scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING THE ETIOPATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF RENAL CALCULI

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2740-2745
Author(s):  
Harsh Sharma ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Sharma ◽  
Dinesh Chandra Sharma ◽  
Vinod Meena
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
The United States ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nucleation Theory ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Waste Products

Calculus (Stone) is a polycrystalline aggregate made up of different quantities of the crystalloid and organic matrix. Urine calculus is a stone-like formation made up of urine salts held together by a colloid matrix or organic elements. It has a nucleus or nidus around which concentric layers of urinary salts are formed, giving it a stone-like appear- ance. Urolithiasis (from Greek oûron, "urine," and lithos, "stone") is a urinary system pathology in which urinary crystalloids clump together anywhere in the urinary tract, from the kidney to the bladder. The kidneys play a critical role in excreting waste products from the body, but various problems can disrupt the urinary system's crucial activ- ities and cause illnesses, one of which is urolithiasis. Urinary calculi are worldwide in distribution but are particu- larly common in some geographic locations such as in parts of the United States, South Africa, India and South- East Asia. Renal calculi are characterised clinically by colicky pain (renal colic) as they pass down along the ureter and manifest by haematuria. This article focuses on the etiopathogenesis of Renal Stone, predisposing factors, and its pathophysiology for a better understanding of the disease so that its formation can be prevented, and the formed calculi can be treated with better knowledge. Keywords: Urinary Stones, Oxalates, Predisposing factors: urinary crystalloids, Hyperoxaluria, Hypercalciuria, Super-Saturation Theory, Nucleation Theory, Randall’s plaque

Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome and Role of Cholesterol in Autism

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geeta Sarphare ◽  
Ryan Lee ◽  
Elaine Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
The Body ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Embryonic And Fetal Development ◽  
Opitz Syndrome ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Cholesterol is manufactured throughout the body, but predominantly in the liver, and is essential for many metabolic processes. Cholesterol plays a critical role in forming membranes and myelin sheaths and is a precursor molecule for the synthesis of steroid hormones, neuroactive steroids, oxysterols, and vitamin D. It is also essential in the production of bile acids, which in turn helps the body absorb cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins. Cholesterol is essential in embryonic and fetal development and is also critical in regulating lipid raft processes such as signaling and trafficking (Korade & Kenworthy, 2008). Cholesterol biosynthesis begins with the formation of squalene and ends with the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) into cholesterol by the enzyme 7DHC reductase, and then its spontaneous isomer, 8-dehydrocholesterol (8DHC). Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS, Mendelian Inheritance in Man #270400) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to an inborn error of cholesterol biosynthesis (Elias et al., 1993; Irons, Elias, Salen, Tint, & Batta, 1993; Tint et al., 1994). Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome has an estimated incidence among individuals of European ancestry in Canada and the United States of 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 60,000 births (Bzdúch, Behulova, & Skodova, 2000; Lowry & Yong, 1980; Opitz, 1999; Ryan, Bartlett, Clayton, Eaton, Mills, Donnai, & Burn, 1998) and a carrier frequency of 1 in 30 to 1 in 50 (Nowaczyk & Waye, 2001).

scholarly journals Bodies in Confinement: Negotiating Queer, Gender Nonconforming, and Transwomen’s Gender and Sexuality behind Bars

Laws ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Francisco
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Transgender Identity ◽  
Knowledge Support

The criminal punishment system plays a critical role in the production of race, gender, and sexuality in the United States. The regulation of marginalized women’s bodies—transwomen, butches, and lesbians—in confinement reproduces cis-heteronormativity. Echoing the paternalistic claims of protection that have inspired “bathroom bills,” gender-segregated prison facilities have notoriously condemned transwomen prisoners to men’s prisons for the “safety” of women’s prisons, constructing cisgender women as “at risk” of sexual assault and transgender women as “risky”, overlooking the reality of transwomen as the most at risk of experience sexual violence in prisons. Prisons use legal and medical constructions of gender that pathologize transgender identity in order to legitimize health concerns; for example, the mutilation of the body in an effort to remove unwanted genitalia as evidence to warrant a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, or later gender dysphoria. This construction of transgender identity as a medical condition that warrants treatment forces prisoners to pathologize their gender identity in order to access adequate gender-affirming care. By exploring the writings of queer and trans prisoners, we can glean how heteronormativity structures gender and sexuality behind bars and discover how trans prisoners work to assemble knowledge, support, and resources toward survival.

