scholarly journals The utilization of grasses, legumes and other forage crops for cattle feeding in Puerto Rico I. Comparison of Guinea Grass, Para Grass "Malojillo" and a mixture of Para Grass and Tropical Kudzu as pasture crops

1969 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-189
Author(s):  
Luis Rivera Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
Guinea Grass

Pará grass or "malojillo" (Panicum purpurascens), Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and a mixture of Pará grass and tropical Kudzu (Pueraria javanica) were tested as pasture crops by rotational grazing of 1/3 acre plots with native heifers which were 6-7 months of age at the start of the trial. At the time the heifers were changed from one lot to another, the uneaten portions of the forages were clipped, weighed, and samples secured for chemical analysis. Observations were also made on the ability of the crops to withstand drought, trampling, etc. Pará and Guinea grasses were similar as measured by gains of the animals, yield and carrying capacity. The Pará grass suffered severely during one phase of the trial due to a drought which affected it unduly because the grass was planted on high, well-drained, soil in contrast to its natural habitat. Guinea grass was not affected by the drought. This resistance plus its other desirable qualities indicates that Guinea grass is suitable as a pasture crop in Puerto Rico. The combination of Pará grass and Kudzu was found to give the best results in total digestible nutrients, gain in weight of the animals and carrying capacity. There was some evidence to indicate that the mixture benefited the nitrogen balance of the soil and assisted in the retention of precipitation. The Kudzu contained approximately 17 per cent crude protein and Pará grass of the mixture had a higher protein content than that grown alone. The results of this study indicate that Kudzu is a highly desirable crop to use in conjunction with Pará grass for pasture purposes.

scholarly journals The utilization of grasses, legumes and other forage crops for cattle feeding in Puerto Rico III. Comparison of fertilized guinea grass, para grass and tropical kudzu and guinea grass and tropical kudzu

1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-315
Author(s):  
I. Rivera Brenes ◽  
F. J. Marchán ◽  
J. I. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
First Year ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Trial Number ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
The Difference

A third grazing trial of 221 days was conducted under the same procedure as in trial number one (2). A modification was introduced consisting in that the calculation of T.D.N, was made using the chemical analysis of the roughages, and the digestion coefficients given by the Pasture Research Committee (1). The grasses under trial were: Para grass-Kudzu, in its third year; Guinea grass-Kudzu, in its first year; and fertilized Guinea grass, in its second year. In this experiment Guinea grass received only two applications of nitrogen instead of three as in trial number 2. This was due to the fact that according to the observations of the investigator the grass was growing well and having a nice green color. Nitrogen was applied when the leaves began turning yellowish. Para grass-Kudzu has been uniform in performance; the carrying capacity being one head in the first trial, one head in the second and 0.77 for this trial. The carrying capacity of the mixture of Guinea grass and Kudzu was 1.09, but due to the fact that this grass was planted in the old Kudzu stand, it received the benefits of the nitrogen accumulation in the soil, producing an exhuberant growth at the beginning of the trial. As a result of this, larger amounts of residue were clipped after rotations affecting favorably the carrying capacity. Although the results are encouraging, further investigations are needed to make definite recommendations. Guinea grass alone had a carrying capacity of 0.68. It was lower than in the previous trial. The difference can be attributed to the difference in nitrogen supplied, as nitrogen increases the amount of roughage produced and the nutritive value of the forage.

scholarly journals Production, quality and livestock carrying capacity of Panicum maximum and Sesbania grandiflora at saline soil with different manure application

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
F. Kusmiyati ◽  
E. Pangestu ◽  
S. Surahmanto ◽  
E.D. Purbajanti ◽  
B. Herwibawa
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Production Quality ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Mixed Cropping ◽  
Forage Crops

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of manure at saline soil on forage production, quality and livestock carrying capacity of P. maximum and S. grandiflora. The research was conducted on moderately saline soil at Rembang Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia.Randomized complete block design was used as design experiment. The treatments were different dosage of manure as organic amendment (0, 10 and 20 tonnes/ha). Forage crops were P. maximum and S. grandiflora that planted monoculture or mixed-cropping. Parameters measured were dry matter (DM) production, ash, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, total digestible nutrients. P. maximum was cut eight times, S. grandiflora was cut six times during one year. The result showed that the highest total dry matter production of mixed cropping P. maximum and S. grandiflora was available at moderately saline soil with application 20 ton/ha manure. Total production of dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrient available at application 20 ton/ha manure were 29131 kg/ha/year; 3722 kg/ha/year and 17718 kg/ha/year, respectively. Carrying capacity based on dry matter, crude protein and total digestible nutrients were 10.8 AU/ha/year; 13.6 AU/ha/year and 11.3 AU/ha/year, respectively. In conclusion, application of 20 ton/ha manure at saline soil increased production, crude protein and carrying capacity. 

