scholarly journals Not ‘Rolling Back the State’

2021 ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Stuard Holland
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk

One of the premises of rising neoliberalism from the 1980s had been the claim of Ronald Reagan that government is the problem not the solution, readily endorsed, in parallel, by Margaret Thatcher on coming into government. Drawing on a range of international examples this paper shows that this was utterly uninformed, that deregulation of finance in the US led to the worst financial crisis in 2008 since 1929 and that Thatcher's scrapping of the 1970s Labour governments' industrial policy instruments led to major de-industrialisation in the UK which influenced the 'No' vote in the 2016 referendum on whether Britain should remain in the European Union. While the US nonetheless pursued an industrial policy by stealth which promoted a range of advanced technology corporations and that Germany, embodying liberal market principles after WW2, recently has endorsed the case for not only a German but also European industrial policy and led in advocating a European Green New Deal modelled on the Roosevelt New Deal which recovered the US from The Depression of the early 1930s and convinced Truman to support the Marshall Aid programme that also recovered Western Europe after the cataclysm of WW2.

Thatcher, Reagan, and Northern Ireland

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-184
Author(s):  
Andrew Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
Hunger Strike ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
British Prime Minister ◽  
The Us ◽  
Speaker Of The House ◽  
The Uk

The election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 reinforced one of the most famous international alliances, often known as the “special relationship”, and this chapter explores the ways in which Reagan was often caught between the direction of the US Congress, in particular Speaker of the House Tip O’Neill and Senator Ted Kennedy, and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. The changing dynamics of the conflict in Northern Ireland saw electoral politics rise to prominence, particularly following the 1981 hunger strike that saw ten republican prisoners starve to death, with two of the men elected to public office in London and Dublin. The influence of both O’Neill and Reagan on the 1985 Anglo Irish Agreement, a significant moment in the developing peace process, is also examined in this chapter, as is the issue of the extradition of IRA on-the-runs from the US to the UK.

Chapter II. The World Economy

1983 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 26-38
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Industrial Production ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Minor Extent

The recovery in the OECD area gathered pace in the second quarter, when its total GDP probably increased by as much as 1 per cent. The rise was, however, heavily concentrated in North America and particularly the US. There may well have been a slight fall in Western Europe, where the level of industrial production hardly changed and increases in gross product in West Germany and, to a minor extent, in France were outweighed by falls in Italy and (according to the expenditure measure) the UK.

Antitrust Regulation of IT Giants` Activities: Main Trends of Foreign and Russian Legislation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. Shram ◽  
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Concentration ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Antitrust Regulation

The article is devoted to the antimonopoly regulation of IT giants` activities. The author presents an overview of the main trends in foreign and Russian legislation in this area. The problems the antimonopoly regulation of digital markets faces are the following: the complexity of determining the criteria for the dominant position of economic entities in the digital economy and the criteria for assessing the economic concentration in the commodity digital markets; the identification and suppression of cartels; the relationship between competition law and intellectual property rights in the digital age. Some aspects of these problems are considered through the prism of the main trends in the antimonopoly policy in the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and Russia. The investigation findings of the USA House of Representatives Antitrust Subcommittee against Apple, Google, Amazon and Facebook are presented. The author justifies the need to separate them, which requires the adoption of appropriate amendments to the antimonopoly legislation. The article analyzes the draft law of the European Commission on the regulation of digital markets – Digital Markets Act, reveals the criteria for classifying IT companies as «gatekeepers», and notes the specific approaches to antimonopoly regulation in the UK and the US. The article describes the concepts «digital platform» and «network effects», presented in the «fifth antimonopoly package of amendments», developed in 2018 by the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation, and gives an overview of the comments of the Ministry of Economic Development regarding these concepts wording in the text of the draft law, which formed the basis for the negative conclusion of the regulator. It is concluded that in the context of the digital markets’ globalization, there is a need for the international legal nature antitrust norms formation, since regional legislation obviously cannot cope with the monopolistic activities of IT giants.

