scholarly journals Fusarium Species and their Association with Soybean Seed under Humid Tropical Conditions in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
P. R. Hepperly
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Low Incidence

Over 90% of all Fusarium isolates from 'Davis' soybeans in Corozal and lsabela, Puerto Rico, were identified as F. semitectum; 3 and 2% were identified as F. oxysporum and F. solani, respectively; and less than 1% each were identified as F. rigidusculum and F. episphaeria var. dimerum. F. semitectum comprised 32.6 and 24.8% of all fungal isolates from seed in Corozal and lsabela, respectively. F. semitectum infected soybean seed germinated 9.4% and 31.1% in seedlots from Corozal and lsabela, respectively. Seed infections of improved Pelican soybeans by F. semitectum were first detected during full green bean stage. Frequency of infection increased rapidly at and after yellow pod stage. In laboratory studies, after pods were incubated 5 days at 95% RH and 27°C, F. semitectum inoculated, wounded and inoculated, and nontreated detached full green pods showed 65, 100, and 9% seed viability losses, respectively. Lima bean pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) injury to soybean pods increased incidence of F. semitectum in intact seed and reduced seed germination and incidence of Phomopsis sp., compared to that found in noninjured pods. Naturally aborted soybean pods had a high incidence of F. semitectum (85%) and low incidence (less than 10%) of Collectotrichum dematium, Phomopsis sp., Botryodiploidia theobromae, and Alternaria tenuissima.

scholarly journals THE BEAN POD BORERS IN PUERTO RICO

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
L. B. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Maruca Testulalis ◽  
Phaseolus Lunatus ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Pod Borer ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Wild Legumes ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
The Cost

Three species of pod borers, Maruca testulalis (Geyer), Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke), and Fundella cistipennis (Dyar), were found commonly in 1985-36 infesting wild and cultivated leguminous plants in all parts of Puerto Rico. E. zinckenella and M. testulalis were about equally numerous, but the latter, because it confined its attacks almost entirely to cultivated plants, was by far the most important economically of the two. F. cistipennis was the least abundant of the three species, and although it was found largely in cultivated plants, it was much less destructive than either of the other species. In addition to various legume crops the insects attacked several wild legumes, particularly Crotalaria incana L., one of the Island's commonest Crotalarias, and Canavalia maritima (Aubl.) Thou., commonly called the bay been. Some wild legumes, such as the wild lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), and one of the commonest Crotalarias, (C. retusa L.), appeared to be highly resistant, if not inmune, to attack. The pod borers deposit their eggs on or near the blossoms and blossom buds, thereby assuring ample food for the newly hatched larvae. Most of the injured blossoms drop to the ground, and it is not uncommon to find hundreds of them on the ground under bean plants. Experiments conducted at Yauco, Isabela, and Mayagüez indicated that the pod borers could be successfully controlled by two 25-pound-per-acre applications of dust containing 80 percent of natural cryolite. Similar applications of pyrethrum dust were moderately effective, but the cost of the material was prohibitive. Dusts and sprays containing rotenone failed to provide satisfactory control. Observation of various varieties and types of lime beans indicated that the small-seeded lima bean, particularly the variety Carolina, was highly resistant to pod borer attack.

scholarly journals Diseases of Sugarcane and their Control in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-146
Author(s):  
Lii-Jang Liu ◽  
José Adsuar ◽  
Enrique Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Root Rots ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Disease Survey ◽  
Sugar Mills ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Methods Of Control