scholarly journals The utilization of grasses, legumes and other forage crops for cattle feeding in Puerto Rico II. Comparison of fertilized guinea grass, para grass and tropical kudzu and tropical kudzu alone as pasture crops

1969 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Luis Rivera Brenes ◽  
Francisco J. Marchán ◽  
José I. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Permanent Effect ◽  
Grazing Area ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New Applications

A second grazing trial was conducted using the same procedure of the first except that nitrogenous fertilizer was applied to Guinea grass. This time the three roughages compared were Para grass-Kudzu, Kudzu alone and Guinea grass. The performance of Para grass-Kudzu mixture was as uniform as in the previous trial; the carrying capacity being around one head per acre. The results obtained with fertilized Guinea grass more than doubled the results in the previous trial where no fertilizer was used. Besides an increase in forage, there was also an increase in protein content. The carrying capacity increased from 0.42 to 1.12 heads per acre. Kudzu had a lower carrying capacity than the mixture with Para grass and Guinea grass. The conclusions arrived at in relation to the mixture of Para grass-Kudzu in the previous trial were verified by the results of this experiment. The uniformity in performance and high quality forage more than recommends the use of this combination for grazing, especially in the humid section of the northern part of the Island. Guinea grass is a well known forage crop, principally in the grazing area of the South. Under normal conditions, with no fertilization, it is low in protein content. Fertilization increased the protein and doubled the yield but farmers must take into consideration the cost of the fertilizer and that fertilization has only an immediate effect on the grass needing new applications at certain intervals to maintain that condition. In contrast, legumes do have a more permanent effect on the soil and the grasses growing with them. This makes them recommendable. Adapted legume grass mixtures are no more expensive to establish and are cheaper than grasses alone from all points of view. The planting of Kudzu alone is not to be recommended.

scholarly journals Tha utilization of grasses, legumes, and other forage crops for cattle feeding in Puerto Rico III. Comparison of fertilized guinea grass, para grass, tropical kudzu and guinea grass, and tropical kudzu

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-114
Author(s):  
L. Rivera Brenes ◽  
F. J. Marchán ◽  
J. I. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
First Year ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Research Committee ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Difference

A third grazing trial of 221 days was conducted under the same procedure as in trial No. 1 (2). A modification was introduced in that the calculation of T.D.N, was made using the chemical analysis of the roughages, and the digestion coefficients given by the Pasture Research Committee (1). The grasses under trial were, Para grass-kudzu, in its third year, Guinea grass-kudzu, in its first year, and fertilized Guinea grass, and its second year. In this experiment Guinea grass received only two applications of nitrogen instead of three as in trial No. 2. According to our observations this was because the grass was growing well and had a nice green color. Nitrogen was applied when the leaves began turning yellowish. Para grass-kudzu was uniform in performance, the carrying capacity being 1 head in the first trial, 1 head in the second, and 0.77 head for this trial. The carrying capacity of the mixture of Guinea grass and kudzu was 1.09, but since this grass was planted in the old kudzu stand, it received the benefits of the nitrogen accumulation in the soil producing an exuberant growth at the beginning of the trial. As a result, larger quantities of residue were clipped after rotations affecting the carrying capacity favorably. Although the results are encouraging, further investigations are needed to to make definite recommendations. Guinea grass alone had a carrying capacity of 0.68 head. It was lower than in the previous trial. The difference can be attributed to the difference in nitrogen supplied, as nitrogen increases the quantity of roughage produced and its nutritive value.

scholarly journals Production of grazed tropical grasses in different agroecosystems in Puerto Rico. II. humid northern coastal plains

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-210
Author(s):  
Luis E. Tergas ◽  
Jaime Vélez-Santiago ◽  
Doralissa Vera de Saldaña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Coastal Plains ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Humid Region