Bat Ye’or and Eurabia

2019 ◽  
pp. 170-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sindre Bangstad
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Middle East ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Radical Right ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Far Right ◽  
The Us ◽  
Muslim Majority

This chapter discusses the life and work of Bat Ye’or (Gisèle Littman), who is widely seen as the doyenne of “Eurabia”-literature. This comes in different varieties and formulations, but in Bat Ye’or’s rendering refers to an ongoing secretive conspiracy which involves both the European Union and Muslim-majority countries in North Africa and the Middle East, aimed at establishing Muslim control over a future Europe or “Eurabia.” Though Bat Ye’or did not coin the term “Eurabia,” she can be credited with having popularized the concept through quasi-academic titles such as Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis and Europe, Globalization and the Coming Universal Caliphate. Through its dissemination on various “counter-jihadist” websites and in the work of the Norwegian counter-jihadist blogger Fjordman, her work inspired the Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik. She also has long-standing relations with Serbian ultranationalists, the Israeli Far Right, and various radical Right activists in Western Europe and the US.

scholarly journals British-Slovak Foreign Trade Relations: Consequences of Brexit

2019 ◽  
pp. 341-353
Author(s):  
Marcel Kordos
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The possibility of the UK's withdrawal from the European Union has never been more realistic and up-to-date since joining the European Communities (EC) as it is today. The UK is facing a unique situation. At present, this depends solely on the capabilities of European and British government officials, who negotiate the terms of withdrawal and future cooperation between the two entities. The main goal of this paper is based on the British – Slovak trade relations development analysis to figure out their impact within the Brexit consequences on the future Slovak economy and its current status in international economic relations. The paper also provides a basic overview of Brexit process and its possible impact on the EU's further functioning. Basic data will be drawn from generally accepted institutions, evaluating the UK and Slovak trade and economic performance. To accomplish this goal, methods such as analysis and comparison to illustrate the UK-Slovak foreign trade development, synthesis and logical deduction to discuss the Brexit impact on Slovak economic environment in the future are to be used; data from scientific and professional publications, periodical and non-periodical press. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis, which showed that because of the size of economic relations between Slovakia and the United Kingdom and the number of goods and services being exported to the UK, the «hard» Brexit will be very unfavourable for Slovak foreign trade due to the possible tariffs being imposed. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that it can cause a significant weakening and slowdown in the Slovak economy. Either way, the upcoming Brexit process, that is the withdrawal of Great Britain from the European Union, would have a major impact not only on British, European but also on the world economy. The impact of Brexit on Slovakia's economy will not only be in reducing the possible growth of the economy, but also in employment and price increases. Keywords: EU single market, Britain's withdrawal from the EU, foreign trade policy instruments analysis, international economics, Slovak economy slowdown prediction, Slovak foreign trade commodity structure analysis.

scholarly journals Racial and Religious Determinants of Terrorism in Western Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (71) ◽  
pp. 44-61
Author(s):  
Kostyantyn B. Marysyuk ◽  
Mykhailo V. Huzela ◽  
Nataliia D. Slotvinska ◽  
Ivo Svoboda ◽  
Igor G. Kudrya
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Method Comparison ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current State ◽  
Graphic Analysis ◽  
Racial Issues ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Terrorist Acts

The gradual rapprochement between peoples, cultures, beliefs involve numerous conflicts with indigenous peoples on ethnic or religious grounds. These conflicts tend to turn into articulation of radical positions and extremist activities. The aim of this study was to analyze the current state of terrorist acts and identify the determinants of terrorism on racial and religious grounds in Western Europe. The statistical method, comparison, graphic analysis, analysis of the Global Index of Terrorism; The European Union reports on the situation and trends of terrorism, as well as the research on terrorism-related issues for 2011-2021, were used as empirical research methods. It is determined that the UK, France, Germany, Greece, Belgium, Spain, Italy, and Sweden are subject to the highest risk of terrorist acts. It was proved that the determinants of terrorism are localized in relation to key issues related to the state of the economic sphere, social development, as well as the spiritual and cultural sphere. Emphasis is placed on the need to overcome the problems associated with terrorist activities by formulating a policy of national means of resolving ethnic and racial issues and active international cooperation. Further research will identify key determinants of terrorism in Eastern Europe.

scholarly journals The development of tourism in Great Britain: peculiarities and prospects

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Us ◽  
Foreign Tourism ◽  
Working People ◽  
The Uk

