scholarly journals Bodies in Confinement: Negotiating Queer, Gender Nonconforming, and Transwomen’s Gender and Sexuality behind Bars

Laws ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Francisco
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Transgender Identity ◽  
Knowledge Support

The criminal punishment system plays a critical role in the production of race, gender, and sexuality in the United States. The regulation of marginalized women’s bodies—transwomen, butches, and lesbians—in confinement reproduces cis-heteronormativity. Echoing the paternalistic claims of protection that have inspired “bathroom bills,” gender-segregated prison facilities have notoriously condemned transwomen prisoners to men’s prisons for the “safety” of women’s prisons, constructing cisgender women as “at risk” of sexual assault and transgender women as “risky”, overlooking the reality of transwomen as the most at risk of experience sexual violence in prisons. Prisons use legal and medical constructions of gender that pathologize transgender identity in order to legitimize health concerns; for example, the mutilation of the body in an effort to remove unwanted genitalia as evidence to warrant a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, or later gender dysphoria. This construction of transgender identity as a medical condition that warrants treatment forces prisoners to pathologize their gender identity in order to access adequate gender-affirming care. By exploring the writings of queer and trans prisoners, we can glean how heteronormativity structures gender and sexuality behind bars and discover how trans prisoners work to assemble knowledge, support, and resources toward survival.

scholarly journals Sexuality, Feminism and Polish Cinema in Maria Kornatowska’s "Eros i film"

Panoptikum ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 117-130
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Radkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Film Studies ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
Feminist Film ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Film Critic

The text addresses the issue of feminist film criticism in Poland in the 1980s, represented by the book by Maria Kornatowska Eros i  film [Eros and Film, 1986]. In her analysis Kornatowska focused mostly on Polish cinema, examined through a feminist and psychoanalytic lens. As a film critic, she followed international cinematic offerings and the latest trends in film studies, which is why she decided to fill the gap in Polish writings on gender and sexuality in cinema, and share her knowledge and ideas on the relationship between Eros and Film. The purpose of the text on Kornatowska’s book was to present her individual interpretations of the approach of Polish and foreign filmmakers to the body, sexuality, gender identity, eroticism, the question of violence and death. Secondly, it was important to emphasize her skills and creative potential as a film critic who was able to use many diverse repositories of thought (including feminist theories, philosophy and anthropology) to create a multi-faceted lens, which she then uses to perform a subjective, critical analysis of selected films.

“I’m Not Really 100% a Woman If I Can’t Have a Kid”: Infertility and the Intersection of Gender, Identity, and the Body

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann V. Bell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So

Despite establishing the gendered construction of infertility, most research on the subject has not examined how individuals with such reproductive difficulty negotiate their own sense of gender. I explore this gap through 58 interviews with women who are medically infertile and involuntarily childless. In studying how women achieve their gender, I reveal the importance of the body to such construction. For the participants, there is not just a motherhood mandate in the United States, but a fertility mandate—women are not just supposed to mother, they are supposed to procreate. Given this understanding, participants maintain their gender by denying their infertile status. They do so through reliance on essentialist notions, using their bodies as a means of constructing a gendered sense of self. Using the tenets of transgender theory, this study not only informs our understanding of infertility, but also our broader understanding of the relationship between gender, identity, and the body, exposing how individuals negotiate their gender through physical as well as institutional and social constraints.

scholarly journals Dietetic ingredients of small animals suffering from obesity and their biological role

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (92) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
L.-E. Al-Badu ◽  
O. Smirnov ◽  
L. Kalachniuk
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Synthetic Analog ◽  
Taurine Deficiency ◽  
Negative Effect

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health. The daily ration of an adult cat must contain 40–45% of proteins, 20–25% of fats, 25–30% of carbohydrates. Low- fat diets are recommended to cats with overweight. Necessary amino acids are in the diet of cats with excess weight. Taurine is a sulfonic acid, which synthesizes in the body of animals and humans from the amino acid of cysteine. It plays an essential role in the digestion and assimilation of fats and lipids. The need for cats in taurine is due to their limited ability to synthesize taurine from amino acids that contain sulfur, as well as the fact that it holds bile acids. The latter is very important because cats do not produce bile acid salts associated with glycine, even in the case of taurine deficiency. Taurine has many fundamental biological roles, such as conjugation of bile acids, antioxidation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, and modulation of calcium signaling. It is essential for cardiovascular function, and development and function of skeletal muscle, the retina, and the central nervous system. The deficiency of taurine leads to degeneration of the retina and blindness, deafness, cardiomyopathy, disorders in the functioning of the immune and reproductive systems, suppression of neonatal growth, and the occurrence of birth defects. The recommended amount for a cat per day is 100–200 mg. L-Tryptophan is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Together with vitamin B6, magnesium and niacin, tryptophan is responsible for the serotonin production in the brain (a mediator that regulates the activity of nerve cells and transmits signals between them). Also, tryptophan is involved in the production of hemoglobin and affects the reproductive function of animals. The recommended amount for a cat per day is 0.3 g/1000 kcal of energy value (EV). DL-methionine is a synthetic analog of natural methionine. Methionine is an essential amino acid for animals. As the substrate for other amino acids such as cysteine and taurine, and the important antioxidant glutathione, methionine plays a critical role in the metabolism and health of many species, including humans. Methionine is a source of sulfur that forms the keratin protein. Keratin is simply necessary for the health of the hair, skin, and claws of the animal. The recommended amount for a cat per day (methionine + cystine) is 1.5 g/1000 kcal EV. Nowadays the problem of overweight in small domestic animals, in particular in cats and dogs, is becoming more widespread. In order to prevent the spread of obesity, therapeutic rations should be balanced by all indicators, such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, and vitamins.

