scholarly journals Sapphire: A Configurable Crypto-Processor for Post-Quantum Lattice-based Protocols

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utsav Banerjee ◽  
Tenzin S. Ukyab ◽  
Anantha P. Chandrakasan
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Public Key Cryptography ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Modular Arithmetic ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Low Power Cmos

Public key cryptography protocols, such as RSA and elliptic curve cryptography, will be rendered insecure by Shor’s algorithm when large-scale quantum computers are built. Cryptographers are working on quantum-resistant algorithms, and lattice-based cryptography has emerged as a prime candidate. However, high computational complexity of these algorithms makes it challenging to implement lattice-based protocols on low-power embedded devices. To address this challenge, we present Sapphire – a lattice cryptography processor with configurable parameters. Efficient sampling, with a SHA-3-based PRNG, provides two orders of magnitude energy savings; a single-port RAM-based number theoretic transform memory architecture is proposed, which provides 124k-gate area savings; while a low-power modular arithmetic unit accelerates polynomial computations. Our test chip was fabricated in TSMC 40nm low-power CMOS process, with the Sapphire cryptographic core occupying 0.28 mm2 area consisting of 106k logic gates and 40.25 KB SRAM. Sapphire can be programmed with custom instructions for polynomial arithmetic and sampling, and it is coupled with a low-power RISC-V micro-processor to demonstrate NIST Round 2 lattice-based CCA-secure key encapsulation and signature protocols Frodo, NewHope, qTESLA, CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium, achieving up to an order of magnitude improvement in performance and energy-efficiency compared to state-of-the-art hardware implementations. All key building blocks of Sapphire are constant-time and secure against timing and simple power analysis side-channel attacks. We also discuss how masking-based DPA countermeasures can be implemented on the Sapphire core without any changes to the hardware.

scholarly journals An Ultra-Low-Power CMOS Supercapacitor Storage Unit for Energy Harvesting Applications

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 2097
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Gogolou ◽  
Konstantinos Kozalakis ◽  
Eftichios Koutroulis ◽  
Gregory Doumenis ◽  
Stylianos Siskos
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Energy Conditions ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Storage Unit ◽  
Ultra Low Power ◽  
Low Power Cmos

This work presents an ultra-low-power CMOS supercapacitor storage unit suitable for a plethora of low-power autonomous applications. The proposed unit exploits the unregulated voltage output of harvesting circuits (i.e., DC-DC converters) and redirects the power to the storage elements and the working loads. Being able to adapt to the input energy conditions and the connected loads' supply demands offers extended survival to the system with the self-startup operation and voltage regulation. A low-complexity control unit is implemented which is composed of power switches, comparators and logic gates and is able to supervise two supercapacitors, a small and a larger one, as well as a backup battery. Two separate power outputs are offered for external load connection which can be controlled by a separate unit (e.g., microcontroller). Furthermore, user-controlled parameters such as charging and discharging supercapacitor voltage thresholds, provide increased versatility to the system. The storage unit was designed and fabricated in a 0.18 um standard CMOS process and operates with ultra-low current consumption of 432 nA at 2.3 V. The experimental results validate the proper operation of the overall structure.

Design Methodologies for Low-Power CMOS Operational Amplifiers in a 0.25¿m Digital CMOS Process

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Cesar B. Albason ◽  
Neil Michael L. Axalan ◽  
Maria Theresa A. Gusad ◽  
John Richard E. Hizon ◽  
Marc D. Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Operational Amplifiers ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Digital Cmos ◽  
Design Methodologies ◽  
Low Power Cmos ◽  
Cmos Operational Amplifiers

scholarly journals Reversible logic in pipelined low power vedic multiplier

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 1265
Author(s):  
Ansiya Eshack ◽  
S. Krishnakumar
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optical Computing ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Reversible Logic ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Scale Integration

<span>With an ever growing demand for low-power devices, it is a general trend to search for ways to reduce the power consumption of a system. Multipliers are an important requirement in applications linked to Digital Signal Processing, Communication Systems, Optical Computing, Nanotechnology, Low-Power Very Large Scale Integration and Quantum Computing. Conventional mathematics makes multiplication a very long and time consuming process. The use of Vedic mathematics has led to great reduction in the time required for such calculations. The excessive use of Urdhava Tiryakbhyam sutra in multiplication surely proves its effectiveness and simplicity in this domain. This sutra supports the process of pipelining, a method employed in reduction of the power used by a system. Reversible logic has been gaining demand due to its low-power capabilities and is currently being used in many computing applications. The paper proposes two multiplier systems: one design employs the Urdhava Tiryakbhyam sutra along with pipelining and the second uses reversible logic gates into the first design. These proposed systems provide very less delay for result computation and low hardware utilization when compared to non-pipelined Vedic multipliers.</span>