A field experiment was conducted near Barceloneta in the humid northern coastal plains of Puerto Rico to evaluate the production and persistence of 10 tropical grasses: Cynodon sp. local, Digitaria pentzii Slenderstem, C. nlemfuensis Star, C. plectostachyus Star, C. dactylon Coastcross-1, D. milanjiana Pangola Soto, Panicum maximum Guinea, P. maximum Guinea USDA PI 259553, P. maximum Makueni and D. decumbens Transvala grazed at 3- to 5-week intervals for one and a half year. P. maximum USDA PI 259553 was the most productive grass, but during the 13 grazings in 1981-1982, it was not significantly different (P=0.05) from C. plectostachyus Star; Cynodon sp. Local, D. pentzii Slenderstem, C. nlemfuensis Star, P. maximum Makueni, and D. decumbens Transvala. Guinea and D. milanjiana Pangola Soto were the least productive (P=0.05). Results for 7 grazings from January to June 1983 again showed P. maximum USDA PI 259553 to be the most productive grass, although not significantly different (P=0.05) from D. decumbens Transvala, C. dactylon Coastcross-1 and D. pentzii. The production of P. maximum Makueni and C. plectostachyus Star was intermediate; C. nlemfuensis Star and Guinea were the least productive, and D. milanjiana Pangola Soto did not persist under intensive grazing (P=0.05). The total mean production of all grasses of 0.92 and 1.00 ton/ha/grazing, respectively, were related to rainfall distribution. The general mean in crude protein content of forage was higher during the drier months. Average production of all grasses in this experiment was lower than in a similar experiment at Corozal in the humid region of Puerto Rico, the relative difference varied among cultivars.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF GUINEA GRASS-TROPICAL KUDZU, PARA GRASS, PANGOLA GRASS, AND ST. AUGUSTINE GRASS AS PASTURE CROPS IN THE YABUCOA VALLEY IN EASTERN PUERTO RICO

1969 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104
Author(s):  
L. Rivera-Brenes ◽  
J. I. Cabrera ◽  
L. F. Colón
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
First Year ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Main Station ◽  
Better Than

A grazing trial was carried out at Yabucoa, on the eastern coast of Puerto Rico to determine the usefulness for this purpose of several grasses and a grass-legume mixture. It followed the same pattern and procedure as those which had been performed previously at the Main Station Farm located in the northern humid section of the Island. In the trial, which lasted for 2 years, Pangola grass, Pará grass, St. Augustine grass, and a Guinea grass-tropical kudzu combination were compared as to carrying capacity and other characters to determine their pasture values. The carrying capacities of these grasses were as follows: Pangola, 1.12; Guinea-tropical kudzu, 1.42; St, Augustine, 1.23; and Para grass, 0.87 head per acre. The gross returns per acre for the first year were, $118, $137, $97, and $87, respectively. For the second year they were: $159, $179, $124, and $68, respectively. Besides the information obtained on the carrying capacity of the pastures, the results show that well-managed pastures are at least as profitable as many of the cash crops actually grown in the Island. This does not take into consideration additional soil- and water-conservation benefits which accrue from having the soil covered by a sod. Pangola and St. Augustine grasses are good pasture crops that can be used in the eastern coastal region satisfactorily. The Guinea-tropical kudzu mixture, however, is better than these grasses by themselves. The superiority of the legume-grass combination was again demonstrated by the results of this experiment. Pará grass was not well adapted for grazing in the light soil in which the experiment was planted.

Effects of Seeding Rates and Methods on the Establishment and Yield of Common Guinea Grass

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-339
Author(s):  
Jaime Vélez-Santiago ◽  
José A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽  
José E. Rodríguez-Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Good Stand ◽  
Forage Yields ◽  
Better Than

The effects of three seeding rates (3.36, 6.72, and 10.08 kg of clean seeds per ha) and two planting methods (row and broadcast), with and without seedbed firming, on the establishment and yield (green forage, dry forage, and crude protein), of common Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) were evaluated for 370 days in an Ultisol. Seeding rates influenced significantly the dry forage and crude protein yields of Guinea grass during the first 3 months of growth. The high rate (10.08 kg/ha) significantly increased dry forage yields by 22 and 49% over the medium (6.72 kg/ha) and low (3.36 kg/ha) seeding rates, respectively. The medium rate significantly increased dry forage and crude protein yields by 23 and 26% over the low seeding rate. Row planting was significantly better than broadcast planting only during the first 3 months of growth, increasing dry forage yields by 23% and crude protein yields by 17%. Seedbed firming after planting did not affect yields either during the first 3 months of growth or over the entire period of study (9 cuttings). During 370 days (9 cuttings) the high and medium seeding rates did not differ significantly with respect to yields; however, both outyielded significantly the low seeding rate. The highest yields were obtained with treatments that combined high seeding rate with row planting. The number of tufts varied among treatments from 4 to 6 per m2. Mean crude protein, P, K, Ca, and Mg contents in the harvested forage were 11.21, .28, 3.13, .75 and .19%, respectively. It was concluded that, a good stand of Guinea grass can be obtained in 3 months when sown in August with 6.72 kgjha of processed seeds or 33.6 kg/ha of unprocessed seeds.