This paper analyzes tourism development in Great Britain. It is noted that the competitive advantage of the country in the market of tourist services is its physical, geographical as well as economic and geographical position. The country has a strong natural, recreational, historical and cultural potential, a modern hospitality industry and a vast transport network. Cultural, business, educational, event, sport, nostalgic and rural tourism are the main types of tourism in Great Britain. A tourism brand is designed in the country. The National Visit Britain Tourism Development Agency deals with its promotion internationally. It is estimated that according to global tourist arrivals figures Great Britain ranks 6th among the countries of the European tourist region. The dynamics of tourist arrivals to the country for the period of 2006-2018 is analyzed. It is determined that there has been a gradual increase in the quantity of foreign tourism since 2012, except for the year of 2018. In general, outbound tourism outweighs the inbound one in the country. It is established that the main consumers of the British tourist product are tourists from the US and Western Europe. Most often the country is visited by working people aged 25-34. Weekend tours are predominant in terms of the purpose of travelling to Great Britain. London is the most popular tourist centre of the country. Half the number of tourists coming to Great Britain visits it. Lothian, Greater Manchester, West Midland and Kent are also popular tourist centres. It is stated that new political conditions are being created in the country caused by the initiation of its withdrawal from the EU. This will bring about both new challenges and new opportunities for the tourism sphere. A SWOT analysis of the UK tourism industry was carried out. The problems and prospects of tourism development in the territory of the country have been identified taking into account its current social and economic and geopolitical situation. The priority tasks are to promote Great Britain as a tourism destination, to increase tourism productivity and revenue, to create new jobs and to increase the income level of people employed in the tourism sector.

Americanised and Europeanised: UK Social Policy since 1997

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Annesley
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
New Deal ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Lone Parents ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The New Deal

A number of recent accounts of UK social policy under New Labour have emphasised the continuing Americanisation of the British welfare state. This article does not deny the influence of the US but rather seeks to balance it with an account of the growing Europeanisation of UK social policy. It argues that Americanisation and Europeanisation are distinct in terms of both content and process. Since these are not mutually exclusive, the UK is currently influenced by both. This situation is illustrated by looking at three social policy issues under New Labour: social exclusion, the New Deal and the treatment of lone parents.

Internalizing Discipline

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-231
Author(s):  
Jeremy Green
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The Uk ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City ◽  
Further Development

This chapter argues that the radicalization of monetary policy, regulatory transformation, and central bank innovation in the US and the UK emerged out of institutional complementarities and interdependencies generated by Anglo-American development. The development of offshore markets in the City of London led bankers on both sides of the Atlantic to push for further domestic liberalization, as competition between London and New York intensified. US banks pressured regulators to replicate the City's offshore conditions, which gradually eroded New Deal-era financial regulations. These dynamics, alongside the Fed's failure to regulate the Euromarkets, demonstrated both the limits on US monetary policy autonomy and the importance of the transatlantic impetus to liberalization emerging from Anglo-American financial integration. Embracing monetarism, Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan made clear that price stability would be restored and that working-class solidarity would be broken. In the absence of the Bretton Woods framework, both states demonstrated their commitment to internalizing discipline through extreme applications of monetary policy and direct confrontations with the labor movement. Ultimately, developments in the UK and the US led the way for the broader adoption of neoliberalism within the global political economy and the further development of financialization.

Introduction

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Ronald Reagan ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resource Extraction ◽  
Margaret Thatcher ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Image Transformations

Future historians may well look upon the years 1978–80 as a revolutionary turning-point in the world’s social and economic history. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping took the first momentous steps towards the liberalization of a communist-ruled economy in a country that accounted for a fifth of the world’s population. The path that Deng defined was to transform China in two decades from a closed backwater to an open centre of capitalist dynamism with sustained growth rates unparalleled in human history. On the other side of the Pacific, and in quite different circumstances, a relatively obscure (but now renowned) figure named Paul Volcker took command at the US Federal Reserve in July 1979, and within a few months dramatically changed monetary policy. The Fed thereafter took the lead in the fight against inflation no matter what its consequences (particularly as concerned unemployment). Across the Atlantic, Margaret Thatcher had already been elected Prime Minister of Britain in May 1979, with a mandate to curb trade union power and put an end to the miserable inflationary stagnation that had enveloped the country for the preceding decade. Then, in 1980, Ronald Reagan was elected President of the United States and, armed with geniality and personal charisma, set the US on course to revitalize its economy by supporting Volcker’s moves at the Fed and adding his own particular blend of policies to curb the power of labour, deregulate industry, agriculture, and resource extraction, and liberate the powers of finance both internally and on the world stage. From these several epicentres, revolutionary impulses seemingly spread and reverberated to remake the world around us in a totally different image. Transformations of this scope and depth do not occur by accident. So it is pertinent to enquire by what means and paths the new economic configuration––often subsumed under the term ‘globalization’––was plucked from the entrails of the old. Volcker, Reagan, Thatcher, and Deng Xaioping all took minority arguments that had long been in circulation and made them majoritarian (though in no case without a protracted struggle).

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