scholarly journals Cation exchange capacity of some tropical soils of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
J. A. Bonnet ◽  
M. A. Lugo López ◽  
F. Abruña
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Total Exchange Capacity ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Total Exchange

Data are presented here for the total exchange capacity of 81 soil samples in Puerto Rico and for available cations: Calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, in 30 soil samples. The soils analyzed were representative of the following 13 groups: Rendzina, Wiesenboden, Reddish Brown, Reddish Chestnut, Reddish Prairie, Gray Brown Podzolic, Red and Yellow Podzolic, Reddish Brown Lateritic, Yellowish Brown Lateritic, Ground Water Laterite, Laterite, Lithosols, and Alluvial. Exchangeable bases are also reported for some soils in the Chernozem group. The highest value obtained for total exchange capacity was about 64 milliequivalents per 100 gm. of dry soil for a Rendzina and the lowest was about 2 m.e. for a Laterite. There is a wide difference between the minimum and maximum values of total exchange capacity for the various soil groups. Weathering had been active in the podzolic and more so in the lateritic group. The highest value for total exchangeable bases was over 60 m.e. for an Alluvial soil and the lowest was less than 2 m.e. for a lateritic soil; these contained 80 and 32 percent, respectively, of exchangeable calcium.

scholarly journals Ion exchange resin selection for concentration and purification of uranium leached by sulphuric acid solution

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Quang Thai Le ◽  
Minh Tuan Pham ◽  
Nguyen Quynh Trinh ◽  
Khac Tuan Vu ◽  
Hong Ha Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
High Price ◽  
Strong Base ◽  
Total Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total Exchange ◽  
Uranium Solution

Ion exchange is one of the most popular techniques for recovery and purification of uranium from sulfuric acid leaching solution, especially for recovery of uranium from a low uranium containing solutions. Resins commonly used are strong base or weak base anion resins with amine functional group. The anionic form of resins may be NO3-, Cl- , SO­42- or OH-. The selection of  a resin depends on the uranium total exchange capacity, selectivity and the cost. The previous studies often use Amberlite IRA-420 for concentration and purification of uranium solution from Pa Lua sandstone ores. This is a good and suitable resin but high price. To diversify the resins and reduce the costs, instead of IRA-420, the authors tested two commercial resins Indion GS300 (India) and Purolite A400 (UK) in the processing of uranium solution from sandstone ores. The results showed that the uranium total exchange capacity of  these resins is only about 80 - 85% over  Amberlite IRA-420, but these resins should be able to be used instead of Amberlite IRA-420 due to their low cost and availability in Vietnam.

scholarly journals LEAVING SUGARCANE TRASH UNDISTURBED ON A LATERIC SOIL COMPARES FAVORABLY WITH CURRENTLY USED TRASH-DISPOSAL METHODS

1969 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
P. Landrau, Jr. ◽  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
G. Samuels ◽  
S. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Moisture Evaporation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Evaporation Losses

The production of sugar was not influenced by the various methods of handling sugarcane trash (aligning, aligning and furrowing, leaving undisturbed, or burning) on a field of Coto clay, a highly permeable lateritic soil at Isabela in northwestern Puerto Rico. No significant differences due to treatments were observed in organic-matter or nitrogen content, pH, C/N ration, permeability, quick drainage, water retained at various tensions, bulk density, or porosity, determined from soil samples taken after harvesting the sixth crop. The minimum infiltration capacity of the soils from the plots where the trash was burned or undisturbed was moderate, while that of the soils where the trash was aligned, or aligned and the clean banks furrowed, was moderately rapid. The yields from plots where the trash was left undisturbed over the surface were as high as those where it was either burned, aligned, or aligned and the clean banks furrowed. Trash disposal is generally expensive. By leaving the trash undisturbed, cultivation costs can be reduced considerably. Weeds are usually smothered under the trash. In areas where drainage problems are not very acute, it may prove economically advantageous in the long run to follow this practice. Furthermore, direct moisture-evaporation losses from the soil will probably be reduced by mulching the whole surface soil.

scholarly journals Organic-Matter Activity of Some Typical Soils of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Fernando Abruña-Rodríguez ◽  
José Vicente-Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Close Association ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Considerable Portion

