Current Practices on Solar Photovoltaic Waste Management: An Overview of the Potential Risk and Regulatory Approaches of the Photovoltaic Waste

The use of hazardous metals like lead, cadmium in solar photovoltaics (PVs) are rapidly increasing which poses the risk to the environment due to potential release of these constituents. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the updated information on solar PV waste along with the present condition of efforts for recovery, country-wise regulatory approach or strategy on solar PV management and recycling. A brief literature review is assessed based on recently published articles and reports, which provides the readers a general overview on the solar PV waste management and regulations made by world leader countries in solar panels. This study discussed on the risk of hazardous chemical species releasing from PV modules and criteria of PV panel waste classification. Furthermore, the estimation of solar waste PV, its categorization, management approaches, country guidelines and recycling of waste PV panels, were mainly focused in this study. Apart from this, the major leaching tests carried out for waste classification and PV waste recycling in different countries are also discussed. Solar PV waste generally categorized as a general waste by the regulatory aspect, except in the EU, since PV panels in these countries are described as e-waste as stated in the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive. To reinforce the recycling option, currently only Europe has mandated a strong regulatory guideline, however, other nations are preparing to set up particular system for solar panel waste management. In particular, this paper focuses on the potential risk caused by solar panels, data collection for PV waste and management approach like recycling. Besides, this review believes the basics of PV panel installation, management and recycling process which could recommend upcoming guidance for the public policymakers.

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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PV PANELS FOR THEIR EFIICIENCY, COST AND ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF HYDERABAD

IJEEIT : International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology ◽

10.29138/ijeeit.v3i2.1235 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 31-43

Author(s):

Muhammad Saad Khan ◽

Shah Nawaz Soomro ◽

Wahaj Asif ◽

Arsal Mehmood ◽

Dr. Nayyar Hussain Mirjat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Life Cycle Analysis ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Cooling System ◽

Heat Emission ◽

Raw Material ◽

Solar Pv ◽

Solar Panels ◽

Pv Panel ◽

Different Types

As the demand of energy increases, renewable technologies are dominating in the recent years. Solar energy is one of the leading technologies in all of the renewable energies, due to its simplicity. In Pakistan, solar PV stand-alone units are mostly used to meet the energy requirements. During production of solar PV panel, it emits out lot of waste heat and it is necessary to calculate these emissions. This study investigates the complete Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of two different types of solar panels which are locally available in Hyderabad markets. Complete modeling of Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline PV panels has been done by using GaBi software. This study shows the complete waste heat emissions during each stage of PV panel production. Two different types (Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline) of solar panels are designed under the dimensions of 1 m2. It is calculated that Monocrystalline PV panels are more efficient than Polycrystalline PV panels and they generates more units of electricity under same temperature conditions during its complete life. To enhance the electrical efficiency of solar PV panel, cooling system must be provided across it. The comparative analysis shows that Polycrystalline PV panels requires less amount of electrical energy as compare to Monocrystalline PV panels resulting in the reduction of waste heat emission. At the end of life, this study highlights the significance of recycling of solar panels which consider the reuse of the raw material. In this study, the combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical process of recycling is considered. Recycling rate of solar PV panel has been assumed to be 90%. Recycling of raw material reduces the waste heat emission during purification process of raw material. Thus, cost is reduced and beneficial for environmental aspects. Result shows that recycling of solar PV panel is more beneficial than landfill for environmental and economic aspects.