scholarly journals Clothing Fit Issues for Trans People

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Andrew Reilly ◽  
Jory Catalpa ◽  
Jenifer McGuire
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Consumer Group ◽  
Trans People ◽  
Clothing Fit ◽  
Line Analysis

As many as nine million people identify as a transperson in the United States, yet mass clothing designing and manufacturing do not meet the needs of this consumer group. This research examines the role of fit in ready-to-wear (RTW) clothing using qualitative research methods. 90 transpeople from the United States, Canada, and Ireland participated in interviews and data from interviews were analyzed using line-by-line analysis, resulting in three themes. Theme 1 explored current fit problems with RTW clothing, Theme 2 explored the desire to use clothing to hide parts of the body that did not align with one’s gender identity, and Theme 3 explored the desire to use clothing to highlight parts of the body that did align with one’s gender identity. Findings from this research confirm the assumption that current RTW clothing does not meet the needs of the transperson population and offers areas where designers and manufactures can reassess their methods relative to this consumer group.

Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome and Role of Cholesterol in Autism

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geeta Sarphare ◽  
Ryan Lee ◽  
Elaine Tierney
Keyword(s):  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Disorder ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mendelian Inheritance ◽  
The Body ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Embryonic And Fetal Development ◽  
Opitz Syndrome ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins

Cholesterol is manufactured throughout the body, but predominantly in the liver, and is essential for many metabolic processes. Cholesterol plays a critical role in forming membranes and myelin sheaths and is a precursor molecule for the synthesis of steroid hormones, neuroactive steroids, oxysterols, and vitamin D. It is also essential in the production of bile acids, which in turn helps the body absorb cholesterol and fat-soluble vitamins. Cholesterol is essential in embryonic and fetal development and is also critical in regulating lipid raft processes such as signaling and trafficking (Korade & Kenworthy, 2008). Cholesterol biosynthesis begins with the formation of squalene and ends with the reduction of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC) into cholesterol by the enzyme 7DHC reductase, and then its spontaneous isomer, 8-dehydrocholesterol (8DHC). Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS, Mendelian Inheritance in Man #270400) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to an inborn error of cholesterol biosynthesis (Elias et al., 1993; Irons, Elias, Salen, Tint, & Batta, 1993; Tint et al., 1994). Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome has an estimated incidence among individuals of European ancestry in Canada and the United States of 1 in 15,000 to 1 in 60,000 births (Bzdúch, Behulova, & Skodova, 2000; Lowry & Yong, 1980; Opitz, 1999; Ryan, Bartlett, Clayton, Eaton, Mills, Donnai, & Burn, 1998) and a carrier frequency of 1 in 30 to 1 in 50 (Nowaczyk & Waye, 2001).

It is time to change US trade policy to foster access to medicines

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-27
Author(s):  
Maria Fabiana Jorge
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
The United States ◽  
Drug Prices ◽  
Us Trade Policy ◽  
United States Mexico ◽  
United States Trade

While Americans are deeply concerned about drug prices, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) continues to negotiate agreements like the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) that put at risk the sustainability of the generics industry and undermine the development of biosimilars that play a critical role in access to medicines. It is time to restore some balance to US trade policy.