The exchange capacity of the organic matter in typical soils of Puerto Rico was evaluated from: (1) The variation in the exchange capacity of soil samples following destruction of the organic matter, (2) titration curves of extracted organic matter, (3) and the correlations between exchange capacity and organic-matter content of soil samples. The first method was the most practical and gave fairly accurate results. The second method gave results which were in all cases too high. The third method, though probably the most accurate, is impractical. Results obtained with the first and third methods were similar. The exchange capacity of the organic matter varied rather widely, but was generally between 100 and 150 m.e. per 100 gm. On the average it accounted for about 25 percent of the total exchange capacity of the soils studied. The organic matter removed by flotation had the highest exchange capacity and the more readily oxidizable portions generally appeared to be the most active. This suggests the importance of conserving the more readily lost portions of the soil organic matter. A considerable portion of the soil organic matter was extremely resistant to oxidation, had a narrow C:N ratio, and apparently little exchange capacity. This suggests a close association between the organic matter and the inorganic soil colloids. The marked resistance to oxidation of a considerable portion of the organic matter may partly explain the high contents found even in continuously cultivated soils in Puerto Rico.

scholarly journals Genesis of sandstone-derived soils in the Cerrado of the Piauí State, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Diego Ferreira de Souza ◽  
Ronny Sobreira Barbosa ◽  
Yuri Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva ◽  
Márcio Cleto Soares de Moura ◽  
Romário Porto de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Exchangeable Bases ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This study characterized the morphological, physical and chemical attributes of sandstone-derived soils at the Cerrado of the Piauí State, Brazil, in order to identify evolutionary standards. The study was carried out with five representative soil profiles identified as P1-RY (Typical Flavic Psychotic Neosol - Aquents), P2-PA (Typical Dystrophic Yellow Argisol - Alfisol), P3-RL (Fragmentary Litholic Distrophic Neosol - Psammenit), P4-RQ (Typical Ortic Quartzenetic Neosol - Orthents) and P5-PV (Typical Dystrophic Red Argisol - Ultisol). Soil samples were submitted laboratory analysis described morphologically. In general, the soils presented high sand content, low pH, low content of exchangeable bases and low cation exchange capacity (CEC). Organic matter governed the CEC in most cases, suggesting dependence of organic matter in the supply of charges. These soils showed a low degree of weathering, but with iron of high crystallinity. Thus, the relief and the parent material are the major important soil-forming factors at the Cerrado of the Piauí State. Moreover, these soils are young, with the soils from the Piauí Formation being more evolved. However, the sandstones from the Canindé Group apparently are providing lithological secondary minerals for the soil.

scholarly journals Soil characteristics of a hyperseasonal cerrado compared to a seasonal cerrado and a floodplain grassland: implications for plant community structure

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (2b) ◽  
pp. 661-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Amorim ◽  
M. A. Batalha
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Cerrado Vegetation ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

Savannas may be divided according to their seasonality into semi-seasonal, seasonal, hyperseasonal, or marshy savannas. Hyperseasonal savannas are characterized by the alternation of two contrasting stresses during each annual cycle, one induced by drought and fire and the other, by waterlogging. In South America, the largest savanna region is the Brazilian cerrado, in which there are few hyperseasonal areas that become waterlogged in the rainy season. The cerrado soils are generally well drained, but in central Brazil there is a small cerrado area in which the soil is poorly drained and which becomes waterlogged in the middle of the rainy season, allowing the appearance of a hyperseasonal cerrado. As long as soil is important in the ecology of the cerrado vegetation, we asked whether the waterlogging in this hyperseasonal cerrado implied that there were differences in soil characteristics in relation to a seasonal cerrado, which is not waterlogged in the rainy season, and to a floodplain grassland, which remains waterlogged throughout the year. In each environment, we randomly selected ten points, in which we collected soil samples in the mid-rainy season for chemical and granulometric analyses. For all variables, we found significant differences among the three environments, at least at one of the depths. Nevertheless, when we took into account all the variables together, we observed that the soils under the hyperseasonal and seasonal cerrados were similar and both were different to the soil under the floodplain grassland. The soil under the floodplain grassland was related to larger amounts of clay, silt, organic matter, phosphorus, aluminium, aluminium saturation, cation exchange capacity, and sum of bases, whereas soils under hyperseasonal and seasonal cerrados were related to higher pH values, base saturation, calcium, magnesium, and sand. As long as the soil under both cerrados was chemically and physically similar, the duration of waterlogging in the hyperseasonal cerrado is not long enough to alter its soil characteristics. Limitations to the plants growing on the hyperseasonal cerrado soil must be a consequence of the direct effects of flooding. Since cerrado plant species are dryland ones, the hypoxia caused by waterlogging may limit the number of cerrado species able to withstand these conditions.

