scholarly journals Geochemical Distribution of Some Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soil and Their Environmental Impacts in Kirkuk, Northern Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (2A) ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Abbas R. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Accumulation Factor ◽  
Soil Horizons ◽  
Subsurface Soil ◽  
High Concentrations

This study is based on agricultural soil samples which are collected along three traverses (A, B, C), near the gypsum quarries located near the village of Bajwan north of Kirkuk city, to conduct a geochemical analysis and determining some heavy elements (Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Sr, Pb, Cd) levels in the surface and subsurface soil horizons, and to indicate the potential sources of contamination with these elements. Accordingly, 30 samples were collected (six samples from travers A, five samples from travers B, and four samples from travers C) from the soil for each of the surface and subsurface levels. The results showed that the average concentrations of most studied elements increased in the subsurface soil compared to the surface soil, as a result of the influence of different geological and environmental conditions on the distribution of these elements in different soil horizons. The concentrations of the studied elements (Co, Ni, Cd) are more than their natural concentrations when compared to the natural abundance of these elements in the earth's crust, which indicates an increase in the concentration of these elements in the soil as a result of the proximity of the study area to the oil industries activities, causing the emission of high concentrations of heavy elements. As well as the traffic density of vehicles, causing the release of high concentrations of some elements. The geo accumulation factor (Igeo) indicates that most of the soil samples within different horizons of most of the heavy elements are uncontaminated to moderately contaminated, and moderately contaminated for cadmium. Also, by calculating the RI and the environmental risk factor (Er), it was found that the relative content of cadmium in soil samples recorded a considerable potential ecological risk to a high potential ecological risk. This indicates high affinity of cadmium in the soil as its infiltration into the subsurface layers.

scholarly journals Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil of Lagos State University, Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
L. Salami ◽  
J. G. Akinbomi ◽  
R. J. Patinvoh
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
State University ◽  
Ecological Risk Index ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Lagos State

Soil contaminated with heavy metals poses an ecological risk especially to public health. The aim of this work is to assess the ecological risk of heavy metals in soil of Lagos State University (LASU), Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from 8 different points in LASU which were stored in various polythene bags labeled SS1 – SS8. A control sample was taken 1 km away from LASU and was labeled SC9. All the sampling locations were identified using handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) for the purpose of universal identification. The soil samples were analysed for nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and Iron (Fe) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk (Ei) and ecological risk index (RI) were carried out using the data from the analysis. The results revealed that all the EF values were less than 2 except that of lead in SS1. The Ei values were less than 40 except that of lead in SS1. Moreover RI values of all the soil samples investigated were less than 150. It was obvious from this work that the soil of LASU, Epe, Lagos State, were not enriched with heavy metals and have a low potential ecological risk.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF SOME SINGLE AND INTEGRATED INDEX EQUATION TO ASSESS HEAVY METAL IN DIFFERENT SOILS IN ERBIL GOVERNORATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-875
Author(s):  
Aweez & et al.
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Degree Of Contamination ◽  
Integrated Index ◽  
Very High ◽  
Cu And Zn

The aim of this study was to application of some single and integrated index equation to assess heavy metal in different soil within Erbil governorate. The 15 different locations (Bahare new, Newroz, New Hawler, Hesarok, Azadi1, Zen city, Atconz city, Pank village, Binaslawa, Darato, Qushtapa, Shaways, Kasnazan, Bahirka, Pirzin) were specifically selected to identify the effects of traffic activities on soil properties. Different heavy metal distribution patterns (As, Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn) were determined from distance 5, 25, 50m roadside. Soil pollution was assessed using many indices including: contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), Ecological Risk Factor and Potential Ecological Risk Index.The results showed that concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn in street dust ranged from (4.60, 1.80, 217.83, 62.14 and 215.18) mg.kg-1 which recorded in Qushtapa, Kasnazan, Atconze city, Hasarok5 and Zen city respectively. The contamination factor  and degree of contamination of  the trace elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu ,and Zn of soil samples was indicating considerable contamination factor for Qushtapa moderate contamination factor for Kasnazan, while Atconze city, Hasarok5, Zen city showed very high contamination factor, while degree of contamination considerable low degree of contamination. According to the ecological risk factor and RI results Qwshtapa was indicate as low potential ecological risk, Kasnazan had moderate potential ecological risk while Hasarok5 and Zen city considerable high potential ecological risk, except Atconze considerable very high ecological risk, on the other hand for RI index shown considerable very high ecological risk recorded in Hasarok 5 soil samples.

