Hydrochemistry of the Dammam Unconfined Aquifer Southern Desert, West Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1A) ◽  
pp. 84-98
Author(s):  
Ali Hussein Ali
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Dammam Aquifer ◽  
West Iraq ◽  
Poor Class

The type of groundwater in the studied area is slightly brackish. In general, the dominant water type is calcium-sulfate. The reasons behind these different chemical groundwater types can be referred to the active ion exchange between the groundwater of the Dammam aquifer and Rus Formation. The groundwater of the Dammam unconfined aquifer is not suitable for human drinking in all the parameters properties. The groundwater class is fair in the Qasir Al-Ukhaider area, while the Shebcha area and Al-Salman area are poor class except the eastern part of Al-Salman area is very poor.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical of Groundwater for Al Dammam unconfined Aquifer within Al-Salman Basin, Al-Muthana Governorate, South West Iraq

2019 ◽  
pp. 1336-1349
Author(s):  
Osamah N. Al-Sheikh ◽  
Ayser M. AL-Shamma'a
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
West Iraq ◽  
Chadha’S Diagram

The quality of groundwater is just as important as its quantity. The kinds and concentration of salts in groundwater depend on the environment, movement, and the source of the groundwater. During the field work, 20 samples have been collected from water wells from Al-Salman basin for two seasons represent wet and dry seasons in November 2017 and April 2018. After water well samples have been analyzed the Electrical conductivity values range from (2260 to 5500) μS/cm for dry season and range from (2540 to 5630) μS/cm for wet season, the Total dissolved solids values range from (1289 to 3582) ppm for dry season and range from (1710 to 3960) ppm for wet season, and pH values range from (7.11 to 7.3) for dry and wet seasons. The Hydrochemical classification which applied using Piper's Diagram revealed there are three type of water (sulphate type Ca+2 – Mg+2 – Cl- – SO4, sulphate type Ca+2 – Mg+2 – Cl- - SO4, NaCl), and two water type by applying Chadha's diagram (sulphate type Ca+2 – Mg+2 – Cl- - SO4, Na+- Cl-), the variation of water type in the study area due to influence of Rus Formation which consists of anhydrite, and structure roles where made precipitation concentrate in Al-Salman depressions and streams flow faults that ended with playa.

scholarly journals Magnetic ion-exchange resin treatment: Impact of water type and resin use

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 1977-1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max R.D. Mergen ◽  
Bruce Jefferson ◽  
Simon A. Parsons ◽  
Peter Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Magnetic Ion ◽  
Resin Treatment

scholarly journals Using Geographic Information System (GIS) to estimate the volume of water for Al Dammam unconfined Aquifer within Al Salman basin, Al- Muthana Governorate, South West Iraq

2019 ◽  
pp. 1478-1485
Author(s):  
Osamah N. Al-Sheikh ◽  
Ayser M. Al-Shamma’a
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Automate Calculation ◽  
West Iraq ◽  
Flow Map

The groundwater represents the main source of water in the study area due to lack of surface water. The Dammam unconfined aquifer represents the main aquifer in the study area and Southern desert because of the regional extent, the quantity and quality of water. Many groundwater wells have been drilled in the study area to coverage the huge demand of water for agricultural purposes. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to estimate the volume of water which calculated (25.6964 × 109 m3) within the study area , automate calculation of the area of Al Salman basin using digital elevation models, derive the thickness maps of AlDammam unconfined aquifer from Key holes (KH) and Bore holes (BH), draw the groundwater head and flow map in the study area. Such data derived from GIS can help authorities and researchers for groundwater management and further development within the study area.

