Regional Poverty and Its Determinants in Iran

Journal of Income Distribution ◽

10.25071/1874-6322.23690 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 249

Author(s):

Ashan Shooshtarian ◽

Mohammad Bakhshoodeh

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Poverty Rate ◽

Asset Ownership ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Household Data ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Poor Households ◽

Poverty Lines ◽

Antipoverty Programs

Household data were used in this study to measure regional poverty and its determinants separately for ten defined zones in rural and urban areas in Iran in 2005. The non-parametric approach was used to estimate poverty lines for each zone and the effect of poverty determinants on poor and non-poor households was studied applying probit models. The findings indicate that poverty rate, gap, and intensity are higher in the urban areas. Family size, level of literacy, and asset ownership are amongst the various determinants of poverty. In general, the success of antipoverty programs depends highly on recognition of regional differences.

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Vietnam at the crossroads – An analysis and draft for reform of the Vietnamese economy

HCMCOUJS - ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION ◽

10.46223/hcmcoujs.econ.en.1.1.1004.2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Herr Hansjörg ◽

Stachuletz Rainer

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Capita Income ◽

Poverty Rate ◽

Gdp Growth ◽

Per Capita Income ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Doi Moi ◽

Real Gdp ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Per Capita

As the result of the “Doi-Moi” reform policy, Vietnam has experienced a remarkable phase of growth since 1986. In this period the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) quadrupled. Since the population of Vietnam (about 88.5 million people in 2010) is currently growing by more than one million people annually, the increase in per capita income lags behind GDP growth, but still reached 2900 U.S. dollars in 2009,which ranks 1652 in the world (see Table 1). In order to prevent its per capita income from falling off because of this huge increase in population growth, Vietnam needs a real GDP growth of over 5%. Although the poverty rate was decreased from 58% to 13% between 2003 and 2008, considerable regional disparities especially between rural and urban areas continue to persist.

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Education and Health

Asian Transformations ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198844938.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 267-296

Author(s):

Sudipto Mundle

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Resource Constraints ◽

Initial Conditions ◽

Access To Education ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Education And Health ◽

Public Resource ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Poor Households ◽

Private Spending

This chapter analyses the dramatic spread of education and healthcare in Asia and the large variations therein across and within countries over the past fifty years. Apart from differences in initial conditions and income levels, the nature of the state has also been an important determinant of these variations since social development has typically been state-led. But in most countries public resource constraints led to growing dependence on private provision and private spending in education and healthcare. This in turn generated a pattern of nested disparities in the access to education and healthcare between rich and poor regions, between rural and urban areas within regions, and between rich and poor households. However, as the better-off regions, areas, and households approach the upper limits of achievable education and health standards, a process of convergence is also underway as those left behind begin to catch up.

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Reserve Brain Drain sebagai Alternatif Mengatasi Kemiskinan

Jurnal Litbang Media Informasi Penelitian Pengembangan dan IPTEK ◽

10.33658/jl.v16i1.164 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 63-76

Author(s):

Munari Kustanto ◽

Fitriyatus Sholihah

Keyword(s):

Human Resources ◽

Brain Drain ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Poverty Rate ◽

Quantitative Approach ◽

The Other ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Village

ENGLISHIn the period 2010-2019, the poverty rate in East Java Province was always above the national achievements. The other, in the same period of time there was a poverty disparity between rural and urban areas in East Java Province. This study aims to formulate a strategy to overcome poverty disparity in East Java. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach. This study uses secondary data namely poverty, disparity and urbanization data. The analysis shows that urbanization which occurred in East Java pushed migration of the quality human resources in the village. This can be traced from the increasing urbanization of intellectuals and migrants of productive age in East Java in the period 2010-2015. Overcoming poverty inequality between villages and cities is difficult to realize when villages are shortage of human resources to carry out development. Reserve brain is a solution for efforts to restore the village human resources as a capital to carry out development. INDONESIAAngka kemiskinan Provinsi Jawa Timur selalu berada di atas capaian nasional dalam kurun waktu 2010-2019. Dalam kurun waktu yang sama, terjadi disparitas kemiskinan antara daerah perdesaan dan perkotaan di Provinsi Jawa Timur. Studi ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi mengatasi disparitas kemiskinan di Jawa Timur. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa data kemiskinan, disparitas, dan urbanisasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa urbanisasi yang terjadi di Jawa Timur menyedot sumber daya manusia berkualitas di desa. Hal ini terlihat dari meningkatnya urbanisasi intelektual dan migran usia produktif di Jawa Timur dalam kurun waktu tahun 2010-2015. Upaya mengatasi ketimpangan kemiskinan antara desa dan kota sulit terwujud manakala desa semakin kekurangan sumber daya manusia untuk melakukan pembangunan. Reserve brain menjadi sebuah solusi bagi upaya mengembalikan sumber daya manusia desa sebagai salah satu modal untuk melakukan pembangunan.

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Ageing and intergenerational relationships in rural Germany

Ageing and Society ◽

10.1017/s0144686x01008388 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 547-566 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

THOMAS SCHARF

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Intergenerational Relationships ◽

West Germany ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

East And West Germany ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Secondary Data Sources

This paper uses a range of secondary data sources to analyse key elements of intergenerational relationships in Germany. Within the context of a discussion of regional differences in Germany’s population structure and aspects of socio-economic conditions in rural areas, the paper focuses on the following aspects of intergenerational relationships: household structures, proximity of the generations, frequency and intensity of contacts between the generations, intergenerational transfers and non-kin relationships. Where appropriate, comparisons are made between East and West Germany and between rural and urban areas. The analysis of data on intergenerational relationships highlights several difficulties associated with research on older people living in rural areas. It is suggested that these difficulties contribute to the distorted and contradictory views that are often associated with rural ageing.