scholarly journals Assessment of metals contamination and ecological risk in ait Ammar abandoned iron mine soil, Morocco

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Nouri ◽  
Abd El Majid Haddioui
Keyword(s):  
Enrichment Factor ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Ecological Risk Index ◽  
Iron Mine ◽  
Accumulation Index ◽  
Geo Accumulation Index ◽  
Geo Accumulation

Abstract The present study is an attempt to assess the pollution intensity and corresponding ecological risk of phosphorus and metals including Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and Fe using various indices like geo-accumulation index, enrichment factor, pollution and ecological risk index. In all, 20 surface soil samples were collected from the Ait Ammar iron mine of Oued Zem city, province of Khouribga, in central Morocco. The concentrations of heavy metals in soil samples were used to assess their potential ecological risks. According to the results of potential ecological risk index (RI), pollution index (PI), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), potential contamination index (Cp), contaminant factor (Cf) and degree of contamination (Cd), based on the averages, considerable pollution of metals in soils of study area was observed. The consequence of the correlation matrix and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr and P mainly originated from natural sources and Cd and Pb are mostly derived from anthropogenic sources. The results showed that these metals in soil were ranked by severity of ecological risk as Pb > Cd > Cu > Cr > Zn, based on their single-element indexes. In view of the potential ecological risk (RI), soils from all soil samples showed a potential ecological risk. These results will provide basic information for the improvement of soil environment management and heavy metal pollution prevention in Ait Ammar.

scholarly journals Ecological Risk Assessment of Five Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plants from Monterrey, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khirbet López-Velázquez ◽  
Jorge L. Guzmán-Mar ◽  
Hugo A. Saldarriaga-Noreña ◽  
Mario A. Murillo-Tovar ◽  
Minerva Villanueva-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Hazardous Compounds

Abstract The potential ecological risk of five residual endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) was studied. The wastewater samples were collected in WWTPs of the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Mexico (designed as Monterrey City hereinafter) and 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4NP), and 4-tert-octylphenol (4TOP) were studied by SPE/GC-MS method. Results showed that all EDCs are widely distributed in WWTPs, finding high concentrations of BPA (450 ng/L) and EE2 (407.5 ng/L) in influents, while EE2 and 4TOP were the most abundant in effluents at levels from 1.6–26.8 ng/L (EE2) and < LOQ – 5.0 ng/L (4TOP), which corroborate that the wastewater discharges represent critical sources of EDCs to the aquatic environments. The potential ecological risk of residual EDCs was evaluated through risk quotients (RQs), and results indicated that the effluents of the WWTPs represent a high risk to exposed aquatic species, mainly due to the effect of residual estrogens E2 and EE2 which were considered as the most hazardous compounds among the studied EDCs, with RQ values up to 49.1 and 1165.2, respectively.

scholarly journals Source Identification, Ecological Risk and Spatial Analysis of Heavy Metals Contamination in Agricultural Soils of Tanjaro Area, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Hayder Issa ◽  
Azad Alshatteri
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Ecological Risk Index