Prevention of calcium sulfate formation in seawater desalination by ion exchange

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhu ◽  
Cesar B. Granda ◽  
Mark T. Holtzapple
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Sulfate Formation

Colour removal by ion exchange and reuse of regenerant by means of nanofiltration

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Schippers ◽  
M. Kooi ◽  
P. Sjoerdsma ◽  
F. de Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Waste Stream ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Exchange Processes

In the past year Vitens, The Netherlands' largest water supply company, and Witteveen+Bos, have prepared the preliminary, basic and detailed design for a full-scale ion exchange plant reducing colour in drinking water to a value of less than 10 mg/l PtCo. Current pilot study shows that the results are even better than expected. The plant will be built in 2004 and start-up is scheduled for mid 2005. The introduction of ion exchange at WTP (Water Treatment Plant) Oldeholtpade is part of a larger project, also including softening in pellet reactors, preceded by counter-current aeration and renovation of the existing treatment plant. The colour content present in groundwater is caused by peat layers. In contrast with conventional ion exchange processes, previous pilot studies showed that the exchange capacity of the resin for organics is much larger than expected. The excellent results can be explained by assuming the simultaneous occurrence of adsorption and ion exchange processes on the resin. It can be concluded that optimising operating conditions, such as higher exchange capacity (as KMnO4/liter resin), higher superficial velocity, shorter contact time and longer filter run cycle clearly affect resin volume as well as the required amount of regenerant. Vitens has started additional experiments at WTP Spannenburg to confirm the innovative design parameters. Aim of the research is the relation between adsorption and ion exchange during filtration, in order to clarify the achieved results. Furthermore the relationship between the specific water type (characterisation of organic compounds) and the operational results of ion exchange will be studied. In order to minimise the waste regenerant, treatment towards recycling is studied by dead end nanofiltration. With nanofiltration it is possible to concentrate the waste stream to a maximum of 10% of the original waste stream. The recovered regenerant can be recycled for regeneration of the resin.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical and Isotopic Investigation of the Groundwater from Wajid Aquifer in Wadi Al-Dawasir, Southern Saudi Arabia

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1855
Author(s):  
Mohammed Benaafi ◽  
Abdulaziz Al-Shaibani
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Isotopic Analysis ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Hydrochemical Processes ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Confined Aquifers

The Wajid aquifer is considered the main source of water for drinking and irrigation in Wadi Al-Dawasir and Najran, the southern region of Saudi Arabia. This aquifer has been used since the 1960s, and due to the expansion in agricultural activities, the aquifer has been overexploited. The study aims to understand the origin, hydrochemical processes of the groundwater in the shallow unconfined, deep unconfined, and confined parts of the Wajid aquifer in the Wadi Al-Dawasir area. In-situ hydrochemical parameters (pH, temperature, EC, and TDS) were measured in the field, and groundwater samples were collected for major ions and stable isotopes (2H and 18O) measurements in the laboratory. The results show that the groundwater in shallow unconfined, and confined aquifers are of two types; Cl.SO4-Ca. Na and Cl.SO4-Na. Ca; however, groundwater in deep, unconfined aquifers is characterized as HCO3-Ca. Na, and Cl. HCO3-Ca. Na; types of groundwater. The isotopic analysis results reveal that all groundwater samples have values of δ18Oand δ2Hclose to the local and global meteoric water lines, indicating the meteoric origin of Wajid groundwater. Three major hydrochemical processes, including rock weathering, ion exchange, and evaporation, have been identified as key controls on the chemical composition of water in the studied aquifer. The evaporation and ion exchange processes have more influence on the chemical composition of groundwater in the shallow unconfined and confined aquifers. On the contrary, weathering of carbonate minerals affected more the chemistry of groundwater in a deep unconfined aquifer. The unconfined section of the Wajid aquifer shows a reverse pattern of salinity with higher salinity in the recharge area, which is most probably related to the return irrigation water and leaching of salty soil. The open fractures in the upper part of Wajid sandstone most likely act as conduits to percolated saline water to the Wajid aquifer.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical characteristics, hydraulic connectivity and water quality assessment of multilayer aquifers in Western Suzhou City, Northern Anhui Province, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Ma ◽  
Song Chen ◽  
Songbao Feng ◽  
Diandian Ding
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Confined Aquifer ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Reverse Ion Exchange