PROPRIETES DE QUELQUES SOLS RICHES EN GRAVIERS DANS LA REGION DE QUEBEC

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. RIVARD ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
Natural Fertility ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Total Exchange Capacity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Total Exchange

Twelve soil profiles, developed on gravelly parent material, have been sampled in the region of Quebec City and analyzed. Six profiles are developed on sandstones and shales whilst the six other profiles are formed on shales and mudstones. The shales, and to a lesser extent the sandstones, weathered readily to produce a large percentage of clay. Because of this, many B horizons with significant pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and Al do not meet the criteria for a Podzol B. The coarser than 2 mm material, which ranges in individual horizons from 14 to 82% in the first group of soils and from 0 to 84% in the second group, cannot be ignored as it contributes up to 69% of the total exchange capacity of the soil and therefore is important for the natural fertility of the soils. The differences between the stability of the gravel in air and in water also explain some of the problems in classifying these soils.

scholarly journals Contribution of ion-exchange transformation of the adsorbed complex of atmospheric aerosols to the formation of seawater salt composition

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-557
Author(s):  
V. S. Savenko ◽  
A. V. Savenko
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Salt Composition ◽  
Exchange Transformation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Adsorbed Complex ◽  
Total Exchange Capacity ◽  
Arid And Semiarid ◽  
Total Exchange

Data on the total exchange capacity and composition of the adsorbed complex of terrigenous aerosols generated in arid and semiarid regions of the earth were summarized. It was calculated that as a result of change in composition of the adsorbed complex of aerosols occurring during their interaction with seawater, 2.64–4.86 million tons/year of dissolved Ca2+ are additionally enters into the ocean and 2.45–4.51, 0.73–1.34, and 0.08–0.14 million tons/year of dissolved Na+, K+, and Mg2+, respectively, are removed.

scholarly journals The optimization of heterogeneous catalytic conditions in the direct alkylation of waste vegetable oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 192254
Author(s):  
Cheng-Long Gao ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Hong-Ze Gang ◽  
Jin-Feng Liu ◽  
Bo-Zhong Mu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Pyrolysis Product ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalytic ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Total Exchange Capacity ◽  
Total Exchange

Alkylated waste vegetable oil is a versatile intermediate product in the synthesis of bio-based materials. Heterogeneous catalytic condition with high conversion rate in the direct alkylation of waste vegetable oil was reported and the deactivation mechanism of catalyst was revealed. The total exchange capacity, elemental composition and pyrolysis product of catalyst before and after the alkylation reaction were analysed by back titration, elemental analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, gas chromatography mass spectrometry and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. The results indicated that the metallic and non-metallic (C, H) elements contents of the catalyst have very much increased with great changes in pyrolysis product and a slight decrease in the total exchange capacity. The formation of insoluble polymers through Diels–Alder cycloaddition between triglycerides was proved to be the major factor causing the dysfunction of the catalytic centre. The metal ions from corrosion of the reactor were the minor factor causing about 2.56% loss of the catalytic centre. Moreover, the catalyst was able to maintain high catalytic efficiency when replacing the raw materials with other waste vegetable oil having low concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is significant for producing not only the aryl fatty acids derivatives but also the bio-based surfactants.

The Determine of Sugar Beet Nutrition Problems in Konya Plain’s Soils

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Nesim Dursun ◽  
Sait Gezgin ◽  
Mehmet Musa Özcan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Sugar Beet Crop