Nephrolithiasis (Hisat-E-Kulyah) and Its Management: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-511
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asif Khan ◽  
Mehjabeen Fatimah ◽  
Saiyad Shah Alam
Keyword(s):  
Renal Colic ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Renal Stones ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Flank Pain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Abdomen ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Acute Renal Colic

Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common health problems that affect approximately 15 % population worldwide and about 2.3% population of India. Most (75% to 80%) kidney stones are calcium stones, composed of calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate. These stones are generally associated with high concentration of calcium in the blood or urine. The classical features of renal colic are sudden severe pain. It is usually caused by the stones in the kidney, renal pelvis or ureter, causing dilatation, stretching and spasm of the ureter. Pain starts in the loin about the level of the costovertebral angle. Typical symptoms of acute renal colic are intermittent colicky flank pain that may radiate to the lower abdomen or groin, often associated with nausea and vomiting. Many stones are asymptomatic and discovered during investigations for other conditions. Small urinary calculi pass out of the body without any clinical intervention. According to Jaleenoos (Galen) renal stones are formed when rooh (gaseous matter) is trapped in the spaces of the kidney and consolidates to form hard substances. Another cause of renal calculi is ulceration of the kidney, in which pus accumulates and solidifies, thereby forming renal stones or at least establishing a nidus for the formation of stones. Avicenna contends that the persistence of “morbid matter” in the urinary tract is instrumental in the formation of ghaliz madda (viscid matter). In Unani system of medicine the main aim of management for nephrolithiasis is to make morbid and abnormal humors easily extractible from the body through the excretory system. This paper will deal with the literature, clinical aspect and management of the Nephrolithiasis in Unani System of Medicine

A REVIEW ON UROLITHIASIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh Kumar Sharma ◽  
Umesh Kumar Gilhotra
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Kidney Stones ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Urinary Calculi ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Grape Juice ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Renal Surgery ◽  
Extracorporeal Shock Wave

Urolithiasis is the urinary disorder characterized by formation of stone in the urinary tract, urinary bladder and kidneys. Urolithiasis is considered to be a risk of urinary incontinence and may be associated with urinary incontinence. A urinary stone commonly occurs in males and are calculated on the basis of their mineral composition. Approximately 80% of urinary stones composed as calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate. Urinary calculi can cause disruption to the urinary system, hydrophoresis, infections and bleeding. Root stone formation is the result of several mechanisms. Whereas exceeding supersaturation (i.e. free stone formation) is the cause of uric acid or cystine calculi, infection stones result from bacterial metabolism. Renal calculi can be broadly classified in two large groups: tissue attached and unattached. Components in diet increase the risk of stone formation include low intake of fluid and animal protein, sodium, sugar and syrup high corn fruit, oxalate, grape juice, apple juice and cola drinks.   Vegetarian diets, spices and liquids may be helpful in treating and prevention and kidney stones. Therefore, the best way to prevent kidney stones is to consume a lot of water and a magnesium rich vegan. Common medications used to prevent urolithiasis do not work for all patients, and many have adverse effects that endanger their long-term use.  Managing today's urolithiasis with open renal surgery is unusual and rarely used, only by the introduction of Extracorporeal Shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is useful but it is expensive. Herbs and herbal medicines have created interest among people with its clinically proven effects such as immunomodulation and antimutagenic. Also, abusing synthetic drugs due to serious side effects of the drug has allowed humans to return to nature for safe treatment. Kew words: hydrophoresis, Urolithiasis

Bilingual and Monolingual Students' Perceptions of the CSD Major: A Qualitative Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora Keshishian ◽  
Rebecca Wiseheart
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
School Setting ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bilingual Students ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Diverse Environment ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Areas Of Interest

