scholarly journals Vietnam at the crossroads – An analysis and draft for reform of the Vietnamese economy

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herr Hansjörg ◽  
Stachuletz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Doi Moi ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Per Capita

As the result of the “Doi-Moi” reform policy, Vietnam has experienced a remarkable phase of growth since 1986. In this period the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) quadrupled. Since the population of Vietnam (about 88.5 million people in 2010) is currently growing by more than one million people annually, the increase in per capita income lags behind GDP growth, but still reached 2900 U.S. dollars in 2009,which ranks 1652 in the world (see Table 1). In order to prevent its per capita income from falling off because of this huge increase in population growth, Vietnam needs a real GDP growth of over 5%. Although the poverty rate was decreased from 58% to 13% between 2003 and 2008, considerable regional disparities especially between rural and urban areas continue to persist.

scholarly journals Analysis Of Financial and Income Disparity Between Rural-Urban Areas In Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuni Andari
Keyword(s):  
Government Spending ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Income Disparity ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Per Capita

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect income disparity between rural-urban areas in Indonesia and to analyze the effect of financial development on economic inequality. The research method used is a quantitative descriptive analysis using multiple linear regression of panel data during the period of 2014-2017. The dependent variable in this study is the difference in income between rural and urban using differences in the amount of rural and urban expenditure as a proxy. The independent variables consist of financial depth scale with total bank assets as a proxy, financial activity withthe amount of agricultural credit as a proxy, and financial efficiency with the ratio of loan to deposit as a proxy. Other control variables are also analyzed including per capita income, government spending, level of education and trade openness. The results of the study showed that the effect of total bank assets on income disparity between rural and urban areas was positive and significant, while the effect of agricultural credit and the ratio between credit to bank deposits did not significantly influence income disparity between rural and urban areas. Government spending, per capita income and education have a positive and significant effect on income disparity between rural and urban areas. Meanwhile, net export as a proxy of regional economic openness data does not significantly influence income disparity. Based on the results of the study, the policy implications that can be recommended to reduce income inequality between rural-urban areas are through increasing the scale of banking finance, increasing government spending on rural areas, increasing the education of rural communities and increasing income per capita

scholarly journals The Influence Of Mother’s Motivation And Preferences On Fish Consumption Behavior In Rural And Urban Families

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ririn Purnama Sari ◽  
Istiqlaliyah Muflikhati
Keyword(s):  
Family Size ◽  
Fish Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Urban Families ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Per Capita

<pre>The aims of this study is to analyze the differences and the effects of mother’s motivation and preference on behavior of fish consumption in families in rural and urban areas. The research design which used was cross sectional study with purposive location selection in Duwet Village, Pekalongan Regency, and Kandang Panjang, Pekalongan City. The sample in this study is 100 families consisted of 50 families in rural areas and 50 families in urban areas. The results show that urban families prefer fresh sea fish, while rural families prefer pindang fish. The result of multiple linear regression analysis showed that factors affecting the fish consumption behavior of rural family is family size, and per capita income, while fish consumption behavior of urban family  influenced by family size, per capita income, and preference.</pre>

scholarly journals Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors of Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan: A Case Study of Southern Punjab

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-538
Author(s):  
Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Zahir Faridi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Dependency Rate

This study aims to explore the socio-economic and demographic determinants of poverty in Southern Punjab by using the cross sectional data consisting of 785 household heads. Binary logistic regression  and ordinary least square method are used for estimation. The findings exhibit that the variables like family system, household size, presence of disease and status of employment of household head are positively and significantly related to  poverty whereas household head age, rural-to-urban migration,  years of schooling,  number of earners, women status of work, remittances, the physical assets value and ownership of house significantly and negatively influence the likelihood of poverty and positively influence the per capita income of the households in Southern Punjab. The study also provides the comparison of regional and division level. It is concluded that DG Khan division is the poorest among all the divisions of the southern Punjab. In DG Khan Division, the households have less education, high dependency ratio. In rural areas of southern Punjab, there is more poverty as compare to urban areas. The rural poverty is due to many factors like high dependency rate, lower level of education, adoption of profession, lower per capita income, dissaving. It is suggested that education should be promoted, employment opportunity should be provided so that dependency rate may be reduced, rural areas should be restructured by provision of basic necessities of life.

scholarly journals Econometric Analysis of Sustainable National Economy Development

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita

Purpose. The study objective was to model conditions, mechanisms and opportunities to achieve sustainable development parameters for the national economy. Меthods. Analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping and special (abstraction, modelling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes have been used. Results. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of GDP growth rates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxide and carbon dioxide emissions during 1991-2017, the cycle of their change lasting 3 - 5 years has been proved. It has been found out that the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Ukraine is a specific one due to the "turning points". According to the results of comparing the cyclicality of per capita income growth rates, GDP indexes with the dynamics of dependence between the hazardous substances emissions and per capita income and GDP in actual prices, it is found that they do not always coincide. It gives grounds to make a conclusion about the presence of lag between the emissions volumes changes and values of per capita income and GDP in actual prices. The conclusions are grounded on the comparison of the dynamics of GDP growth rates, income per capita, pollutant emissions and the parameters of their mutual correlation. It has been proposed to carry out coordinated policy referring its economic, social and environmental components, taking into account the time lag to create the conditions for the EKC curve parameters in the economy of Ukraine. Conclusions. . Based on the analysis of GDP growth rates dynamics, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon oxide and dioxide emissions, the periodicity (cyclicality) of their change has been proved. In Ukraine, EKC has a specific nature in the form of separate «turning points», without achievement of long-term parameters of the relationship between the hazardous substances emissions and GDP and per capita income values. Thus, the feasibility of developing the agreed policy concerning the economic (GDP value), social (population income level) and environmental components (conservation activity financing and decrease of hazardous substances emissions) taking into account the time lag, which will create the conditions for achieving not only temporary values, but also long-term parameters of EKC curve in the Ukrainian economy, was substantiated. The obtained results allow to forecast sustainable development parameters of Ukraine for the future.