The current work accomplished a comprehensive evaluation of heavy metals pollution in soil of agricultural areas from Tanjaro sub-district, Sulaimaniyah province, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq. Ninety soil samples were collected from thirty different locations. Concentrations of 16 heavy metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ICP-OES. The pollution index (PI), potential ecological risk index (Er), enrichment factor (EF), and ecological risk index (RI) were used to assess the pollution in soil samples. High levels of Li and Ni, and moderate Ba, Cd, Hg, and Pb according to the results of concentration analysis, pollution index (PI), and potential ecological risk (ERI). High levels of Cd and Hg according to the results of Er. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) and principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that heavy metals were generated from different natural and anthropogenic sources like natural weathering, fertilizer application, and transportation. Origins of Hg, Cd, Ni, and Pb are probably from activities like overuse of pesticides and fertilizers, whereas Pb could be exhausted from vehicle exhausts as well. Furthermore, spatial distributions revealed nonpoint source pollution for the studied heavy metals. The obtained results help in the remediation techniques of contaminated soils such as dilution with decontaminated soil or extraction or separation of heavy metals.

scholarly journals Estudio ambiental sobre el riesgo ecológico que representa el plomo presente en el suelo / Environmental study on ecological lead risks in soils

2013 ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maritza Reyes Guzmán ◽  
Gerardo Avendaño Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Environmental Study ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Lead Metal ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Environmental Agency

En el contexto de la Ingeniería Ambiental es bien conocido que el plomo es un metal altamente tóxico que genera problemas graves para la salud humana. La Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos, indica que una cantidad de 15 µg de plomo por litro, es preocupante, porque puede causar daño en el cerebro y el sistema nervioso. En algunos suelos de la Sabana de Bogotá, se han encontrado concentraciones altas de plomo, que en algunos casos superan los promedios mundiales. Este trabajo estudia qué parte del plomo contenido en el suelo podría introducirse en la cadena alimenticia, existiendo un riesgo ecológico potencial para el normal desarrollo de la flora, la fauna y en especial para la población humana que consume productos agrícolas cultivados en estos suelos. Se midieron las concentraciones de plomo en diferentes muestras de suelo y se encontró que aproximadamente el 27% del plomo contenido en los suelos tiene el riesgo de movilizarse fácilmente y afectar negativamente el ecosistema.ABSTRACTIn the field of Environmental Engineering, it is widely recognized the effects of toxic lead metal which may bring about serious problems for the human health system. The United States Environmental Agency pointed out that an amount of 15 mg of lead per litter represents a high risk which causes brain and central nervous system damages. In some plain fields of Bogota, high concentrations of lead have been found, showing high rates over world estimations. This research reveals the existence of lead fragments which can be used in the feeding chain, having a potential ecological risk for the development of flora and fauna, especially in part of the human population which consumes agricultural products grown in these soils. Different lead concentrations were measured in soil samples which show that about 27% of the lead contained has the risk of expanding easily affecting negatively the environment.RESUMÉÉDans le domaine de l’ingénierie de l’environnement, il est de notoriété commune que le plomb est un métal extrêmement toxique pouvant générer de sérieux problèmes pour la santé humaine. L’Agence de Protection de l’Environnement des Etats-Unis indique qu’un taux de 15 µg de plomb par litre devient préoccupant puisque cette quantité suffit à provoquer chez l’homme des dommages cérébraux et nerveux. Dans certains sols du plateau de Bogota, des concentrations élevées en plomb ont été trouvées et ce phénomène inquiète les spécialistes car dans certains cas, les résultats de l’analyse des sols montrent des taux de contamination supérieurs à la moyenne. Notre travail vise à montrer quel pourcentage de cette teneur des sols en plomb pourrait être introduit dans la chaîne alimentaire pouvant provoquer un risque écologique pour le développement normal de la faune et de la flore mais aussi et surtout de la population consommant des produits agricoles cultivés sur ces sols. Les concentrations en plomb ont été mesurées sur différents échantillons de sols et les résultats indiquent qu’environ 27 % de cette teneur en plomb présente le risque d’un déplacement aisé et d’une nuisance à l’écosystème.RESUMONo contexto da engenharia ambiental é bem conhecido que o chumbo é um metal altamente tóxico que gera problemas graves à saúde humana. A Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos indica que uma quantidade de 15 µg de chumbo por litro é preocupante, porque pode causar dano no cérebro e o sistema nervoso. Em alguns solos da Savana de Bogotá foram encontradas concentrações altas de chumbo, que em alguns casos excedem a média mundial. Este trabalho estuda qual parte do chumbo contido no solo poderia ser introduzida na cadeia alimentar, existindo um risco ecológico potencial para o normal desenvolvimento da flora, a fauna e especialmente para a população humana que consume produtos agrícolas cultivados nestes solos. Mediram-se as concentrações de chumbo em diferentes amostras do solo e encontrou-se que aproximadamente 27% do chumbo contido nos solos tem o risco de movimentar-se facilmente e afetar o ecossistema de maneira negativa.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Trends, Sources and Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Weitou Bay, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9562
Author(s):  
Qiuming Chen ◽  
Faming Huang ◽  
Anran Cai
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Spatiotemporal Trends ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Anthropogenic Contributions

