PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF NON-CONDITIONED PHENOTHIAZINE, IN SMALL DAILY DOSES, FOR THE CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CATTLE IN PUERTO RICO

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-130
Author(s):  
John S. Andrews ◽  
Carlos M. Muñiz ◽  
Felix Orihuela
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Dose Rate ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Nematode Larvae ◽  
Small Intestinal

The results of the foregoing experiments show that daily doses of 1/2 gram of nonconditioned phenothiazine per 100 pounds of live weight administered to cattle infected with gastrointestinal parasites reduced the number of worm eggs passed unto the pasture by the infected animals. The eggs of the stomach worms, Haemonchus contortus and H. similis, the small intestinal hair-worms, Trichostrongylus spp., the hookworm, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and the nodular worm, Oesophagostomum radiatum disappear relatively quickly from the feces of the treated animals. The eggs of Cooperia spp., Strongyloides papillosus, and the broad tapeworms, Moniezia spp., were not markedly reduced in number by this treatment. These results confirm those of Porter, Simms, and Cauthen (1941) showing that phenothiazine has little effect on the last three parasites mentioned. The dose rate used in these experiments compares favorably with that suggested by Shorb and Habermann (loc. cit.) for the prevention of the development of nematode larvae in the feces of sheep.

scholarly journals Nematode-Larvae Infestation in Goats Fed "Malojillo" (Pará Grass) and Merker Grasses in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
H. Ciordia ◽  
J. D. Rivera-Anaya
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Fecal Sample ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Nematode Larvae ◽  
Oesophagostomum Columbianum

1. The degree of nematode larvae infestation in goats fed malojillo (Pará grass) and Merker grass in Puerto Rico was investigated in an attempt to determine whether goats would become more significantly parasitized when eating either one of the two grasses. 2. The technique of raising and-maintaining parasite-free animals is described. 3. Blood samples for hemoglobin and packed-cell determinations and fecal samples for nematode ova counts were obtained every 15 days from the 10 experimental goats. 4. It was found that goats eating malojillo harbored a larger number of nematode parasites than those eating Merker grass. Ova of Strongyloides papillosus appeared in the feces of the goats even before the beginning of this work, but that infestation disappeared about a month before the end of the experiment. Haemonchus contortus ova were seen next, being followed chronologically by Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum columbianum. The latter species was harbored only by the goats receiving malojillo. Goats eating Merker grass exhibited 8.9 ova per gram of fecal sample throughout the experiment, those receiving malojillo showed 48.2 eggs per sample, while those in the control group had only 0.57 eggs per sample. 5. All animals were sacrificed at the conclusion of this work and the digestive tracts thoroughly searched for helminths. More nematodes were secured from the goats eating malojillo than from the other two groups. A total of 1,028 nematodes was recovered from animals in the malojillo group, 191 from the Merker group, and only 3 from the control group receiving imported hay.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Haemonchus contortus Infections in Sheep and Goats in Nyagatare District, Rwanda

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borden Mushonga ◽  
Dismas Habumugisha ◽  
Erick Kandiwa ◽  
Oscar Madzingira ◽  
Alaster Samkange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Mcmaster Method

This study investigated the overall prevalence of Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep and goats from five purposively selected subdivisions (sectors) of Nyagatare district from January to December 2014, after a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and generalized poor productivity was reported in small ruminants in some districts of Rwanda. Faecal egg counts (FEC) were performed using the Modified Wisconsin Sugar Floatation method and the Fluorescent-labeled peanut-lectin agglutination test while enumerations, as log (FEC), were done using the modified McMaster method. The overall prevalence of H. contortus infection in sheep and goats was 75.7% (n=949). The overall prevalence of H. contortus infection in sheep (83.4%, n=314) was higher than in goats (71.8%, n=635) (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.98, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.40-2.79, and p≤0.001). The prevalence of H. contortus infection in female goats (74.2%) was higher than in male goats (64.3%) (OR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.09-2.36, and p=0.01). The prevalence of H. contortus infection in goats from Nyagatare was higher than in goats from Matimba (OR 3.25, 95% CI: 1.76-5.99, and p≤0.001) and from Katabagemu (OR 3.67, 95% CI: 2.04-6.59, and p≤0.001). The prevalence of H. contortus infection in goats from Karangazi was higher than in goats from Matimba (OR 4.72, 95% CI: 2.40-9.28, and p≤0.001). The overall mean monthly log (FEC) for H. contortus in sheep and goats were highest in April (18.9±0.2 and 14.05±0.1, respectively) and October (19.25± 0.2 and 13.75±0.1, respectively). Though, overall, sheep in Nyagatare district were at greater risk of H. contortus infection and goats from Nyagatare and Karangazi sectors were paradoxically at greater risk of H. contortus infection. It was also apparent that young female goats were at greater risk of H. contortus infection than young male goats. H. contortus infection is endemic in small ruminants in Nyagatare district and possibly other districts in Rwanda. Targeted selective treatment (TST) using FAMACHA with emphasis on low-lying swampy pastures and appropriate anthelmintic drugs may be the most economically viable solution in the short term. In the long term breeding of H. contortus resistant small ruminants and strategic grazing using the concept of refugia may bring about considerable relief from H. contortus infection in Nyagatare district, in particular, and Rwanda at large.

