scholarly journals Non-Structural Earthquake Risk Management for Residential Buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (Vol 63 (2020)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Solveig Thorvaldsdottir ◽  
Bjarni Bessason ◽  
Rajesh Rupakhety
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

As buildings become more resilient against structural damage the cost of non-structural damage and their consequences becomes proportionally higher, giving non-structural damage greater importance in earthquake risk reduction. Providing residents with detailed guidance on how to evaluate their risk regarding non-structural earthquake damage, and what mitigation and preparedness options they have, can increase both home and societal earthquake resiliency. Earthquake damage data from destructive earthquakes in south Iceland in 2000 and 2008 were used to develop simple but detailed twelve-step risk-management guidelines for residents. The guidelines are based on a set of disaster-related objectives. A standard loss estimation study was used to develop guidelines for the fixed non-structural elements and photographs from inside homes that had sustained significant non-structural damage were used to develop guidelines for loose items. Virtually every item in the studied homes was considered to understand its importance and its relevance to the function of a home. Information in terms of financial, functional and emotional value were used in the guidelines to help residents decide which mitigation options to take. The photos provided valuable information by placing each item in context with its surroundings, for example, to understand the possibility of motion and consequences to other items. The proposed approach, although based on observations from residential buildings, is useful for facilities that have sensitive operations, such as offices, industrial facilities, hospitals and government services. As societies become more complex and reliant on non-structural elements, systematic and thorough studies such as the one outlined herein become an increasingly critical part of sound earthquake risk management.

scholarly journals PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FOR EARTHQUAKE MITIGATION INVOLVING RETROFIT AND INSURANCE

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 810-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xijun YAO ◽  
Hsi-Hsien WEI ◽  
Igal M. SHOHET ◽  
Mirosław J. SKIBNIEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Corporate Capital ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Insurance Firms ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

Public-Private Partnerships involving governments and insurers have been used worldwide for mitigation of natural-hazards. However, the implementation of such systems in developing countries presents problems for their key stakeholders. On the one hand, property owners are hesitant to purchase insurance or invest in retrofit projects due to cost considerations. On the other hand, insurers are reluctant to cover potential seismic losses, because of uncertainties about the risk. This study introduces an innovative Public-Private Partnership framework for property owners, insurers and governments to facilitate decisions related to hazard insurance and structural retrofit of vulnerable buildings. This framework can also help insurance firms reduce the level of corporate financial assets available for payment of compensation to their clients, as required by regulations aimed at reducing the risk of insurer insolvencies. Property owners are motivated to participate in the framework by extra mitigation subsidies from the government. While the government will be reimbursed for part of the cost of these retrofit projects by insurance firms, whose own savings will be achieved through reductions to legally mandated corporate capital. A case study is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for mitigating seismic risk to residential buildings in a rural area.

Cause and level of treatment of injuries from earthquake damage to commercial buildings in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 1254-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Yeow ◽  
Andrew Baird ◽  
Helen Ferner ◽  
Michael Ardagh ◽  
Joanne Deely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Injury Occurrence ◽  
Injury Burden

This study assesses the number of injuries directly caused by structural and non-structural damage within New Zealand commercial buildings from notable shaking events between 2010 and 2014 and the treatment level required. After applying filtering to a comprehensive New Zealand earthquake-induced injury database, 947 injuries matched this study’s scope, of which 174 were fatal. Collapse or movement of non-structural elements caused 556 injuries; though over 85% were treated outside hospitals and none were fatal. In contrast, 60% of the 220 structural damage-related injuries were fatal. The high injury occurrence from non-structural damage highlights its high risk of injury burden. The two leading causes of non-structural damage-related injuries were movement and/or damage of contents (e.g. furniture) and ceiling and services damage. This emphasizes the importance of reducing injury from movement and damage of non-structural elements during earthquake shaking, in addition to reducing fatalities by preventing structural and masonry collapse.