The nutritive value of Panicum maximum (Guinea grass): I. Yields and chemical composition related to season and herbage growth stage

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Johnson ◽  
W. A. Hardison ◽  
L. S. Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Guinea Grass

The results of more than fifty estimates1 of herbage yield and ninety-seven analyses of chemical composition are presented in the first of several reports on nutritive evaluation studies of Panicum maximum (guinea grass). Effects of stage of maturity and season are discussed.Herbage yield increased at an increasing rate with maturity, and was depressed by about 40 % in the dry season compared to the wet season. The most significant differences in chemical composition were a decrease in crude protein from 9·8 % to 6·6% and a corresponding increase in crude fibre from 32·1 % to 39·4% as the grass matured from about 2½ weeks to about 2½ months in age. An increased level of nitrogen fertilization resulted in crude protein content being nearly doubled and crude fibre somewhat reduced.

Degradation of Crude Protein in Groundnut Cake, Guinea Grass (Panicum Maximum) and Rumen Epithelial Scraping based Diets by West African Dwarf Sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
O. A. Ogunwole ◽  
A. Akinfemi ◽  
A. O Akinsoyinu
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Insoluble Fraction ◽  
West African ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Outflow Rate ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Rumen Undegradable Protein

Three West African dwarf rams fitted with rumen cannula, were used in a completely randomized design for degradation of crude protein (CP) of groundnut cake (GNC), Panicum maximum, rumen epithelial scraping (RES), and diets containing increasing levels of RES. Concentrate diets were formulated such that 0% (A), 50% (B), and 100% (C) of groundnut cake were replaced with RES in a diet containing 20% GNC. The soluble fraction a, insoluble fraction b and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) obtained for GNC, grass and RES varied significantly (P<0.05). Significant (P<0.05) variations were also observed for a, b and RUP of the test ingredients. Effective degradability (ED) of CP in GNC, grass and RES (at outflow rate of 0.02) were 38.19, 19.63 and 2.13 respectively. The ED values obtained for the diets decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increased inclusion of RES. Panicum maximum and RES contained significantly higher (P<0.05) level of RUP when compared with GNC. The RUP values obtained for the diets were not influenced (P>0.05) by the inclusion of RES.

Production of grazed tropical grasses in different agroecosystems in Puerto Rico: I. Humid mountain

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Luis E. Tergas ◽  
Jaime Vélez-Santiago ◽  
Doralisa Vera de Saldaña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
First Year ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Tropical Grasses ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Second Year

A field experiment was conducted at the Corozal Experiment Substation in the humid mountain region of Puerto Rico to evaluate the production and persistence of tropical grasses, Brachiaria humidicula, Cynodon dactylon cv. Bermuda, C. nlemfuensis var. nlemfuensis cv. Star, Digitaria pentzii cv. Slenderstem, D. decumbens cv. Transvala, C. plectostachyus cv. Star and Panicum maximum cv. Makueni in small plots grazed at 5- to 7-week intervals for 2 years. P. maximum cv. Makueni was the most productive grass the first year, with a mean of 1.71 ton/ha dry forage per grazing period, but it was not statistically different (P = 0.05) from B. humidicola and C. dactylon cv. Bermuda. D. pentzii was the least productive. Production of all grasses, except P. maximum cv. Makueni, decreased during the short cool days in December and January. B. humidicola was the most productive grass the second year, with a mean of 1.73 ton/ha of dry forage, followed very closely by P. maximum cv. Makueni. Again D. pentzii cv. Slenderstem was one of the least productive, and C. nlemfuensis did not persist. Mean production of all grasses decreased during the drier periods; however, the crude protein content was higher. Total annual forage production was similar in both years, with means of 15.8 and 15.1 ton/ha dry forage, but much lower than the reported yields of these cultivars under cutting management in Puerto Rico.

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