The inheritance of faecal egg count following natural Ostertagia circumcinctainfection in Scottish Blackface lambs

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
S.C. Bishop ◽  
K. Bairden ◽  
Q.A. McKellar ◽  
M. Park ◽  
M.J. Stear
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Sheep Industry ◽  
Environment Effects ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Genetic And Phenotypic Correlations ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Production Losses

The use of genetic selection as a means of reducing the welfare and production losses caused by gastrointestinal parasites has hitherto been ignored by the UK sheep industry. The aim of this study is to assess the potential for selection for reduced faecal egg count, as an indicator of parasitism, and to establish relationships with live weight.Faecal egg counts and live weights were measured on approximately 200 predominantly twin born Scottish Blackface lambs each year for three years following natural, predominantly Ostertagia circumcincta , infection on pasture. Measurements were made from one to six months of age, at four week intervals, following anthelmintic treatment. Heritabilities, maternal common environment effects, genetic and phenotypic correlations were calculated using Residual Maximum Likelihood techniques.

The effect of Haemonchus contortus infection on haematological parameters in young Merino sheep and its significance for productivity

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. A. Albers ◽  
G. D. Gray ◽  
L. F. Le Jambre ◽  
I. A. Barger ◽  
J. S. F. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Serum Iron ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts ◽  
Iron Concentrations

ABSTRACTFaecal egg counts, haematocrits, erythrocyte potassium contents and serum iron concentrations were determined in 1005, 3- to 5-month-old Merino lambs infected with a single dose of 11 000 Haemonchus contortus larvae. Live-weight gain and wool growth also were recorded. Lambs were infected in six different groups over a 3-year period. When infections were terminated after 5 weeks, faecal egg counts in the six infected groups had reached a peak of 5170 to 20 339 eggs per g (average 12 909), haematocrits had declined to between 196 and 309 ml/1 (average 233), erythrocyte potassium contents had risen to between 16·7 and 37·5 mequiv. per 1 (average 31·5) and serum iron concentrations, in some cases following an erratic course, had dropped to between 0·512 and 1·546 mg/1 (average 0·946).Of the three haematological parameters, haematocrit correlated best with faecal egg count (r = 0·7 in four of six infected groups). However, in two groups with low faecal egg counts this correlation was much lower (r = 0·3). Erythrocyte potassium concentration and serum iron concentration significantly correlated with variability of haematocrit not accounted for by faecal egg count, suggesting that both erythropoiesis and iron availability influence the degree of anaemia.The effect of H. contortus infection on productivity of lambs was best predicted by haematocrits: for each further 0·01 proportional decrease in haematocrit, a 0·03 reduction of live-weight gain over a 9-week post-infection period, a 0·007 reduction in clean wool growth and a 0·004 reduction in fibre diameter over a 4- to 9-week period were observed. Some evidence was obtained indicating a tolerance level of anaemia at approximately 280 ml/1 packed cell volume.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal helminth infections of dairy goats in Slovakia

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Babják ◽  
A. Königová ◽  
M. Urda-Dolinská ◽  
M. Várady
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminth ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Third Stage

