Orientalism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Higgins
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The West ◽  
Henri Matisse ◽  
Wassily Kandinsky ◽  
Eastern Culture ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Anthropological Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Definition Of

Orientalism is the sociological, historical, cultural, and anthropological study of the Orient, with "the Orient" constituting countries East of "the Occident" (Western Europe), and including lands spanning from Morocco to Japan. The term Orientalism, however, is primarily used to describe the incorporation of Eastern culture in Western art, literature, and design during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Artists whose work largely focused on Oriental subjects are often referred to as the Orientalists, and include Eugène Delacroix, Alphonse Etienne Dinet, Jean-Léon Gérôme, William Holman-Hunt, John Frederick Lewis, and the photographers Lehnert and Landrock. Traces of Oriental themes can also be found in the work of 20th-century artists including Henri Matisse, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Wassily Kandinsky. Orientalist artists predominantly depicted scenes of the Arabian Desert, portraits of natives with Oriental artefacts and clothing, the harem, odalisques, and Oriental architecture. Broadly speaking, the Orientalists represented the Orient as primitive yet opulent, and in stark contrast to the "rational" and enlightened West. Much of the scholarship around (and the very definition) of Orientalism in the 20th century is indebted to Said’s Orientalism (1977), which discusses why the West has preconceived notions of the Orient (and primarily the peoples of the Middle East).

Orientalism Revisited

2021 ◽  
pp. 214-230
Author(s):  
Elvan Ozkavruk Adanir ◽  
Berna Ileri
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
The West ◽  
Eastern Culture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

Orientalism is a Western and Western-centric broad field of research that studies the social structures, cultures, languages, histories, religions, and geographies of countries to the east of Europe. The term took on a secondary, detrimental association in the 20th century which looks down on the East. However, this chapter will not dwell on the definition of Orientalism that is debated the most; instead, it will discuss the positive contribution of Orientalism to Western culture. Even though the West otherizes the East in daily life, when it comes to desire, vanity, luxury, and flamboyance without hesitating a moment it adopts these very elements from the Eastern culture. It could be said that this adaptation brings these societies closer in one way or another. The highly admired fashion of Orientalism in the West starting from the 17th century until the 21st century will be the focus of this study.

The ideology of the Black Hundreds in Russia in 1905-1917

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Lvovich Razmolodin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Extreme Right ◽  
The West ◽  
Russian People ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

This monograph reveals the conservative essence of the Black Hundred movement and its ideology aimed at the protection of Christian and national traditions in Russia in 1905-1917. This task is solved on the basis of an analysis of the origins, foundations of the theoretical constructs and programs of the extreme right monarchist parties in comparison with the system of views of Russian nationalists. The subjects for consideration are a set of basic ideological principles, postulates and provisions of ideologies of the Black Hundred organizations; the Orthodox religious foundations of the right monarchist ideology; conservative bases of political problematics and the problem of "Russia – the West"; approaches to the definition of nation (nationality); Imperial and national perspectives; the role and place of the Russian people; attitudes to pogroms and terrorist methods of struggle. The research proposes a system of criteria for the identification of party and personal affiliation to the Black Hundred spectrum in Russia the early 20th century, allowing a clear border to be drawn with nationalist (including fascist) parties. The urgency for this research has been caused by a poor development in the historiography. Intended for historians, sociologists, political scientists.

The Sedimentary Society

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred J. Rieber
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Russian History ◽  
The West ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
Standard Of Comparison ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractThe great historian V. O. Kliuchevskii found the key to Russian society in the relative simplicity of its social forms in comparison with Western Europe. But in writing his magisterial Course in Russian History he revealed a degree of complexity that belied his disarming formula. The apparent contradiction stems from the standard of comparison. There were elements of complexity in Russian society that had no counterparts in the experience of the West. Moreover, the definition of society in nineteenth-century social history may have been too confining. If we make the effort to explore the unique features of Russian history and at the same time expand the boundaries of social history, we may arrive at a more comprehensive picture of Russia's social structure on the eve of revolution.

CULTURAL RECEPTION OF YOGA ANTHROPOLOGY IN RUSSIA IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 82-99
Author(s):  
Natalya M. Sachkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Practical Aspect ◽  
Considerable Extent ◽  
Hatha Yoga ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Yoga Practice ◽  
The West ◽  
Eastern Culture

The research examines the specifics of reception of Yoga anthropology in Russia and its dissemination paths. The end of 19th – early 20th century was marked by the appearance of Russian translations of the academic research, in which Yoga was viewed as one of the Indian philosophical schools. In the same time, the West was witnessing an onset of popularization of Yoga by representatives of Neo-Vedanta, whose writings were also translated into Russian. Those writings were of a popular nature, since their authors sought to make Yoga understandable for Western readers. For the Occult community, the practical aspect of Yoga was the most attractive one. Occultists regarded Yoga as a method of anthropological perfection – both spiritual and physical – and eventual attainment of superhuman powers. Yoga popularization in Russia was to a considerable extent promoted by theosophists, who built their interpretations on contrasting Hatha Yoga and Raja Yoga. In the writings of theosophists, Yoga was presented as a path to attaining arcane knowledge. Russian Occultists created their original interpretations of Yoga. Christian theosophist M.V. Lodyzhensky, despite of considering Yoga as a path to attaining the Superconscious, gave it less appreciation compared to Christian heritage, thus emphasizing the supremacy of Christian tradition. P.D. Uspensky viewed Yoga through the lens of his concept of the Superman, and believed that Yoga practice is a way to achieve an overhuman condition, which the entire humanity will ultimately reach. The interest of Russian community to Yoga should be considered in the context of interest towards the Eastern culture and the belief in the possibility of upcoming transformation of the human nature that were common with the European society of that age

