scholarly journals Isolation of Sludge Protein from Skin Fleshing Wastes by Alkaline Hydrolysis and Determining its Effects as a Fertilizer on Growth of Some Nursery Plants: A Step Towards Tanneries Waste Utilization in Pakistan.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beena Zehra ◽  
Hafiz Rub Nawaz ◽  
Barkat Ali Solangi ◽  
Uzma Nadeem
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Waste Utilization ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Leather Processing ◽  
Leaf Yellowing ◽  
Reference Plants ◽  
Wet Weight

During Leather Processing, Skin Fleshing Wastes (SFW) are usually disposed of in an open area which creates toxic hazards. In this study, (SFW) from tanneries have been hydrolyzed using two alkalis Potassium hydroxide ( 2g/ 100g of SFW ) and Sodium hydroxide ( 4g/100g of SFW) with a sufficient amount of water at 2300 F in Autoclave for two hours. Three resultant fractions fats and oil (approximately 240 g Kg-1 ), protein (approximately 554 g Kg-1 ) and sludge containing a high amount of ashes (approximately 900 g Kg-1 ) were successfully isolated respectively. The yield of fractions was calculated on the wet weight of SFW used after the removal of lime using ammonium sulphate. In this study, the isolated third fraction Fleshing Sludge (FS) from the hydrolyzed fleshing wastes used fertilizer on the six different plants on growth commonly named Ghobi, Cran Dola, Patunia, Placus, Dentist and Dalia. The observations were taken during 30 days of incubation, at the usual temperature. The application of FS in plants observed that growth was enhanced in significant proportion as compare to reference plants supplemented with commercial fertilizer except in the Ghobi sample PS1 which shows some phytotoxicity confirmed by leaf yellowing. The results revealed that the applied sludge has no adverse effect on the growth of other experimental plants. Results were taken by measuring plants according to standard methods

scholarly journals Preparation and properties of biodegradable cat litter produced from cassava (Manihot esculenta L. Crantz) trunk

2021 ◽  
Vol 302 ◽  
pp. 02017
Author(s):  
Nistha Saikeaw ◽  
Vilai Rungsardthong ◽  
Peerapong Pornwongthong ◽  
Savitri Vatanyoopaisarn ◽  
Benjawan Thumthanaruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Wet Weight

Organic based cat litter becomes more and more popular in many countries including Thailand because of the concern on environmental and health impacts in cats and cat owners. Most of the cat litter sold in Thailand is manufactured and imported from abroad. Cassava trunk pith, the stele of cassava trunk, is the biomass obtained from agricultural waste which presents excellent water absorption. Thus, the purpose of this article was to investigate the preparation of the biodegradable cat litter from cassava trunk pith. The composition of cassava trunk pith was analyzed by standard methods. The preparation of the cat litter was performed by mixing cassava trunk pith with the binder (glycerol, and palm oil) at the ratio 49.7:40.0 by weight. The effects of two clumping agents, guar gum and xanthan gum at 5-15%, on the properties of cat litter were determined. The cassava trunk pith consisted of cellulose (47.12%), lignin (30.18%), hemicellulose (14.07%), extractives (5.69%) and ash (2.94%) by wet weight basic. The litter from all formulations obtained a high rating scale for clump strength with the use of palm oil. The addition of guar gum, and xanthan gum as a clumping agent resulted to the products with desirable physical properties. These results demonstrated that cassava trunk pith has a high potential for product development as biodegradable cat litter.

scholarly journals Quantification of fecal carbohydrates by near-infrared reflectance analysis

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Stein ◽  
B Purschian ◽  
S Zeuzem ◽  
B Lembcke ◽  
W F Caspary
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Sample Handling ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Reflectance Analysis ◽  
Wet Weight

Abstract Established methods for quantitative analysis of fecal carbohydrates (CHO) are time consuming, require unpopular sample handling, and are therefore rarely performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency, validity, and practicability of near-infrared reflectance analysis (NIRA), compared with standard methods for measurement of fecal CHO. Excretion of fecal CHO was cross- validated spectrophotometrically with the anthrone method. Fecal CHO concentrations ranged form 2.7 to 24.5 g/kg wet weight. Methods comparison showed linear regression over the entire range of diagnostic relevance with a correlation coefficient of 0.869 (S(y/x) +/- 0.31). Repeated measurements from the same stool collections obviated the need for homogenization. These results indicate that NIRA may be a new, reliable, and accurate test in the diagnosis of CHO malabsorption.