A sugarcane disease survey was conducted over different mill zones of Puerto Rico during the fall of 1969 and the spring of 1970. It covered the plantations of 10 sugar mills. The results obtained to date indicate that the diseases of major importance are ratoon stunting, chlorotic streak, pineapple disease, and root rot caused by a complex of Pythium, Fusarium and nematodes. The specific disease problems are identified in each area. Special attention was given to disease distribution, economic importance, and possible methods of control. Although in general low incidence of ratoon stunting was observed in commercial plantings, data obtained from previous variety tests indicate this malady to be potentially dangerous. Hot water treatment of seedpieces should be conducted to prevent its further spread. The significance of chlorotic streak disease as a factor in yield decline in Puerto Rico has not yet been completely evaluated. The high incidence of this disease, under present conditions, has given rise to concern. Pineapple disease caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa greatly affects the germination of P.R. 980, especially in areas with poor drainage. Root rots caused by Pythium, Fusarium and nematodes reduced germination of P.O.J. 2878 and H. 328560 by as much as 40 percent in poorly-drained areas.

scholarly journals THE LIMA BEAN POD-BORER CATERPILLARS OF PUERTO RICO

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-255
Author(s):  
George N. Wolcott
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Pod Borer

Resumen en inglés.

scholarly journals Bird and Rust Damage and Seed Molds in 30 Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench., Lines in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.

1969 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Claudio Feliciano ◽  
Paul R. Hepperly ◽  
Antonio Sotomayor-Ríos
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Colletotrichum Graminicola ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Rust Severity ◽  
Bird Damage

Thirty sorghum lines were evaluated under humid tropical conditions in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico in 1980. In order of importance, bird damage, seed molds, and rust were the major constraints to optimum yields and seed quality. Finches (Fringillidae) mostly Tiaris bicolor and black birds (Icteridae) mostly Quiscalus niger were the most common sorghum eating birds. Seed losses from birds varied from 0 to 97.3% depending on the sorghum line. The mean loss from birds over all lines was 50.7%. Only two sorghum lines, IS 7013 der (0%) and SC0414-12 (ADN 252) (3%) suffered less than 10% seed losses. Over all sorghum lines a strong positive correlation (r = 0.81**) was found between severity of bird damage and the length of the period between 50% flowering and 50% physiological maturity. A low correlation (r = 0.39*) was found between the 125-seed weight and the severity of bird attack. Twentyfive genera of fungi were found on sorghum seeds. Clean seed frequency (seeds without signs of fungi) was highly correlated with seed germination in in vitro tests (r = 0.89**). During delayed harvest, visible mold on seeds increased markedly. Significant losses in seed germination were found at 1 and 2 weeks delayed harvest. Seeds infected with Fusarium moniliforme and Curvularia lunata were 60% lower in viability than noninfected seeds. Phoma spp. and Nigrospora sp. were associated with 20 to 40% reductions in seed viability. Colletotrichum graminicola did not lower seed viability of infected seeds. Sorghum rust severity varied from 0.6 to 46.6% among lines. All but 6 lines showed rust severity of less than 15%. Over all lines there was no significant correlation between rust severity and yield. Six rust susceptible lines (15 to 46.6% rust severity) yielded 63.8% ± 22.6 g/m2, whereas 6 of the most resistant lines (rust severity of less than 3%) yielded 126.6 ± 46.4 g/m2. Based on pest resistance, rapid grain fill and yield, IS 12610 der, IS 12661 der, and SCO(414-12) (ADN 252) appear to be excellent candidates for further testing at Mayagüez. In avoiding seed pests, sorghum lines appeared to benefit from a rapid germination and emergence, a comparatively long vegetative growth period, and a short uniform grain filling period.

scholarly journals Relative susceptibility of Crotalaria spp. to attack by Etiella zinckenella in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Alejandro E. Segarra-Carmona ◽  
Pedro Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Patch Size ◽  
Lima Bean ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Early Literature ◽  
Relative Susceptibility ◽  
Pod Borer