Post-Christian, Post-Christendom, and Post-Modern Europe: Towards the Interaction of Missiology and the Social Sciences

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Paas
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
The West ◽  
Christian Mission ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThree concepts are often used in missiological literature relating to the West. These are “post-Christian,” “post-Christendom,” and “post-modern.” Often, they have been used as if they are more or less synonyms without much precision or reflection. By relating them to different strands in social theory around “secularization,” this article suggests how these terms can be defined more precisely. In this way the author intends to stimulate the discussion between missiology and the social sciences within the context of Western Europe. On the basis of a more exact definition of these terms, areas for further research are indicated. As descriptive concepts these “post” labels invite us to explore their interdependence, mirroring the secularization debate within the sociology of religion. As heuristic concepts they raise questions about the social construction of secularized Europe within missiology. Finally, they may shed light on different social spaces for Christian mission in Europe.

The ideology of the Black Hundreds in Russia in 1905-1917

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxim Razmolodin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Extreme Right ◽  
The West ◽  
Russian People ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

This monograph reveals the conservative essence of the Black Hundred movement and its ideology aimed at the protection of Christian and national traditions in Russia in 1905-1917. This task is solved on the basis of an analysis of the origins, foundations of the theoretical constructs and programs of the extreme right monarchist parties in comparison with the system of views of Russian nationalists. The subjects for consideration are a set of basic ideological principles, postulates and provisions of ideologies of the Black Hundred organizations; the Orthodox religious foundations of the right monarchist ideology; conservative bases of political problematics and the problem of "Russia – the West"; approaches to the definition of nation (nationality); Imperial and national perspectives; the role and place of the Russian people; attitudes to pogroms and terrorist methods of struggle. The research proposes a system of criteria for the identification of party and personal affiliation to the Black Hundred spectrum in Russia the early 20th century, allowing a clear border to be drawn with nationalist (including fascist) parties. The urgency for this research has been caused by a poor development in the historiography. Intended for historians, sociologists, political scientists.

Contents of Western Sociology of Religion as a Science and Educational Discipline

2002 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Liudmyla O. Fylypovych
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
International Society ◽  
Sociology Of Religion ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Late Nineteenth

Sociology of religion in the West is a field of knowledge with at least 100 years of history. As a science and as a discipline, the sociology of religion has been developing in most Western universities since the late nineteenth century, having established traditions, forming well-known schools, areas related to the names of famous scholars. The total number of researchers of religion abroad has never been counted, but there are more than a thousand different centers, universities, colleges where religion is taught and studied. If we assume that each of them has an average of 10 religious scholars, theologians, then the army of scholars of religion is amazing. Most of them are united in representative associations of researchers of religion, which have a clear sociological color. Among them are the most famous International Society for the Sociology of Religion (ISSR) and the Society for Scientific Study of Religion (SSSR).

Searching for new Sources of growth. Are the Developing Countries Catching up with the Developed ones?

2015 ◽  
pp. 30-53
Author(s):  
V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The West ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Divergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relative Standing

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.

Music after the Fall

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Rutherford-Johnson
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
The United States ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Western Art ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War

By the start of the 21st century many of the foundations of postwar culture had disappeared: Europe had been rebuilt and, as the EU, had become one of the world’s largest economies; the United States’ claim to global dominance was threatened; and the postwar social democratic consensus was being replaced by market-led neoliberalism. Most importantly of all, the Cold War was over, and the World Wide Web had been born. Music After The Fall considers contemporary musical composition against this changed backdrop, placing it in the context of globalization, digitization, and new media. Drawing on theories from the other arts, in particular art and architecture, it expands the definition of Western art music to include forms of composition, experimental music, sound art, and crossover work from across the spectrum, inside and beyond the concert hall. Each chapter considers a wide range of composers, performers, works, and institutions are considered critically to build up a broad and rich picture of the new music ecosystem, from North American string quartets to Lebanese improvisers, from South American electroacoustic studios to pianos in the Australian outback. A new approach to the study of contemporary music is developed that relies less on taxonomies of style and technique, and more on the comparison of different responses to common themes, among them permission, fluidity, excess, and loss.

RECENTES REGISTROS DE Bolitoglossa paraensis (UNTERSTEIN, 1930) (CAUDATA, PLETHODONTIDAE) NO CENTRO DE ENDEMISMO BELÉM

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Ruth Amanda Estupiñán
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Red List ◽  
The West ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Undisturbed Forest ◽  
Landscape Units ◽  
Definition Of

In the red list of threatened species of Pará State, in Brazil, the salamander Bolitoglossa paraensis was listed as vulnerable. Initially the species was considered a synonym with Bolitoglossa altamazonica, but was recently revalidated. This note discusses the validity of the specimens from the west of the Brazilian Amazon identified as B. paraensis. It is also discussed the categorization of the species as vulnerable, and the records of the species was mapped in the Endemism area Belém. In order to establish a Private Natural Reserve (RPPN), a herpetological survey was carried out in different landscape units of the Nova Amafrutas, in Benevides (Pará), and the records of B. paraensis were mapped in these landscape units. By comparing the abundances recorded by Crump (1971) and those results of the present study, suggested that this species is tolerant to antropic “capoeira” forest (old fallows) next to undisturbed forest. More molecular phylogeographic studies are needed in order to establish a stable the taxonomy status for B. paraensis, and also the definition of its real endemic status in the Center of Endemism of Belém.

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