SummaryThe aim of this study was to identify the most common gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in flocks of dairy goats on 30 farms in Slovakia. A total of 944 adult goats were examined during the pasturing seasons for 2014 – 2016. Eggs from one or more species of gastrointestinal parasites were identified in 906 of the samples (95.90 %). Strongyle eggs were present in most of the samples (92.00 %), followed by Strongyloides papillosus (14.05 %), Trichuris spp. (7.84 %), Nematodirus spp. (3.98 %), and Moniezia spp. (2.65 %). The counts of strongyle eggs per gram of faeces ranged from 0 to 11 000. Subsamples from each farm were used to prepare faecal coprocultures to identify the genera of the nematodes. Third-stage larvae of Trichostrongylus spp. (100 %) and Teladorsagia/Ostertagia spp. (96.60 %) were present on most of the farms, followed by Oesophagostomum spp./Chabertia ovina (86.60 %) and Haemonchus contortus (76.60 %). Teladorsagia/Ostertagia spp. were the dominant genera on 60 % of the farms.

Larvicidal activity of Bacillus circulans against the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus in sheep

2014 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Sinott ◽  
L.L. Dias de Castro ◽  
F.L.L Leite ◽  
T. Gallina ◽  
M.T. De-Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Bacillus Circulans ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Parasite Resistance ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Green Fluorescent

AbstractEfficient control of gastrointestinal parasites is necessary in sheep breeding. However, the available chemically based anthelmintics are becoming less effective due to the development of parasite resistance. An alternative to this problem is biological control. In the present study, we tested the larvicidal effect of Bacillus circulans by administering a spore suspension (2 × 109 colony forming units/ml) orally to lambs naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus. The number of faecal larvae was quantified daily and a significant reduction (~87%, P< 0.05) of larval development was observed after administration of B. circulans. Using a transformed B. circulans with green fluorescent protein, we were able to detect B. circulans in the faeces at 4 h post-administration and 72 h after cessation of its administration. These results suggest the use of B. circulans as a promising biological alternative for parasite control.

scholarly journals Effect of in vitro aqueous extract of fresh cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) on the larvae of Haemonchus contortus as intestinal parasite of sheep

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Flávia Lopes Medeiros ◽  
Marney Pascoli Cereda Cereda ◽  
Gabriel Furrer Matos Braz
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Cassava Plant

Abstract Animals feeding with cassava is frequent. In the case of sheep, the producer relates consumption to a reduction in the parasite load. The literature has proven the effect of phenolic compounds as an anthelmintic in vivo, but no evidence for cyanogenic compounds, also present in all parts of the cassava plant, was found. A controlled in vitro bioassay was used to evaluate the aqueous extract of fresh cassava leaves. The efficiency parameter was the imobility of Haemonchus contortus larvae at stage L3, also used to evaluate commercial anthelmintics. Culture plates with 100 active L3 larvae per well were used, constituted a replicate of a total of three. It was placed in these wells, water extract of fresh cassava leaves (FCL) macerated in water, Ivomec® 0.01% (PCI) as positive control and distilled water as negative one (NCW). By considering the immobility of the larvae as a positive anthelmintic effect, the results showed that in NCW all larvae were mobile, while in PCI all 300 larvae were immobile. FCL produced a gradient of larval inactivation correlation (r2 0.996). The best fit equation was y = -33.39ln(x) + 40.517, a logarithmic one, which allowed to calculate the Lethal Concentration (CL) of 3. 44µg.CN-.ml, or 80.0 mg of fresh cassava leaves per milliliter, with performance equivalent to ivermectin. This concentration of free cyanide is compatible with safe consumption of fresh leaves by live weight of sheep. The exact amount of cassava roots, leaves or shoots consumed to provide an effective dose for controlling Haemonchus contort should be established in vivo. Although phenolic compounds must also be present in the extract, immobility was attributed to cyanogenic compounds since the correlation was proportional to the increase in cyanide concentration. It can be concluded that the consumption of fresh cassava leaves has potential as an anthelmintic agent to be evaluated in vivo by feeding sheep and goats. Local use could also add value to the production of fresh cassava leaves, with an average potential production of 2.5 t/ha, available throughout the year, with greater production at the beginning of cultivation and in the summer months. These leaves could be used after the roots harvesting or even in pruning for this purpose. Currently, this volume of good quality protein material is in the field, unused.