3-D reconstruction of molecular shape from microcrystal thin sections

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 748-749
Author(s):  
S. Cusack ◽  
J.-C. Jésior
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Molecular Shape ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Fourier Space ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

Three-dimensional reconstruction techniques using electron microscopy have been principally developed for application to 2-D arrays (i.e. monolayers) of biological molecules and symmetrical single particles (e.g. helical viruses). However many biological molecules that crystallise form multilayered microcrystals which are unsuitable for study by either the standard methods of 3-D reconstruction or, because of their size, by X-ray crystallography. The grid sectioning technique enables a number of different projections of such microcrystals to be obtained in well defined directions (e.g. parallel to crystal axes) and poses the problem of how best these projections can be used to reconstruct the packing and shape of the molecules forming the microcrystal.Given sufficient projections there may be enough information to do a crystallographic reconstruction in Fourier space. We however have considered the situation where only a limited number of projections are available, as for example in the case of catalase platelets where three orthogonal and two diagonal projections have been obtained (Fig. 1).

Ultrastructural Localization of Phycocyanin in the Acidophilic, Thermophilic Alga, Cyanidium Caldarium

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
M. R. Edwards ◽  
J. D. Mainwaring
Keyword(s):  
Yellowstone National Park ◽  
National Park ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Cyanidium Caldarium ◽  
Taxonomic Rank ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Laboratory Cultures

Although the general ultrastructure of Cyanidium caldarium, an acidophilic, thermophilic alga of questionable taxonomic rank, has been extensively studied (see review of literature in reference 1), some peculiar ultrastructural features of the chloroplast of this alga have not been noted by other investigators.Cells were collected and prepared for thin sections at the Yellowstone National Park and were also grown in laboratory cultures (45-52°C; pH 2-5). Fixation (glutaraldehyde-osmium), dehydration (ethanol), and embedding (Epon 812) were accomplished by standard methods. Replicas of frozenfracture d- etched cells were obtained in a Balzers apparatus. In addition, cells were examined after disruption in a French Press.

A Device for Magnification Measurement

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 622-623
Author(s):  
J.A. Eades ◽  
A. van Dun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Small Displacement ◽  
Private Communication ◽  
Piezoelectric Crystal ◽  
Double Exposure ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Elegant Method ◽  
The Right ◽  
Piezo Electric

The measurement of magnification in the electron microscope is always troublesome especially when a goniometer stage is in use, since there can be wide variations from calibrated values. One elegant method (L.M.Brown, private communication) of avoiding the difficulties of standard methods would be to fit a device which displaces the specimen a small but known distance and recording the displacement by a double exposure. Such a device would obviate the need for changing the specimen and guarantee that the magnification was measured under precisely the conditions used.Such a small displacement could be produced by any suitable transducer mounted in one of the specimen translation mechanisms. In the present case a piezoelectric crystal was used. Modern synthetic piezo electric ceramics readily give reproducible displacements in the right range for quite modest voltages (for example: Joyce and Wilson, 1969).

The use of a Bent Grid to Improve the take-Off Angle for Electron Probe Analysis

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 360-361
Author(s):  
Delbert E. Philpott ◽  
David Leaffer
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Count Rate ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Electron Probe Analysis ◽  
Background Ratio ◽  
Probe Analysis

There are certain advantages for electron probe analysis if the sample can be tilted directly towards the detector. The count rate is higher, it optimizes the geometry since only one angle need be taken into account for quantitative analysis and the signal to background ratio is improved. The need for less tilt angle may be an advantage because the grid bars are not moved quite as close to each other, leaving a little more open area for observation. Our present detector (EDAX) and microscope (Philips 300) combination precludes moving the detector behind the microscope where it would point directly at the grid. Therefore, the angle of the specimen was changed in order to optimize the geometry between the specimen and the detector.