Modelling exposure and vulnerability from post-earthquake surveys with risk-oriented taxonomies: AeDES form, GEM taxonomy and EMS-98 typologies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Nicodemo ◽  
Massimiliano Pittore ◽  
Angelo Masi ◽  
Vincenzo Manfredi
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Prevention Activities ◽  
Observed Damage

<p>Post-earthquake damage and usability surveys are fundamental in managing the emergency phase in the aftermath of a strong seismic event, for instance deciding whether the people could safely come back to their houses or be hosted in temporary shelters. In Italy, in addition to the damage and usability evaluation, this survey enables the collection of geometrical and structural attributes highly related to seismic vulnerability. These data are collected for individual buildings in the order of many tens of thousands for recent events and represent a unique source of exposure and vulnerability information and a very useful tool for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and prevention activities. With the development of the “Observed Damage Database” (Da.D.O.; Dolce et al., 2017) web-based platform, most of the data collected during the post-earthquake inspections carried out over the last 50 years has been harmonized and made freely available to the scientific community. These data constitute an important heritage for scientific purposes but, until now, their potential for seismic risk assessment has not been fully exploited, partly because the format specifications are very particular to the environmental conditions to be found in Italy, and the collected attributes are not directly related to existing risk-oriented classifications. In order to reliably extract the exposure, vulnerability and damage information collected for Italian earthquakes and harmonize it according to recognized international standards, an innovative methodology has been developed to convert the information collected through the “1° level form for post-earthquake damage and safety assessment and short term countermeasures in residential buildings” (AeDES form; Baggio et al., 2007; Masi et al., 2016) to different formats more suitable for a large-scale risk evaluation and comparison. In the proposed approach, the information on the typological characteristics is firstly described according to the taxonomy proposed by “Global Earthquake Model” (GEM) (v2.0, Brzev et al., 2013). In a following processing step, using a score-based methodology (Pittore et al., 2018), we can assign EMS-98 building classes (Grünthal, 1998) on the basis of the GEM attributes. The proposed method allows for an extensive characterization of the uncertainty underlying the conversion process, encoded by the use of a probabilistic framework. A similar approach can be used to map the damage data into the categories defined by the EMS-98 scale. This methodology has been exemplified with the data of the Mw 6.3 2009 L´Aquila earthquake as provided by the Da.D.O. platform, and the results highlight the great potential for post-event surveys to provide relevant information also for DRR and risk prevention activities.</p><p><strong>Keywords: seismic risk, post-earthquake survey, exposure, taxonomy</strong></p>

The concept of motivation for effective credit risk management

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 2567-2593
Author(s):  
M.V. Pomazanov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Type I ◽  
Credit Risk Management ◽  
Curve Modeling ◽  
Business Functions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lending Decisions ◽  
The One

Subject. The study addresses the improvement of risk management efficiency and the quality of lending decisions made by banks. Objectives. The aim is to present the bank management with a fair algorithm for risk management motivation on the one hand, and the credit management (business) on the other hand. Within the framework of the common goal to maximize risk-adjusted income from loans, this algorithm will provide guidelines for ‘risk management’ and ‘business’ functions on how to improve individual and overall efficiency. Methods. The study employs the discriminant analysis, type I and II errors, Lorentz curve modeling, statistical analysis, economic modeling. Results. The paper offers a mechanism for assessing the quality of risk management decisions as opposed to (or in support of) decisions of the lending business when approving transactions. The mechanism rests on the approach of stating type I and II errors and the corresponding classical metric of the Gini coefficient. On the ‘business’ side, the mechanism monitors the improvement or deterioration of the indicator of changes in losses in comparison with the market average. Conclusions. The study substantiates the stimulating ‘rules of the game’ between the ‘business’ and ‘risk management’ to improve the efficiency of the entire business, to optimize interactions within the framework of internal competition. It presents mathematical tools to calculate corresponding indicators of the efficiency of internally competing entities.

scholarly journals A Study on the Feasibility of Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Raw Cheese Whey with Coffee Pulp Residues

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3611
Author(s):  
Sandra Gonzalez-Piedra ◽  
Héctor Hernández-García ◽  
Juan M. Perez-Morales ◽  
Laura Acosta-Domínguez ◽  
Juan-Rodrigo Bastidas-Oyanedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Cheese Whey ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Coffee Pulp ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Cheese Production