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Sustainable Accomplishment of Solar E-waste Recycling -A Review

Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology ◽

10.51201/jusst/21/08399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (08) ◽

pp. 625-634

Author(s):

Bhaskar GV ◽

◽

Shashank R ◽

Srinivasan H ◽

Santhosh M ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Waste Recycling ◽

Solar Panel ◽

Main Issue ◽

Solar Panels ◽

Solar Plant ◽

Waste Minimisation ◽

Set Up ◽

Jawaharlal Nehru

The hierarchy of waste refers to the “3 Rs” i.e. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, which implements the strategies of waste management according to their specifications in terms of waste minimisation. The power of solar was exposed to people when Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) was introduced in the country in the year 2010.From then on people started to install and set up the solar as they came to know that the end life of it is around to be 2035. But none of them thought about future, i.e. what would happen to the solar panels when they are not able to generate power. Now the main issue is how will India be able to discard nearly 90 GW worth solar panel in the next 20 years? Where an average solar panel sized 250 watts, 90GW will amount to almost 7.7 million tonnes of E- waste at the end of a lifetime of a solar plant [1]. This paper mainly focuses on how these E-wastes produced can be reused and recycled.

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ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT OF ECONOMIC WASTE MANAGEMENT

STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. In the frame of the XXIII Agribusiness Forum of the South of Russia and the Exhibition «Interagromash» Volume 1 ◽

10.23947/interagro.2020.1.224-228 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

A.A. Lavrentiev ◽

◽

V.V. Sidorkin ◽

E.A. Gamoyunov ◽

A.S. Rusaleev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Management ◽

Waste Management ◽

Environmental Effect ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Waste Recycling ◽

Ecological Effect ◽

Nature Management ◽

Modern Concept ◽

Rational Nature ◽

Modern Technologies

The article explores ways of forming a modern concept of rational nature management of agricultural waste. The analysis of the nomenclature of agricultural waste was carried out, their influence on the environmental situation was studied. The modern technologies of rational nature management of agricultural waste are systematized, the most promising areas of waste recycling are identified. The ecological effect of the application of technologies for the rational environmental management of agricultural waste was studied.

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Comparison between Seven MPPT Techniques Implemented in a Buck Converter

Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) ◽

10.2174/2352096511666180705113647 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 476-486

Author(s):

Lahcen El Mentaly ◽

Abdellah Amghar ◽

Hassan Sahsah

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Buck Converter ◽

Maximum Power ◽

Solar Irradiation ◽

Solar Panels ◽

Maximum Power Point ◽

Point Tracking ◽

Pv Panel ◽

Low Efficiency ◽

Power Point

Background: The solar field on our planet is inexhaustible, which favors the use of photovoltaic electricity which generates no nuisance: no greenhouse gases, no waste. Methods: It is a high value-added energy that is produced directly at the place of consumption through photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. Notwithstanding these advantages, the maximum power depends strongly on solar irradiation and temperature, which means that a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller must be inserted between the PV panel and the load in order to follow the Maximum Power Point (MPP) continuously and in real time. In this work, MPP’s behavior was simulated at different temperatures and solar irradiations using seven techniques which identify the MPP by different methods. Results: The novelty of this work is that the seven MPPT methods were compared according to a very selective criterion which is the MPPT efficiency as well as a purely digital duty cycle control without using the PI controller. The simulation under the PSIM software shows that the FLC, TP, FSCC, TG, HC and IC methods have almost the same efficiency of 99%, whereas the FOCV method had a low efficiency of 96%. Conclusion: This makes it possible to conclude that the best methods are FLC, HC and IC because they use fewer sensors compared to the rest.

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Influence of Parasitic Resistances on the Input Resistance of Buck and Boost Converters in Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Systems

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10121464 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1464

Author(s):

Marcin Walczak ◽

Leszek Bychto

Keyword(s):

Input Resistance ◽

Load Resistance ◽

Maximum Power ◽

Solar Panels ◽

Maximum Power Point ◽

Boost Converters ◽

Pv Systems ◽

Point Tracking ◽

Pv Panel ◽

Power Point

DC/DC converters are widely used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize the power drained from solar panels. As the power generated by a PV panel depends on the temperature and irradiance level, a converter needs to constantly modify its input resistance to remain at the maximum power point (MPP). The input resistance of a converter can be described by a simple equation that includes the converter load resistance and the duty cycle of the switching signal. The equation is sufficient for an ideal converter but can lead to incorrect results for a real converter, which naturally features some parasitic resistances. The goal of this study is to evaluate how the parasitic resistances of a converter influence its input resistance and if they are relevant in terms of MPPT system operation.

