was found between interviewer-rated darker facial color and vocabulary scores. After correction for the reliability of the measures, this correlation increased to r = −0.21. Corrections for the validity of color as an index of African ancestry would raise this correlation to around r = −0.48. This association among self-identifying African Americans was not accounted for by confounding factors, such as region of residence and interviewer race, or by parental socioeconomic status and individual educational attainment. In the multivariate models, the standardized betas for color and crystallized intelligence among African Americans ranged from β = −0.112 to β = −0.142. Based on the coefficients from the multivariate analysis, it was further found that cognitive ability was a significant mediator in the context of color and education, while education was not in the context of color and cognitive ability. It is concluded that these results further substantiate the statistical relation between intelligence and biogeographic ancestry in African and European American populations.

scholarly journals Underweight, overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: results of the 2002 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
SP Reddy ◽  
K Resnicow ◽  
S James ◽  
N Kambaran ◽  
R Omardien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
White Students ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
White Male ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
South African School ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Control

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper reports the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity by gender, ethnicity and grade, among participants in a 2002 national survey among South African school-going youth that included height and weight measurements.DesignA stratified two-stage sample was used. Nationally representative rates of underweight, overweight and obesity were calculated using weighted survey data and compared using χ2 analysis.SettingIn all, 9224 grade 8 to grade 11 students, present at school in selected classes within selected South African government-funded schools in all nine provinces, participated in this study. Most of the students were between 13 and 19 years of age.ResultsHigher rates of underweight were observed for males than females as well as for black and ‘coloured’ than white students. Within each gender group, black and ‘coloured’ students had significantly higher rates of underweight than their white counterparts. Higher percentages of females than males were overweight and obese, overall and among black students. Furthermore, white male students had significantly higher rates of overweight than their black and ‘coloured’ counterparts. Among females, black and white students had significantly higher rates than ‘coloured’ students. Students in higher grades showed significantly lower rates of underweight and higher rates of overweight.DiscussionThese data confirm that South Africa, a developing nation in socio-economic transition, is experiencing both undernutrition and overnutrition. However, these problems are disproportionately distributed by gender, socio-economics and ethnicity. Continued surveillance of nutritional status may be one important component of a national strategy to prevent and control malnutrition.

Race, Racism, and the Cool Pose: Exploring Black and White Male Masculinity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D Unnever ◽  
Cecilia Chouhy
Keyword(s):  
Black Males ◽  
White Male ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Racial Oppression ◽  
Cultural Adaptations ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Cool Pose ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Young Black Males

Abstract Scholars argue that racial oppression uniquely causes Black males to construct a definition of their masculinity—the “Cool Pose”—that is different from White male masculinity. In this paper, using a nationally representative survey conducted in 2018, we examined whether young Black males were more likely than White male youths to feel greater pressure to conform to the Cool Pose. We analyzed six measures of the Cool Pose. We found no evidence that young Black males were more likely than White male youths to feel greater pressure to use violence if provoked. However, we found that young Black males were more likely than White male youths to feel greater pressure to be physically and emotionally strong, play sports, and to dominate or control others. We conclude that research needs to move beyond idiosyncratic accounts of Black males’ cultural adaptations in order to explicate the developmental processes that affect how Black males living in a systemically racist society express their masculinity.

Estimated Cardiovascular Risk and Guideline-Concordant Primary Prevention With Statins: Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analyses of US Ambulatory Visits Using Competing Algorithms

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Fairman ◽  
David Romanet ◽  
Nicole K. Early ◽  
Kellie J. Goodlet
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Racial Disparity ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Statin Treatment ◽  
Office Visits ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
White Patients

Introduction: The 2013 pooled cohort equations (PCE) may misestimate cardiovascular event (CVE) risk, particularly for black patients. Alternatives to the original PCE (O-PCE) to assess potential statin benefit for primary prevention—a revised PCE (R-PCE) and US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) algorithms—have not been compared in contemporary US patients in routine office-based practice. Methods: We performed retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative, US sample of office visits made from 2011 to 2014. Sampling criteria matched those used for PCE development: aged 40 to 79 years, black or white race, no cardiovascular disease. Original PCE, R-PCE, and USPSTF algorithms were applied to biometric and demographic data. Outcomes included estimated 10-year CVE risk, percentage exceeding each algorithm’s statin-treatment threshold (>7.5% risk for O-PCE and R-PCE, and >10% O-PCE plus >1 risk factor for USPSTF), and percentage prescribed statin therapy. Results: In 12 556 visits (representing 285 330 123 nationwide), 10.8% of patients were black, 27.1% had diabetes, and 15.7% were current smokers. Replacing O-PCE with R-PCE decreased mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) estimated CVE risk from 12.4% (12.0%-12.7%) to 8.5% (8.2%-8.8%). Significant ( P < 0.05) racial disparity in the rate of CVE risk >7.5% was identified using O-PCE (black and white patients [95% CI], respectively: 58.8% [54.6%-62.9%] vs 52.8% [51.1%-54.4%], P = .006) but not R-PCE (41.6% [37.6%-45.7%] vs 39.9% [38.3%-41.5%], P = .448). Revised PCE and USPSTF recommendations were concordant for 90% of patients. Significant racial disparity in guideline-concordant statin prescribing was found using O-PCE (black and white patients, respectively, 35.0% [30.5%-39.9%] vs 41.8% [39.9%-44.4%], P = .013), but not R-PCE (40.6% [35.0%-46.6%] vs 43.0% [40.0%-45.9%], P = .482) or USPSTF recommendations (39.0% [33.8%-44.5%] vs 44.4% [41.5%-47.5%], P = .073). Conclusions: Use of an alternative to O-PCE may reduce racial disparity in estimated CVE risk and may facilitate shared decision-making about primary prevention.