Abstract This study was aimed to determine the deficiency or excessivity of nutrients for sugar beet crop in Konya plain. The results showed that the pH value was found as 7.65 and soils were classified as sodic; the organic matter was 1.59% and 92.9% of the soil samples was poor in terms of the organic matter. The mean lime content (CaCO3) was determined capacity was 26.07 and 97.1% of the soil samples was limy and the mean cation Exchange capacity was 26.07 me/100g, and it was varied between 10.72 me/100g and 44.7 me/100g. The mean available NH4+NO3 nitrogen content, phosphorus and potassium for crop were as 0.059%, 10.21 ppm and 1.39 me/100g, respectively. According to the these results, NH4+NO3 nitrogen and potassium amounts were sufficient while the phosphourus content was sufficient in 65.8% and insufficient in 34.2%. Cu and Mn content in soil samples were adequate. The sufficient amounts of Zn, B and Fe were 85.7%, 45.8% and 95.7% and their insufficient amounts were 14.53%, 54.2% and 4.3%, respectively. According to the result of leaf analyses, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sodium were sufficient. The deficiencies of iron, zinc and bor were found in 4.3%, 14.3% and 38.6% of the total samples, respectively.

The Mechanism of Absorption of Lignosulfonates On Clay Suspensions

1963 ◽  
Vol 3 (03) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. Jessen ◽  
C.A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Sodium Bentonite ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Total Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Suspensions ◽  
Total Exchange

Abstract The effect of treatment with ferrochrome lignosulfonate on both sodium and calcium bentonites has been examined. In the early stages of treatment it appears that some base exchange of iron and chromium for sodium may occur with the sodium bentonite. Such exchange appears specific for exchange of sodium ions when the calcium ion concentration represents 40 – 55 per cent of the total exchangeable cations, and when additions of lignosulfonate are less than 1 lb per bbl. Adsorption appears entirely physical above 1 lb per bbl treatment level for all concentrations of calcium studied.Gel strength and plastic viscosity of both calcium and sodium bentonite systems were reduced with treatments of ferrochrome lignosulfonate up to 2 lb per bbl, the greatest reduction occurring within a range of calcium concentration of 40 - 55 per cent of the total exchange capacity of the clay. Introduction The problem of control of viscosity and gel strength of drilling fluids by the action of thinners or dispersants has been studied by many investigators. In addition, much work has been done on formation of gel structure in clay suspensions. However, gel formation and structure still are incompletely understood, and the use of the various dispersing chemicals is based, to a large extent, on data almost entirely empirical in name. In recent years the lignosulfonates have become increasingly important in the treatment and control of drilling fluids. More specifically, ferrochrome lignosulfonate has found rather wide acceptance, particularly in calcium systems.Lignosulfonates are refined lignin products made from spent sulfite liquor from which the fermentable sugars have been removed. The exact structure of lignin is not known; however, it is believed to be a phenolic propane type polymer which may exist as a branched chain or cross linked structure. The molecular weights of lignosulfonates probably range from 300 to 100,000 or more.A better understanding of the mechanism of adsorption of dispersants is essential before improvement and development of characteristics of drilling fluids and drilling fluid control is possible. This investigation was undertaken to determine the action of ferrochrome lignosulfonate on sodium calcium montmorillonites. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION A Stormer viscosimeter and Fann V-G meter were used to measure viscosity and gel strength. A Zeiss spectrophotometer was used for analysis of Fe and Cr and the flame attachment was employed in the analysis of Na, Ca and Mg. A General Electric X-ray diffraction unit utilizing Copper Ka radiation and a Ni-filter was utilized in the X-ray studies. PROCEDURE Two systems were studied. Predominantly sodium clay, obtained from Wyoming, and a predominantly calcium clay from Texas were used. These particular samples were chosen because of the extensive work of characterization completed by Mungan. Ionic base exchange capacity determined by flame photometry and total exchange capacity by the Kjehldahl method were obtained experimentally. A 7-per cent suspension of the sodium clay and a 20-per cent suspension of the calcium clay in distilled water were prepared by mixing with a high-speed mixer. The suspensions were allowed to stand for two weeks for complete hydration. Calcium chloride was added to portions of the sodium and calcium clay suspensions to obtain suspensions varying in Ca++ concentration as shown in Table I.A series of treatments was run with 500-ml portions of the original suspensions using a ferrochrome lignosulfonate. Treatment was carried out in the same way with each of the suspensions of varying Ca concentration. Viscosity and gel strength were measured and a filtrate obtained at each treatment level. Ten ml of filtrate were diluted to 50 ml, and aliquot portions of the 50 ml were taken for the Na, Ca, and Mg analysis by the flame photometer. SPEJ P. 267^

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