Heavy metals are extremely harmful materials to marine ecosystems and human health. To determine the anthropogenic contributions and ecological risks in Weitou Bay, China, the spatiotemporal variations in the concentrations of heavy metals in surface sediment were investigated during spring 2008 and 2017. The results indicated that high concentrations of pollutants were generally located near the river mouths and along the coast of industrial areas. Principal component analysis indicated that heavy metal contents were mainly affected by industrial waste drainage, urban development, natural weathering and erosion, and interactions between organic matter and sulfides. The potential ecological risk assessment demonstrated that, in 2008, 82% of the sampling sites were at low risk, while 18% were at moderate risk. The situation had deteriorated slightly by 2017, with 73%, 18%, and 9% of stations in Waytou Bay at low, moderate, and very high risk, respectively. Cd was the most harmful metal, followed by Hg. These two elements accounted for more than 80% of the potential ecological risk index (RI) value. The present work analyzed the source of heavy metals, identified the major pollution elements and high risk areas, and provides guidance for pollution control and ecological restoration in Weitou Bay.

scholarly journals Comparison of heavy metals contamination and ecological risk between soils enriched with compost and chemical fertilizers in the North of Iran and ecological risk assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdoliman Amouei ◽  
Hourieh Fallah ◽  
Hosseinali Asgharnia ◽  
Abbas Mousapour ◽  
Hadi Parsian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
The North ◽  
Heavy Metals Contamination ◽  
North Of Iran

Background: Nowadays, uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture is one of the reasons for the entry of heavy metals into the environment. In this study, the heavy metals contamination of the soils enriched with compost and chemical fertilizers in the North of Iran and its ecological risk assessment were evaluated. Methods: In this study, 108 soil samples were collected from agricultural soils of some places of Babol in Mazandaran province. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (PG-990) was used to determine the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and zinc in the soil samples. The assessment of soil contamination was performed by the contamination factor, degree of contamination indices, and the potential ecological risk of the heavy metals. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Descriptive and chi-square tests were used to compare the mean with existing standards. Significant level was considered at P<0.05. Results: The highest lead concentration (35.7 ± 9.5 mg/kg) was observed at 5-cm depth, and the maximum cadmium (1.1 ± 0.2 mg/kg) and zinc (88 ± 22.6 mg/kg) concentrations were observed at 15-cm depth. The results showed that lead, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in the agricultural soils enriched with compost fertilizers were acceptable, but agricultural soils enriched with chemical fertilizers indicated higher content than those enriched with compost fertilizers and higher than the maximum allowable concentration. The maximum contamination degree, pollution index, and potential ecological risk in the agricultural soils enriched with the chemical fertilizers were 15.77, 1.97, and 293.48, respectively, and these soils had low potential pollution and moderate ecological risks. Conclusion: According to the results, it is necessary to use compost fertilizers for the agricultural soils enrichment.