In this paper, a study on the feasibility of the treatment of raw cheese whey by anaerobic co-digestion using coffee pulp residues as a co-substrate is presented. It considers raw whey generated in artisanal cheese markers, which is generally not treated, thus causing environmental pollution problems. An experimental design was carried out evaluating the effect of pH and the substrate ratio on methane production at 35 °C (i.e., mesophilic conditions). The interaction of the parameters on the co-substrate degradation and the methane production was analyzed using a response surface analysis. Furthermore, two kinetic models were proposed (first order and modified Gompertz models) to determine the dynamic profiles of methane yield. The results show that co-digestion of the raw whey is favored at pH = 6, reaching a maximum yield of 71.54 mLCH4 gVSrem−1 (31.5% VS removed) for raw cheese whey and coffee pulp ratio of 1 gVSwhey gVSCoffe−1. The proposed kinetic models successfully fit the experimental methane production data, the Gompertz model being the one that showed the best fit. Then, the results show that anaerobic co-digestion can be used to reduce the environmental impact of raw whey. Likewise, the methane obtained can be integrated into the cheese production process, which could contribute to reducing the cost per energy consumption.

scholarly journals Fragility estimation for global building classes using analysis of the Cambridge earthquake damage database (CEQID)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Spence ◽  
Sandra Martínez-Cuevas ◽  
Hannah Baker
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Ground Motion Parameter ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Concrete Building ◽  
Damage Data ◽  
Regional Comparisons

AbstractThis paper describes CEQID, a database of earthquake damage and casualty data assembled since the 1980s based on post-earthquake damage surveys conducted by a range of research groups. Following 2017–2019 updates, the database contains damage data for more than five million individual buildings in over 1000 survey locations following 79 severely damaging earthquakes worldwide. The building damage data for five broadly defined masonry and reinforced concrete building classes has been assembled and a uniform set of six damage levels assigned. Using estimated peak ground acceleration (PGA) for each survey location based on USGS Shakemap data, a set of lognormal fragility curves has been developed to estimate the probability of exceedance of each damage level for each class, and separate fragility curves for each of five geographical regions are presented. A revised set of fragility curves has also been prepared in which the bias in the curve resulting from the uncertainty in the ground motion parameter has been removed. The uncertainty in the fragility curves is evaluated and discussed and the curves are compared with those from other studies. A resistance index for each class of building is developed and cross-regional comparisons using this resistance index are presented.

scholarly journals Electoral Incentives and the Allocation of Public Funds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico Finan ◽  
Maurizio Mazzocco
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Term Limit ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Projects ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Politicians allocate public resources in ways that maximize political gains, and potentially at the cost of lower welfare. In this paper, we quantify these welfare costs in the context of Brazil’s federal legislature, which grants its members a budget to fund public projects within their states. Using data from the state of Roraima, we estimate a model of politicians’ allocation decisions and find that 26.8% of the public funds allocated by legislators are distorted relative to a social planner’s allocation. We then use the model to simulate three potential policy reforms to the electoral system: the adoption of approval voting, imposing a one-term limit, and redistricting. We find that a one-term limit and redistricting are both effective at reducing distortions. The one-term limit policy, however, increases corruption, which makes it a welfare-reducing policy.

Value-based dentistry: Putting the patient first

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreenivas Koka ◽  
Galya Raz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Time Cost ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

What does ‘value’ mean? In the context of dental care, it can be defined as the quality of care received by a patient divided by the cost to the patient of receiving that care. In other words: V =Q/C, where Q equals the quality improvement over time, which most patients view in the context of the outcome, the service provided and safety/risk management, and C equals the financial, biological and time cost to the patient. Here, the need for, and implications of, value-based density for clinicians and patients alike are explored.

scholarly journals A MEAN FIELD GAME ANALYSIS OF SIR DYNAMICS WITH VACCINATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Josu Doncel ◽  
Nicolas Gast ◽  
Bruno Gaujal
Keyword(s):  
Mean Field ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Game Analysis ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Mean Field Game ◽  
Vaccination Behavior ◽  
Switching Curve ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Vaccination Period

We analyze a mean field game model of SIR dynamics (Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered) where players choose when to vaccinate. We show that this game admits a unique mean field equilibrium (MFE) that consists in vaccinating at a maximal rate until a given time and then not vaccinating. The vaccination strategy that minimizes the total cost has the same structure as the MFE. We prove that the vaccination period of the MFE is always smaller than the one minimizing the total cost. This implies that, to encourage optimal vaccination behavior, vaccination should always be subsidized. Finally, we provide numerical experiments to study the convergence of the equilibrium when the system is composed by a finite number of agents ( $N$ ) to the MFE. These experiments show that the convergence rate of the cost is $1/N$ and the convergence of the switching curve is monotone.

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