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Eco-efficient industrial waste recycling for the manufacturing of geopolymer mortars with innovative fibre reinforced: Integrated waste management and green product development through LCA

Journal of Cleaner Production ◽

10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127777 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 127777

Author(s):

Francesco Colangelo ◽

Ilenia Farina ◽

Marta Travaglioni ◽

Cinzia Salzano ◽

Raffaele Cioffi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Product Development ◽

Industrial Waste ◽

Waste Recycling ◽

Green Product ◽

Green Product Development ◽

Integrated Waste Management

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A novel way of parameter estimation of solar photovoltaic system

COMPEL The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering ◽

10.1108/compel-05-2021-0166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Rahul Bisht ◽

Afzal Sikander

Keyword(s):

Parameter Estimation ◽

Mean Absolute Error ◽

Optimization Technique ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Photovoltaic System ◽

Solar Photovoltaic ◽

Solar Pv ◽

Solar Panels ◽

Content Type ◽

Solar Photovoltaic System

Purpose This paper aims to achieve accurate maximum power from solar photovoltaic (PV), its five parameters need to be estimated. This study proposes a novel optimization technique for parameter estimation of solar PV. Design/methodology/approach To extract optimal parameters of solar PV new optimization technique based on the Jellyfish search optimizer (JSO). The objective function is defined based on two unknown variables and the proposed technique is used to estimate the two unknown variables and the rest three unknown variables are estimated analytically. Findings In this paper, JSO is used to estimate the parameters of a single diode PV model. In this study, eight different PV panels are considered. In addition, various performance indices, such as PV characteristics, such as power-voltage and current-voltage curves, relative error (RE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and normalized mean absolute error (NMAE) are determined using the proposed algorithm and existing algorithms. The results for different solar panels have been obtained under varying environmental conditions such as changing temperature and constant irradiance or changing irradiance and constant temperature. Originality/value The proposed technique is new and provides better results with minimum RE, RMSE, NMAE, MAE and converges fast, as depicted by the fitness graph presented in this paper.

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Challenges confronting waste pickers in Indonesia: An on-field analysis

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x211029181 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0734242X2110291

Author(s):

Gabriel Andari Kristanto ◽

Dini Kemala ◽

Paras AC Nandhita

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Waste Recycling ◽

Driving Factors ◽

Field Analysis ◽

Substantial Contribution ◽

Recycling Rate ◽

Small Scale ◽

Large Cities ◽

Solid Waste Recycling ◽

Waste Pickers

This article presents the informal recycling sector’s (IRS) social, economic driving factors in five cities in Indonesia and their contribution to waste management in the cities. An on-field analysis was conducted by random and incidental sampling method of questionnaire administration followed by observation. Among the respondents ( n = 178), 79% of individuals were waste pickers, 15% were small-scale waste collectors, and 6% were medium-scale waste collectors. The majority of the waste pickers sampled are male (79%). The amount of waste collected by individual waste pickers is 43.87 kg person−1 day−1, a corresponding recycling rate of approximately 12%, and an average monthly income of US$91.7. Gender differences are apparent as the male waste pickers generated higher incomes than those earned by their female counterparts (US$128.3 for men and US$69.7 for women) even as their average work hours are similar to that of the men (7.8 and 7.6 hours day−1, respectively). Economic motives are the respondents’ primary driving factors as moving to large cities accompanied by their family members. The study concluded that the IRS plays substantial contribution to waste management; further integrating them into the waste management system via IRS association, additional investment, formulation of law and policies and efforts by municipalities can give various benefits for involved stakeholders, the community and the environment. The results can serve as a significant reference for improving the solid waste recycling system and informal sector management in Indonesian cities and other developing countries.

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