There is a growing demand for bilingual services in speech-language pathology and audiology. To meet this growing demand, and given their critical role in the recruitment of more bilingual professionals, higher education institutions need to know more about bilingual students' impression of Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) as a major. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate bilingual and monolingual undergraduate students' perceptions of the CSD major. One hundred and twenty-two students from a large university located in a highly multicultural metropolitan area responded to four open-ended questions aimed at discovering students' major areas of interest (and disinterest) as well as their motivations for pursuing a degree in CSD. Consistent with similar reports conducted outside the United States, students from this culturally diverse environment indicated choosing the major for altruistic reasons. A large percentage of participants were motivated by a desire to work with children, but not in a school setting. Although 42% of the participants were bilingual, few indicated an interest in taking an additional course in bilingual studies. Implications of these findings as well as practical suggestions for the recruitment of bilingual students are discussed.

Updating long-held assumptions about fat stigma: For women, body shape plays a critical role

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimie Krems ◽  
Steven L. Neuberg
Keyword(s):  
Body Shape ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Theoretical Assumption ◽  
Obesity Stigma ◽  
Obese Female ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Female Bodies ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Fat Stigma

Heavier bodies—particularly female bodies—are stigmatized. Such fat stigma is pervasive, painful to experience, and may even facilitate weight gain, thereby perpetuating the obesity-stigma cycle. Leveraging research on functionally distinct forms of fat (deposited on different parts of the body), we propose that body shape plays an important but largely underappreciated role in fat stigma, above and beyond fat amount. Across three samples varying in participant ethnicity (White and Black Americans) and nation (U.S., India), patterns of fat stigma reveal that, as hypothesized, participants differently stigmatized equally-overweight or -obese female targets as a function of target shape, sometimes even more strongly stigmatizing targets with less rather than more body mass. Such findings suggest value in updating our understanding of fat stigma to include body shape and in querying a predominating, but often implicit, theoretical assumption that people simply view all fat as bad (and more fat as worse).

Building America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean H. Baker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Water System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Early American ◽  
Transatlantic Exchange ◽  
The Us ◽  
Private Homes

Building America: The Life of Benjamin Henry Latrobe is a biography of America’s first professionally trained architect and engineer. Born in 1764, Latrobe was raised in Moravian communities in England and Germany. His parents expected him to follow his father and brother into the ministry, but he rebelled against the church. Moved to London, he studied architecture and engineering. In 1795 he emigrated to the United States and became part of the period’s Transatlantic Exchange. Latrobe soon was famous for his neoclassical architecture, designing important buildings, including the US Capitol and Baltimore Basilica as well as private homes. Carpenters and millwrights who built structures more cheaply and less permanently than Latrobe challenged his efforts to establish architecture as a profession. Rarely during his twenty-five years in the United States was he financially secure, and when he was, he speculated on risky ventures that lost money. He declared bankruptcy in 1817 and moved to New Orleans, the sixth American city that he lived in, hoping to recoup his finances by installing a municipal water system. He died there of yellow fever in 1820. The themes that emerge in this biography are the critical role Latrobe played in the culture of the early republic through his buildings and his genius in neoclassical design. Like the nation’s political founders, Latrobe was committed to creating an exceptional nation, expressed in his case by buildings and internal improvements. Additionally, given the extensive primary sources available for this biography, an examination of his life reveals early American attitudes toward class, family, and religion.

Psychosocial Consequences of Body Weight and Obesity

2018 ◽  
pp. 274-286
Author(s):  
Deborah Carr ◽  
Vera K. Tsenkova
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Integrative Health ◽  
Psychosocial Consequences ◽  
Adults And Children

The body weight of U.S. adults and children has risen markedly over the past three decades. The physical health consequences of obesity are widely documented, and emerging research from the Midlife in the United States study and other large-scale surveys reveals the harmful impact of obesity on adults’ psychosocial and interpersonal well-being. This chapter synthesizes recent research on the psychosocial implications of body weight, with attention to explanatory mechanisms and subgroup differences in these patterns. A brief statistical portrait of body weight is provided, documenting rates and correlates of obesity, with a focus on race, gender, and socioeconomic status disparities. The consequences of body weight for three main outcomes are described: institutional and everyday discrimination, interpersonal relationships, and psychological well-being. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ways that recent integrative health research on the psychosocial consequences of overweight and obesity inform our understanding of population health.

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