scholarly journals 2205. Clinical Burden of Pneumococcal Disease in US Adults Aged 65 Years and Above with Chronic or Immunocompromising Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S752-S752
Author(s):  
Arijita Deb ◽  
Kelly D Johnson ◽  
Wanmei Ou
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background The presence of chronic and immunocompromising conditions is associated with a disproportionately high risk of developing pneumococcal disease at older ages. The objective of this study was to quantify the risk of all-cause pneumonia (ACP) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in older US adults aged 65 years and older with underlying medical conditions. Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted using the Humana claims database. The study cohorts were identified at January 1 of each calendar year of observation from 2012 to 2017 and comprised adults aged 65 years and older with continuous enrollment for at least one year before and at least one year after January 1 of each year. For each yearly cohort, medical conditions were identified during the one year before each calendar year and episodes of ACP and IPD were identified during the corresponding 1-year follow-up period from January 1 to December 31. Individuals were stratified into 3 groups: those without any medical conditions of interests (healthy), those with chronic conditions (at-risk) and those with immunocompromising conditions (high-risk). Rate of ACP or IPD was expressed as the number of cases per 100,000 person-years and the rate ratio (RR) was expressed as the rate of pneumococcal disease of patients with medical conditions divided by the rate of pneumococcal disease in healthy adults. Results Of the 10,766,827 adults included in the study, 75% of adults had an underlying medical condition linked to an increased risk of pneumococcal disease. In adults with at-risk conditions, rates of ACP and IPD were 3.1 and 3.6 times the rate in healthy adults, respectively. In adults with high-risk conditions, rates of ACP and IPD were 4.1 and 5 times the rate in healthy adults, respectively. Rate of pneumococcal disease increased substantially with the addition of medical conditions: RR for ACP and IPD increased from 2.1 and 2.2, respectively, in adults with one at-risk conditions to 4.8 and 6.2, respectively, among adults with 2 or more at-risk conditions. Conclusion Despite recommendations of universal pneumococcal vaccination in older adults aged 65 years and above in the United States, the burden of pneumococcal disease remains high, particularly among those with chronic and immunocompromising conditions. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Use of a Two-Step Gender Identity Measure in the 2018 General Social Survey

Demography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danya Lagos ◽  
D'Lane Compton
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Bisexual People

Abstract In 2018, the General Social Survey (GSS) asked some respondents for their sex assigned at birth and current gender identity, in addition to the ongoing practice of having survey interviewers code respondent sex. Between 0.44% and 0.93% of the respondents who were surveyed identified as transgender, identified with a gender that does not conventionally correspond to the sex they were assigned at birth, or identified the sex they were assigned at birth inconsistently with the interviewer's assessment of respondent sex. These results corroborate previous estimates of the transgender population size in the United States. Furthermore, the implementation of these new questions mirrors the successful inclusion of other small populations represented in the GSS, such as lesbian, gay, and bisexual people, as well as Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus. Data on transgender and gender-nonconforming populations can be pooled together over time to assess these populations' attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and social inequality patterns. We identified inconsistencies between interviewer-coded sex, self-reported sex, and gender identity. As with the coding of race in the GSS, interviewer-coded assessments can mismatch respondents' self-reported identification. Our findings underscore the importance of continuing to ask respondents to self-report gender identity separately from sex assigned at birth in the GSS and other surveys.

Sexuality, Gender Identity, Fluidity, and Embodiment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shae Miller
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Women's Movements ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
The Body ◽  
Women's Activism ◽  
Sexual Fluidity ◽  
Political Protests ◽  
Everyday Resistance ◽  
A Site

Social movement activists have frequently used a variety of embodied tactics to negotiate cultural conceptions of gender and sexuality, which are in constant flux. This chapter attends to the ways that new social formations of gender and sexuality—including the recent emphases on gender and sexual fluidity—have impacted the politics, goals, tactics, and identities of contemporary women’s movements. Incorporating queer, transgender, critical race, and disability studies, this chapter emphasizes the ways that women seeking to attain gender and sexual justice have used the body both as a site of everyday resistance against repressive gender and sexual norms and as a tool for performing overt political protests. It illustrates how gender and sexual fluidity have gained new traction within social movements and discusses the implications for conceptualizing women’s activism.

Identification of Transgender People With Cancer in Electronic Health Records: Recommendations Based on CancerLinQ Observations

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. e336-e342
Author(s):  
Ash B. Alpert ◽  
George A. Komatsoulis ◽  
Stephen C. Meersman ◽  
Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer ◽  
Suanna S. Bruinooge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Electronic Health Records ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Transgender Identity ◽  
Electronic Health

PURPOSE: Cancer prevalence and outcomes data, necessary to understand disparities in transgender populations, are significantly hampered because gender identity data are not routinely collected. A database of clinical data on people with cancer, CancerLinQ, is operated by the ASCO and collected from practices across the United States and multiple electronic health records. METHODS: To attempt to identify transgender people with cancer within CancerLinQ, we used three criteria: (1) International Classification of Diseases 9/10 diagnosis (Dx) code suggestive of transgender identity; (2) male gender and Dx of cervical, endometrial, ovarian, fallopian tube, or other related cancer; and (3) female gender and Dx of prostate, testicular, penile, or other related cancer. Charts were abstracted to confirm transgender identity. RESULTS: Five hundred fifty-seven cases matched inclusion criteria and two hundred and forty-two were abstracted. Seventy-six percent of patients with Dx codes suggestive of transgender identity were transgender. Only 2% and 3% of the people identified by criteria 2 and 3 had evidence of transgender identity, respectively. Extrapolating to nonabstracted data, we would expect to identify an additional four individuals in category 2 and an additional three individuals in category 3, or a total of 44. The total population in CancerLinQ is approximately 1,300,000. Thus, our methods could identify 0.003% of the total population as transgender. CONCLUSION: Given the need for data regarding transgender people with cancer and the deficiencies of current data resources, a national concerted effort is needed to prospectively collect gender identity data. These efforts will require systemic efforts to create safe healthcare environments for transgender people.

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