scholarly journals Testing for Racial Differences in the Mental Ability of Young Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 981-1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G Fryer ◽  
Steven D Levitt
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Test Outcomes ◽  
Parental Ability

Using a new nationally representative dataset, we find minor differences in test outcomes between black and white infants that disappear with a limited set of controls. However, relative to whites, all other races lose substantial ground by age two. Combining our estimates with results in prior literature, we show that a simple model with assortative mating fits our data well, implying that differences in children's environments between racial groups can fully explain gaps in intelligence. If parental ability influences a child's test scores both genetically and through environment, then our findings are less informative and can be reconciled with a wide range of racial differences in inherited intelligence.

Variations in Negative Work-Family Spillover Among White, Black, and Hispanic American Men and Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia V. Roehling ◽  
Lorna Hernandez Jarvis ◽  
Heather E. Swope
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
White Women ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Parental Status ◽  
Work Experiences ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Negative Work ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Work Family

This study uses a nationally representative sample ( N = 1,761) to investigate how gender differences in negative work-family spillover vary by ethnicity (Black, White, and Hispanic) and parental status. Consistent with the authors’ hypotheses, Hispanics displayed a greater gender disparity in negative family-to-work spillover and negative work-to-family spillover than Blacks and Whites, even when controlling for gender-role attitudes. The authors also found that the relationship between ethnicity and gender on work-family spillover varied by parental status. The authors propose that the observed gender and ethnicity interactions are because of gender role and acculturation differences in the work experiences of Hispanic, Black, and White women.

Homocysteine and stroke

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
K Zaw ◽  
M T Hasan ◽  
B Bhowmick ◽  
P B Khanna ◽  
E A Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Plasma Homocysteine ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease ◽  
Homocysteine Concentration ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Serum Homocysteine ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
White Adults

Interest in homocysteine's role in vascular disease was stimulated by the paper of McCully (1969) in which, based on autopsy evidence of extensive arterial thrombosis in two children with elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations and homocystinuria, he proposed that elevated plasma homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinaemia) can cause atherosclerotic vascular disease. A meta-analysis of subsequent prospective observational studies concluded that elevated homocysteine is indeed a modest independent predictor of ischaemic heart disease and stroke risk in healthy populations with a 25% reduction in serum homocysteine concentration, a reduction of approximately 3 micromol per litre (μmol/l) being associated with a 19% lower risk of stroke (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.69 – 0.95). In the nationally representative sample of US adults, elevated homocysteine concentration was independently associated with an increased likelihood of non-fatal stroke in both black and white adults. In this article, the current concepts relating homocysteine to ischaemic stroke are reviewed.

Black and Blue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Gibson ◽  
Michael Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Black People ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Group Identities ◽  
Legal Legitimacy ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Learning Through Experience ◽  
System 1

It is not hyperbole to proclaim that a crisis of legal legitimacy exists in the relationships between African Americans and the law and legal authorities and institutions that govern them. However, this legitimacy deficit has largely (but not exclusively) been documented through anecdotal evidence and a steady drumbeat of journalistic reports, but not rigorous scientific research. We posit that both experiences and in-group identities are commanding because they influence the ways in which black people process information, and in particular, the ways in which blacks react to the symbols of legal authority (e.g., judges’ robes). Based on two nationally-representative samples, this book ties together four dominant theories of public opinion: Legitimacy Theory, Social Identity Theory, theories of adulthood political socialization and learning through experience, and information processing theories, especially the Theory of Motivated Reasoning and theories of System 1 and System 2 information processing. Our findings reveal a gaping chasm in legal legitimacy between black and white Americans. More importantly, black people themselves differ in their legal legitimacy. Group identities and experiences with legal authorities play a crucial role in shaping whether and how black people extend legitimacy to the legal institutions that so much affect them.

Racial differences in the perception of lung cancer: Data from the 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS)

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6556-6556
Author(s):  
C. S. Lathan ◽  
C. Okechukwu ◽  
B. F. Drake ◽  
G. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Weighting Method ◽  
Cancer Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
White Patients

6556 Background: Black men have the highest rates of lung cancer incidence and mortality in the US, and yet continue to obtain treatment at lower rates than White patients. Racial differences in the perception of lung cancer in the population could contribute to racial disparities in seeking timely treatment. Methods: Data are from the 2005 HINTS survey. Sample design was random digit dialing of listed telephone exchanges in US. Complete interviews were conducted on 5491 adults, of which 1872 respondents were assigned to receive questions pertaining to lung cancer. All analyses were conducted on this subset of respondents. SAS callable SUDAAN was used to calculate χ2 tests and perform logistic regression analyses to model racial differences in perceptions of lung cancer. All estimates were weighted to be nationally representative of US population; jack knife weighting method was used for parameter estimation. Results: Black and White patients shared many of the same beliefs about lung cancer mortality, and etiology. African Americans were more likely than Whites to agree that its hard to follow recommendations about preventing lung cancer (OR 2.05 1.19–3.53 95% CI), to avoid evaluation for lung cancer due to fear of having the disease (OR 3.32 1.84–5.98 95% CI), and to believe that patients with lung cancer would have pain or other symptoms before diagnosis (OR 2.20 1.27–3.79 95% CI). Conclusions: African Americans are more likely to hold beliefs about lung cancer that could interfere with prevention and treatment of lung cancer. No significant financial relationships to disclose. [Table: see text]

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