Four Crotalaria species were found attacked by the lima bean pod borer Etiella zinckenella (Treit.) in Puerto Rico: C. pallida, C. anagyroides, C. zanzibarica and C. incana. Non-susceptible species were C. retusa, C. stipularia and C. lanceolata. Early literature observations on the effect of soil characteristics (pH, soil penetrability, and organic matter) on attack rates of this borer to C. pallida could not be confirmed on the basis of field observations. Only plant patch size seemed to be positively correlated with attack rates. Female oviposition patterns are discussed. Oviposition on C. pallida field collected pods was restricted to green pods larger than 3.2 cm. No eggs were found on senescent pods.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and risk assessment of toxic metals in agricultural soils from endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma region in South China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 568-579
Author(s):  
Liping Mo ◽  
Yongzhang Zhou ◽  
Gnanachandrasamy Gopalakrishnana ◽  
Xingyuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
South China ◽  
Toxic Metals ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Pollution Indices ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Low Incidence

AbstractSihui city (South China) is much affected by nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). To investigate the relationships between the toxic metals in soil and NPC incidence in Sihui, 119 surface soil samples were collected from agricultural fields and analyzed. The soil As–Cr contents in Longjiang (high-incidence area) are significantly lower than those in Weizheng and Jianglin (low-incidence areas), whereas the soil Pb content in Longjiang is significantly higher than that in Weizheng. The Nemerow pollution indices (PIN) of soils decrease in the order of Jianglin > Weizheng > Longjiang. The enrichment factor (EF) of Cd indicates that the Cd enrichment is contributed by human activities. Potential toxic metal-related ecological risk values decrease in the order of Jianglin > Weizheng > Longjiang. The mean hazard index (HI) value of Longjiang was lower than those of Weizheng and Jianglin. There are no adverse noncarcinogenic health effects of soil toxic metals to adults in the study areas. Carcinogenic risks of As and Cr via ingestion and dermal contact and total carcinogenic risk are within the warning range, from 10−6 to 10−4. Hence, we suggest that toxic metals in the soil may not be major geochemical carcinogenic factors of high NPC incidence in Sihui.

scholarly journals Could MicroRNAs Be Useful Tools to Improve the Diagnosis and Treatment of Rare Gynecological Cancers? A Brief Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3822
Author(s):  
Riccardo Di Fiore ◽  
Sherif Suleiman ◽  
Francesca Pentimalli ◽  
Sharon A. O’Toole ◽  
John J. O’Leary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Germ Cell Tumors ◽  
Delayed Diagnosis ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Gynecological Cancers ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Diagnosis Therapy ◽  
Malignant Germ Cell Tumors

Gynecological cancers pose an important public health issue, with a high incidence among women of all ages. Gynecological cancers such as malignant germ-cell tumors, sex-cord-stromal tumors, uterine sarcomas and carcinosarcomas, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, vulvar carcinoma and melanoma of the female genital tract, are defined as rare with an annual incidence of <6 per 100,000 women. Rare gynecological cancers (RGCs) are associated with poor prognosis, and given the low incidence of each entity, there is the risk of delayed diagnosis due to clinical inexperience and limited therapeutic options. There has been a growing interest in the field of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs of ∼22 nucleotides in length, because of their potential to regulate diverse biological processes. miRNAs usually induce mRNA degradation and translational repression by interacting with the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of target mRNAs, as well as other regions and gene promoters, as well as activating translation or regulating transcription under certain conditions. Recent research has revealed the enormous promise of miRNAs for improving the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of all major gynecological cancers. However, to date, only a few studies have been performed on RGCs. In this review, we summarize the data currently available regarding RGCs.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Mimicking Lung Cancer and Metastasis Radiologically- A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harveen Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy ◽  
Presumptive Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Pulmonary Infiltration ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Tuberculosis (TB) is known to mimic several clinical conditions, especially malignancy. Pulmonary TB can present with pulmonary infiltration with or without mediastinal lymphadenopathy. TB often gets misdiagnosed in the countries having a low incidence of TB with a high incidence of lung cancer and varying clinical presentations, which results in delay in treatment initiation and unnecessary diagnostic procedures. We present a case of a 52-year old female, with a presumptive diagnosis of malignancy, which was subsequently proved as pulmonary tuberculosis with no evidence of malignancy instead.

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