Optoelectronic CMOS Transistors: Performance Advantages for Sub-7nm ULSI, RF ASIC, Memories, and Power MOSFETs

MRS Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (48) ◽  
pp. 2585-2591
Author(s):  
James N. Pan
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Series Resistance ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Output Current ◽  
Process Flow ◽  
Power Mosfets ◽  
Cmos Transistors ◽  
Low Power Cmos

AbstractSubstantial increase of output current, and Ion / Ioff ratio for sub-7nm low power CMOS transistors, can be accomplished using a novel optoelectronic technology, which is 100% compatible with existing CMOS process flow. For RF or mixed signal ASICs, adding photonic components may improve the cut-off frequency, and reduce series resistance. Products that utilize power regulating devices, such as power MOSFETs, will benefit from the optoelectronic configuration to achieve much lower Rdson and high voltage at the same time. For semiconductor memories, such as DRAM or FLASH, the photonic technique may reduce the ERASE / WRITE / access time and improve the reliability.

Design and verification of a 10-bit 1.2-V 100-MSPS D/A IP core based on a 0.13-μm low power CMOS process

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 095007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Bulu ◽  
Shao Bowen ◽  
Lin Xia ◽  
Yi Wei ◽  
Liu Yun
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Ip Core ◽  
Low Power Cmos

Low-power CMOS LNA based on dual resistive-feedback structure with peaking inductor for wideband application

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Ting Hsu ◽  
Shih-Yu Hsu ◽  
Yu-Hwa Lin
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Noise Figure ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
Output Stage ◽  
Chip Area ◽  
Inductive Peaking ◽  
Resistive Feedback ◽  
Low Power Cmos ◽  
Noise Amplifier

This paper presents a low-power and low-noise amplifier (LNA) with resistive-feedback configuration. The design consists of two resistive-feedback amplifiers. In order to reduce the chip area, a resistive-feedback inverter is adopted for input matching. The output stage adopts basic topology of an RC feedback for output matching, and adds two inductors for inductive peaking at the high band. The implemented LNA has a peak gain of 10.5 dB, the input reflection coefficient S11 is lower than −8 dB and the output reflection S22 is lower than −10.8 dB, and noise figure of 4.2–5.2 dB is between 1 and 10 GHz while consuming 12.65 mW from a 1.5 V supply. The chip area is only 0.69 mm2 and the figure of merit is 6.64 including the area estimation. The circuit was fabricated in a TSMC 0.18 um CMOS process.

CHARACTERIZATION, TEST AND LOGIC SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL CONSERVATIVE AND REVERSIBLE LOGIC GATES FOR QCA

2010 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 201-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
KUNAL DAS ◽  
DEBASHIS DE
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Symmetric Functions ◽  
Logic Gate ◽  
Logic Synthesis ◽  
Vlsi Design ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Reversible Logic ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Scale Integration

Quantum dot cellular automaton (QCA) is an emerging technology in the field of nanotechnology. Reversible logic is emerging as a promising computing paradigm with applications in low-power quantum computing and QCA in the field of very large scale integration (VLSI) design. In this paper, we worked on conservative logic gate (CLG) and reversible logic gate (RLG). We examined that RLG and CLG are two classes of logic family intersecting each other. The intersection of RLG and CLG is parity preserving reversible (PPR) or conservative reversible logic gate (CRLG). We proposed in this paper, three algorithms to find different k × k RLG as well as CLG. Here, we demonstrate only the most promising two proposed gates of different categories. We compared the results with that of the previous Fredkin gate. The result shows that logic synthesis using above two gates will be a promising step towards the low-power QCA design era. We have shown a parity preserving approach to design all possible CLG. We also discuss a coupled Majority–minority-Voter (MmV) in a single nanostructure, dual outputs are driven simultaneously. This MmV gate is used for implementing n variables symmetric functions, testing the conservative gates as we explained that parity must be preserved if Majority and Minority output are same as input as well as output of CLG.

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