scholarly journals In vitro effect of aqueous extract of fresh cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) on the larvae of Haemonchus contortus as an intestinal parasite of sheep.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Flávia Lopes Medeiros ◽  
Marney Pascoli Cereda Cereda ◽  
Gabriel Furrer Matos Braz
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Cassava Plant ◽  
Vitro Effect

Abstract Cassava is frequently fed to animals. In the case of sheep, the producer relates consumption to a reduction in the parasite load. The literature has proven the effect of phenolic compounds as an anthelmintic in vivo, but no evidence for cyanogenic compounds, also present in all parts of the cassava plant, was found. A controlled in vitro bioassay was used to evaluate the aqueous extract of fresh cassava leaves. The efficiency parameter was the immobility of Haemonchus contortus larvae at the L3 stage, also used to evaluate commercial anthelmintics. Cell culture plates with 100 active L3-stage larvae per well were used, being each replicate constituted by three wells. Aqueous extract of fresh cassava leaves (FCL), Ivomec® 0.01% (PCI) as the positive control, and distilled water as negative control (NCW), were placed in the culture plate wells. Considering the immobility of the larvae as a positive anthelmintic effect, the results showed that in NCW treatments all larvae were mobile, while in PCI all 300 larvae were immobile. FCL produced a gradient of larval inactivation correlation (R2 0.996). The best-fit equation was y = -33.39ln(x) + 40.517, a logarithmic equation, which allowed the calculation of the Lethal Concentration (CL) of 3.44 µg CN- ml, or 80.0 mg of fresh cassava leaves per milliliter of water, with a performance equivalent to ivermectin. This concentration of free cyanide is compatible with the safe consumption of fresh leaves by live weight of sheep. The exact amount of cassava roots, leaves, or shoots, consumed to provide an effective dose for controlling H. contort should be established in vivo. Although phenolic compounds must also be present in the extract, the immobility was attributed to cyanogenic compounds since the correlation was proportional to the increase in the cyanide concentration. It can be concluded that the consumption of fresh cassava leaves has the potential as an anthelmintic agent to be evaluated in vivo by feeding sheep and goats. Local use could also add value to the production of fresh cassava leaves, with an average potential production of 2.5 tonnes ha-1, available throughout the year, with greater production at the beginning of cultivation and in the summer months. These leaves could be used after the roots harvesting or even after pruning for this purpose. Currently, this amount of good quality protein material remains without use in the field.

scholarly journals Conditioned flavour aversions in sheep: the relationship between the dose rate of a secondary plant compound and the acquisition and persistence of aversions

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
D. H. Anderson ◽  
A. J. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Novel Foods ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Conditioning Period ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Preference Tests

Within the overall objective of whether ruminants are able to form conditioned aversions (CFA) toward a food flavour associated with the administration of an aversive stimulus which occurs naturally in food plants (oxalic acid, OA), two specific objectives were tested: (1) whether the rate and degree of formation of CFA are dependent on the dose rate of OA administered and (2) whether the persistence of formed CFA depends on the previous dose rate of OA. Sheep were conditioned to associate the specific flavour of one of two novel foods with either the oral administration of OA or equivalent placebos. Four dose rates of OA were tested (0.06, 0.12, 0.18 and 0.24 g/kg sheep live weight per d), with twelve sheep per dose. Each conditioning period lasted for 8 d and was repeated four times. At the end of each conditioning period the preference for the two flavours was measured in short-term, 20min preference tests. The persistence of the CFA was measured at 0, 7, 21 and 49 d after the completion of the conditioning phase with long-term, 3 h preference tests. The results of the experiment indicated that: (1) the rate and degree of formation of CFA were dependent on the rate of administration of OA; (2) sheep required repeated exposures to the lower dose rates of OA in order to develop CFA and these CFA did not persist in the absence of continual reinforcement; (3) CFA to the higher dose rates of OA were developed after as little as one exposure and persisted over a period of at least 7 weeks. These findings are consistent with the expectation that ruminants should be able to select a diet which minimizes the risk of consumption of potentially harmful foods, whilst at the same time maintaining a degree of flexibility in their feeding behaviour.

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