Abstract The present study focuses on the shallow phreatic aquifer (SA) and the upper confined aquifer (CA) developed in Cenozoic loose strata, which are the major regional groundwater resources for drinking, irrigation, industry and other water-related activities. Seven samples from SA and seventeen samples from CA were analyzed to depict the hydrochemical characteristics, categorize the hydrochemical facies, evaluate the hydraulic connectivity, and appraise the drinking water and irrigation water quality. The abundance of cations is Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and the anions is HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− in both aquifers, respectively. Groundwater chemistry is controlled by water-rock interactions such as halite dissolution, ion exchange, reverse ion exchange, silicate weathering, and followed by the dissolution of Glauber's salt. The low connectivity and moderate connectivity between these two aquifers has engendered. The majority of the ion concentrations are within the limit for drinking, only one sample from the shallow aquifer are greater than the limit of 250 mg/L, a total of 29% from the shallow unconfined aquifer and 14% from the confined aquifer were not within the limit of 250 mg/L. The sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and soluble sodium percentage (%Na) values reveal that all the samples are appropriate for irrigation uses. The the US salinity laboratory (USSL) diagram shows that sixteen CA samples and all the SA samples fall in the C3S1 zone, implying high salinity hazard and low alkalinity hazard.

Embedding Procedure for Water Swollen Samples

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
Ann M. Thomas ◽  
Virginia Shemeley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Ion Exchange Resins ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Exchange Resins

Those samples which swell rapidly when exposed to water are, at best, difficult to section for transmission electron microscopy. Some materials literally burst out of the embedding block with the first pass by the knife, and even the most rapid cutting cycle produces sections of limited value. Many ion exchange resins swell in water; some undergo irreversible structural changes when dried. We developed our embedding procedure to handle this type of sample, but it should be applicable to many materials that present similar sectioning difficulties.The purpose of our embedding procedure is to build up a cross-linking network throughout the sample, while it is in a water swollen state. Our procedure was suggested to us by the work of Rosenberg, where he mentioned the formation of a tridimensional structure by the polymerization of the GMA biproduct, triglycol dimethacrylate.

Effects of sterilization modes on the mechanical strengths of plaster of paris implants

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 890-891
Author(s):  
K. Cowden ◽  
B. Giammara ◽  
T. Devine ◽  
J. Hanker
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Radiation Sterilization ◽  
Plaster Of Paris ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate

Plaster of Paris (calcium sulfate hemihydrate, CaSO4. ½ H2O) has been used as a biomedical implant material since 1892. One of the primary limiting factors of these implants is their mechanical properties. These materials have low compressive and tensile strengths when compared to normal bone. These are important limiting factors where large biomechanical forces exist. Previous work has suggested that sterilization techniques could affect the implant’s strength. A study of plaster of Paris implant mechanical and physical properties to find optimum sterilization techniques therefore, could lead to a significant increase in their application and promise for future use as hard tissue prosthetic materials.USG Medical Grade Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate Types A, A-1 and B, were sterilized by dry heat and by gamma radiation. Types A and B were additionally sterilized with and without the setting agent potassium sulfate (K2SO4). The plaster mixtures were then moistened with a minimum amount of water and formed into disks (.339 in. diameter x .053 in. deep) in polyethylene molds with a microspatula. After drying, the disks were fractured with a Stokes Hardness Tester. The compressive strengths of the disks were obtained directly from the hardness tester. Values for the maximum tensile strengths σo were then calculated: where (P = applied compression, D = disk diameter, and t = disk thickness). Plaster disks (types A and B) that contained no setting agent showed a significant loss in strength with either dry heat or gamma radiation sterilization. Those that contained potassium sulfate (K2SO4) did not show a significant loss in strength with either sterilization technique. In all comparisons (with and without K2SO4 and with either dry heat or gamma radiation sterilization) the type B plaster had higher compressive and tensile strengths than that of the type A plaster. The type A-1 plaster however, which is specially modified for accelerated setting, was comparable to that of type B with K2SO4 in both compressive and tensile strength (Table 1).

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