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Inequalities in child immunization coverage in Togo: an analysis of Decomposition

10.21203/rs.3.rs-155308/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yaovi TOSSOU

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Child Survival ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Vulnerable Children ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Poor Households ◽

Using Data ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background Child vaccination is recognised as a mechanism to improve child survival and health by reducing child deaths. However, there are significant inequalities in the coverage of different childhood vaccinations in both urban and rural areas. In this article, we examine the inequalities between rural and urban areas in the vaccination of children in Togo. Methods Using data from the 2017 MICS6 Survey, we examine the probability that a child aged 12–59 months will receive the required vaccinations and break down the sources of inequalities in immunisation coverage between rural and urban areas. This is done using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique, which identifies the sources and factors that explain differences in outcomes between groups. Results Analysis of the results shows that the characteristics of the child, the mother and the household influence the immunization status of the child. For example, children in rural areas are more likely to complete the required vaccinations. We find that a pro urban advantage in characteristics is observed. Conclusion There is also a need to specifically target vulnerable children in urban areas, in order to maintain the focus on women's empowerment and to pay special attention to children from poor households.

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Role of hypertension in the association of overweight and obesity with diabetes among adults in Bangladesh: a population-based, cross-sectional nationally representative survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050493 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. e050493

Author(s):

Md Belal Hossain ◽

Jahidur Rahman Khan ◽

Rajat Das Gupta

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Mediation Effect ◽

Wealth Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Poor Households ◽

Nationally Representative

AimsOverweight and obesity (OWOB) is a modifiable risk factor for both hypertension and diabetes. However, the association between OWOB and diabetes among Bangladeshi adults and how hypertension may mediate this relationship are not well explored. This study aimed to examine (1) whether OWOB is independently associated with diabetes among Bangladeshi adults, (2) whether this association is mediated by hypertension, and (3) the effect modification by wealth status and place of residence in the relationships.Research design and methodsWe used data of 9305 adults aged ≥18 years from the most recent nationally representative cross-sectional study of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018. Design-based logistic regression was used to assess the association between OWOB and diabetes, and counterfactual framework-based weighting approach was used to evaluate the mediation effect of hypertension in the OWOB–diabetes relationship. We used stratified analyses for the effect modifications.ResultsThe prevalence of OWOB, diabetes and hypertension was 48.5%, 11.7% and 30.3%, respectively. We observed a significant association between OWOB and diabetes and a mediating role of hypertension in the OWOB–diabetes association. The odds of diabetes was 51% higher among adults with OWOB than those without OWOB (adjusted OR: 1.51, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.77). We observed that 18.64% (95% CI 9.84% to 34.07%) of the total effect of OWOB on the higher odds of diabetes was mediated through hypertension, and the mediation effect was higher among adults from non-poor households and from both rural and urban areas.ConclusionsAdult OWOB status is independently associated with diabetes in Bangladesh, and hypertension mediates this association. Therefore, prevention policies should target adults with both OWOB and hypertension, particularly those from non-poor households and from both rural and urban areas, to reduce the growing burden of diabetes and its associated risk.

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Women’s Work in Response to Urbanization: Evidence from Odisha

Antyajaa Indian Journal of Women and Social Change ◽

10.1177/2455632719836804 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 92-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Arup Mitra

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Participation Rate ◽

Negative Association ◽

Work Participation ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Poor Households ◽

Impact Of Urbanization ◽

Social And Cultural Factors ◽

The Impact

This article examines the impact of urbanization as a vehicle of modernization on a variable like women workforce participation rate (WFPR), which is highly sensitive to social and cultural factors. Based on district level data, urbanization and women work participation are seen to have a negative association both in the rural and urban areas, although, ideally speaking, urbanization is expected to raise work opportunities. Owing to compulsions, women from poor households participate in the labour market which may result in a positive relationship between poverty and female work participation rate. Further, economic growth and WFPR unravel a negative association which is indicative of either a backward sloping supply curve of women at higher levels of per capita income or growth being non-inclusive and unable to create work opportunities. The lack of jobs of desirable status for a long time in turn leads to the phenomenon of ‘discouraged dropouts’. It is important to counter such distortions through policy interventions so that women are able to access higher levels of skill and education and subsequently participate in the job market instead of withdrawing.

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Looking for a Specificity of Rural Youth. The Polish Case

Eastern European Countryside ◽

10.2478/eec-2013-0003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 29-56

Author(s):

Krystyna Szafraniec

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Regional Differences ◽

Rural Youth ◽

Social Consciousness ◽

Young Generation ◽

Educational Decisions ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

The Face

Abstract In social consciousness a view is embedded that our rural and agrarian areas are our weakness which limits our development potential and social change. Whatever the reasons (mostly historical) for this view, the divide into rural and urban areas, Poland A and Poland B, is frequently referred to and just as frequently exaggerated, supporting thus various stereotypes and prejudices.1 Do they also concern the young generation? Rural areas in Poland are subject to dynamic transformation. The image of rural areas and its reception across society is changing positively. The favourable balance between migration and a growing interest among young people in the countryside as a future place of residence can be used as an example. However, this does not mean that the problem of rural areas and regional differences in Poland has been resolved. Neither do the changes happen as rapidly as could have been expected, nor do they happen in parallel in terms of geography and social structure. Not all of them are positive. The large number of small farms (although land concentration was expected in agriculture) is disturbing. The succession to economically weak farmsteads (which shows that in the face of no employment and non-agricultural life prospects an economically non-viable farm seems - from an individual perspective - the best possible solution). This phenomenon gives rise to many questions. Here, we only want to discuss the questions concerning the young generation - whether their aspirations and life goals, educational decisions, places of residence can be conducive to change (inside and outside rural areas) or rather impede them?

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