Regional Poverty and Its Determinants in Iran

2009 ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Ashan Shooshtarian ◽  
Mohammad Bakhshoodeh
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Asset Ownership ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Household Data ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Poverty Lines ◽  
Antipoverty Programs

Household data were used in this study to measure regional poverty and its determinants separately for ten defined zones in rural and urban areas in Iran in 2005. The non-parametric approach was used to estimate poverty lines for each zone and the effect of poverty determinants on poor and non-poor households was studied applying probit models. The findings indicate that poverty rate, gap, and intensity are higher in the urban areas. Family size, level of literacy, and asset ownership are amongst the various determinants of poverty. In general, the success of antipoverty programs depends highly on recognition of regional differences.

Comparison of Socio Economic Development of Tarai and Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Dipak Duvey
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita

The comparison of socio economic development of Tarai and Nepal is the comparison of development of total Nepal with its southern part Tarai. Socio economically southern belt of Nepal, Tarai is leading whole Nepal in development. There are not any significant impacts of conflicts of Tarai in one and half decade, in socio economic development of rural development of Tarai. The comparative study has selected timeline of 2004, 2011 and 2019 to collect and analyze the socioeconomic indicators based on data of Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS Data). It is the study of literacy rate, access to electricity, GDP Growth rate and Per capita income of Nepal and Tarai region in different point of time of conflicts and resiliencies. The literacy rate was 55%, 65%, and72% in Tarai and 49%, 60% and 69% in Nepal; access to electricity were 40%, 78% and 95% in Tarai and 37%, 65% and 96% in Nepal. Similarly, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Growth rate was 5%, 5% and 7.2% in Tarai and 4.7 %, 3.4%, and 7.1% in Nepal; Per capita income in USD was 300, 629 and 1100 in Tarai and 286, 610, and 1034 in Nepal from 2004, 2011, and 2019respectively. Therefore, Tarai is leading Nepal in socio economic development.

scholarly journals Comparison of Changes in Living Standards of Poland’S Population Across Different Classes of Location Over The Years 2000–2011

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-188
Author(s):  
Patrycja Zwiech ◽  
Anna Turczak
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Durable Goods ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Structure Of Expenditure

Abstract The goal of this article is to verify the hypothesis that from 2000 to 2011 the discrepancies between material living standards in the countryside and cities of different sizes blurred in Poland year by year. On the basis of the research conducted it has been determined that over the first decade of the 21st century the discrepancy between the living standards in Poland’s rural and urban areas decreased in terms of the amount and structure of expenditure per capita, volume of quantitative consumption, housing conditions and household equipment including durable goods. This conclusion has been drawn because the level of examined variables, both in the countryside and cities or towns of different sizes over the years 2000–2011, approached in most cases the level observed for the whole country.

Depression, Drought, and Federation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

This chapter talks about negative shocks from internal imbalance, external factors, and drought wrought havoc with the economy for more than a decade. Against this background of a major threat to prosperity, important changes occurred in the institutional framework with the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901. Though some recovery in economic fortunes occurred before the outbreak of war, it was short-lived. Per capita real GDP fell by 22 percent by 1895 and did not regain its 1889 peak for a full two decades. The approach adopted here includes a comparative perspective on Australians' reduced levels of prosperity between 1890 and 1914. Australia recorded the highest per capita income in the world for some period prior to the 1890s. The chapter shows how this achievement has never been repeated.

Economic and Social Indicators of Rural Development from an Economic Viewpoint

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark Edwards ◽  
Robert Coltrane
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
General Level ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Economic Development And Growth ◽  
Per Capita

A disproportionately large share of our economic development problems, involving maldistributions of population, employment, and income, is found in rural areas. Although these problems directly affect the residents of rural areas, they are linked to economic problems in urban areas. Per capita income comparisons indicate the differential effects of economic development on the population. For example, per capita incomes of residents outside metropolitan areas are only about 71 percent of those in the orban-oriented ones. In addition, about one-third of all families live in nonmetropolitan areas, but over half of all low income families live there. Further, large geographic areas such as the Appalachian, Mississippi Delta, and Ozark regions are below the Nation as a whole in terms of the general level of economic development. Even in the urban centers of these rural regions, the average resident has not commensurately participated in the benefits derived from our Nation's economic development and growth. Comparisons of per capita income for different years show these maldistributions have persisted for decades.

The environmental Kuznets curve: an empirical analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. COLE ◽  
A.J. RAYNER ◽  
J.M. BATES
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Future Direction

This paper examines the relationship between per capita income and a wide range of environmental indicators using cross-country panel sets. The manner in which this has been done overcomes several of the weaknesses asscociated with the estimation of environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs). outlined by Stern et al. (1996). Results suggest that meaningful EKCs exist only for local air pollutants whilst indicators with a more global, or indirect, impact either increase monotonically with income or else have predicted turning points at high per capita income levels with large standard errors – unless they have been subjected to a multilateral policy initiative. Two other findings are also made: that concentration of local pollutants in urban areas peak at a lower per capita income level than total emissions per capita; and that transport-generated local air pollutants peak at a higher per capita income level than total emissions per capita. Given these findings, suggestions are made regarding the necessary future direction of environmental policy.

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