3H-galactose and 3H-glucose incorporation into newly synthesized hepatic glycogen in control-fed rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 292-293
Author(s):  
J.E. Michaels ◽  
S.A. Garfield ◽  
J.T. Hung ◽  
S.S. Smith ◽  
R.R. Cardell
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Tail Vein ◽  
Tracer Dose ◽  
Glucose Incorporation ◽  
Wet Weight

3H-galactose (gal) and 3H-glucose (glu) were compared to determine which compound was preferable for pulse labeling newly formed hepatic glycogen. Control fed rats were used to achieve substantial and consistent levels of hepatic glycogen and to stimulate glycogen synthesis.Rats fed once daily for 4 hr achieved hepatic glycogen levels > 3% wet weight liver prior to injection by tail vein of a tracer dose of 3H-gal or 3H-glu. The rats were sacrificed 15-120 min later and liver was prepared by routine techniques for light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) radioautography (RAG) and biochemical analysis.

Information-Seeking on the Internet

Crisis ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod Singaravelu ◽  
Anne Stewart ◽  
Joanna Adams ◽  
Sue Simkin ◽  
Keith Hawton
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Young People ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Specific Advice ◽  
Restriction Sites ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Negative Tone

Abstract. Background: The Internet is used by young people at risk of self-harm to communicate, find information, and obtain support. Aims: We aimed to identify and analyze websites potentially accessed by these young people. Method: Six search terms, relating to self-harm/suicide and depression, were input into four search engines. Websites were analyzed for access, content/purpose, and tone. Results: In all, 314 websites were included in the analysis. Most could be accessed without restriction. Sites accessed by self-harm/suicide search terms were mostly positive or preventive in tone, whereas sites accessed by the term ways to kill yourself tended to have a negative tone. Information about self-harm methods was common with specific advice on how to self-harm in 15.8% of sites, encouragement of self-harm in 7.0%, and evocative images of self-harm/suicide in 20.7%. Advice on how to get help was given in 56.1% of sites. Conclusion: Websites relating to suicide or self-harm are easily accessed. Many sites are potentially helpful. However, a significant proportion of sites are potentially harmful through normalizing or encouraging self-harm. Enquiry regarding Internet use should be routinely included while assessing young people at risk.

Searching Online for Methods of Suicide

Crisis ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Christian Ulrich Eriksen ◽  
Flemming Konradsen ◽  
Thilde Vildekilde
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
Online Content ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Methods Of Suicide

Abstract. Background: Information on methods of suicide is available online, and access to information on methods of suicide appears to contribute to a small but significant proportion of suicides. There is limited documentation of how methods of suicide are being profiled, as well as what content exists in other languages than English. Aim: We aimed to analyze and compare how methods of suicide are profiled on Danish and English-language websites. Method: We applied a categorization and content analysis of websites describing methods of suicide. Sites were retrieved by applying widely used Danish and English-language search terms. Results: A total of 136 English-language websites and 106 Danish-language websites were included for analysis. Websites were more often categorized as prevention or support sites, academic or policy sites, and against suicide sites than dedicated suicide sites (i.e., pro-suicide sites), or information sites. However, information on methods of suicide was available, and 20.1% and 8.9% of the English and Danish-language sites, respectively, suggested that a particular method of suicide was quick, easy, painless, or certain to result in death. Limitations: Only one author coded and analyzed all websites. A further operationalization of the content analysis checklist is warranted to increase reliability. Conclusion: The websites primarily had a prevention or anti-suicide focus, but information on methods of suicide was available, requiring an increased focus on how to diminish the negative effects of harmful online content.

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