scholarly journals Contamination and Potential Ecological Risk Factors of Potentially Toxic Elements Present in the Soil of Shooting Range: Comparison with the Global Soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Saba Shoukat ◽  
Shahla Nazneen ◽  
Sardar Khan ◽  
Urooj Zafar
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Shooting Range ◽  
Shooting Range Soil ◽  
Ecological Risk Factors ◽  
Very High

This study was carried out to determine potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination and their potential ecological risk factors in shooting range soil. For this purpose soil samples were collected from different locations (left side, right side, shooting point, middle, and stop-butt) from the shooting range of Frontier Corps Training Centre (FCTC) present in Warsak, Peshawar. The soil samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and potentially toxic elements including Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The strong acids digested extracts were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the concentrations of selected PTEs. The concentration of Pb was found to be maximum at stop-butt i.e. 2049 mg/kg and exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) critical value of 400 mg/kg, while its concentrations at left, right, shooting point and middle were 14.0 mg/kg, 18.8 mg/kg, 47.4 mg/kg, and 18.2 mg/kg, respectively and exceeded the background level of normal soils which is 10 mg/kg for Pb. This study revealed that the shooting range soil was highly contaminated with Pb, and very high contamination factor and potential ecological risk for Pb was observed at stop-butt, very high contamination factor and potential ecological risk for Cd, while moderate contamination factor for Zn was observed at all locations of the shooting range. In Pakistan, the environmental perspective of shooting range soils is overlooked and there is a need to take steps to avoid such contamination of soils with Pb and other PTEs that can enter into food chains and can also leach to contaminate the aquifer. Replacement of vegetation of shooting range with PTE tolerant species, addition of soil conditioners and uncontaminated soil would reduce the mobility of these contaminants into aerial portions of plants and protect the groundwater contamination.

scholarly journals Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Soils in the Golden Triangle of Southern Fujian Province, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sha Huang ◽  
Guofan Shao ◽  
Luyan Wang ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Lina Tang
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Fujian Province ◽  
Golden Triangle ◽  
The Mean

In recent years, intensified industrialization and rapid urbanization have accelerated the accumulation of trace metals in topsoils of the Golden Triangle of Southern Fujian Province in China. Trace metals can cause adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. In order to assess the ecological and human health risks of trace metals in the Golden Triangle region and to determine the distribution and degree of pollution of trace metals, 456 soil samples were collected from 28 districts. The concentrations of six metals (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were analyzed to assess ecological risk using the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and the potential ecological risk index (RI). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) model was applied to calculate health risk. The average soil concentrations of the six elements are ranked as follows: As < Ni < Cu < Cr < Pb < Zn. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation maps showed that Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn are enriched in the soils of developed areas, while As and Pb are enriched in the soils of undeveloped areas. The Igeo showed that the levels of metals in most soil samples are below polluting levels. Similarly, RI values indicated that trace metals pose low potential ecological risk in the region’s soils. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) ranked the mean total noncarcinogenic risk of the six metals, for both children and adults, as follows: As > Pb > Cr > Ni > Cu >Zn. The mean carcinogenic risk (CR) of the metals in the region’s soils are ranked as follows: Cr > As > Ni. The Hazard Index (HI) values indicated that 3.7% of soils contained unsafe levels of toxic metals for children and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values indicated that 23.3% of soils contained unsafe levels, indicating that children are facing both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from trace metals. Principal component analysis (PCA) and matrix cluster analysis were used to identify pollution sources and classified trace metals and soil samples into two and five groups, respectively. The five groups represented the effects of different land use types, including agricultural area, residential and public area, industrial area, forest, and industrial area and roadside, based on the contents of trace metals in soils. Industrial, agricultural and traffic activities attribute to the enrichment of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the region’s soils. Moreover, the accumulation of As and Pb are also attributed to atmospheric deposition. These results can contribute to a better understanding of pollution, ecological risks, and human health risks from trace metals on large regional scales like the Golden Triangle of Southern Fujian Province.

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