Feline ehrlichiosis – literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol XXV (144) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Maria G. M. S. Solis ◽  
Marcelo de Souza Zanutto
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Ehrlichia Canis ◽  
Canine Ehrlichiosis ◽  
Available Information

Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne infectious disease caused by a bacterium belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family that can infect mammals. In Brazil, canine ehrlichiosis is caused by Ehrlichia canis, and it is endemic in some regions. The bacterium is transmitted by vectors, and especially the Rhipicephalus sanguineus. In cats the disease process is less understood due to scarce research, and lack of standardization of diagnostic tests. Lack of awareness of veterinarians about the importance of the disease in cats is also a contributing factor to scarce information. The available information suggests that the course of the disease in cats is similar to that of the dog. In this article we present a literature review on feline ehrlichiosis describing etiopathogenesis, methods of diagnostic, treatment, and prophylaxis strategies.

scholarly journals Molecular detection of Ehrlichia canis in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (s.l.) ticks in dogs and their domestic environment in Cuiaba, MT, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. e153661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackeliny Santos Costa ◽  
Andréia Lima Tome Melo ◽  
Rute Witter ◽  
Thabata Anjos Pacheco ◽  
Cristiane Silva Chitarra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Ehrlichia Canis ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Canine Ehrlichiosis ◽  
Two Samples

The central region of Brazil is known to be an endemic area for canine ehrlichiosis. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence rates of E. canis infection in dogs and in Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected from the dogs and their home environments. Serum samples and genomic DNA from the blood of 20 dogs and 299 ticks were analyzed by IFA and PCR assays in order to detect Ehrlichia canis antibodies and DNA. Nine (45%) of the 20 dogs were seropositive for E. canis, with titers ranging from 80 to 10240, and 6 dogs (30%) were positive for Ehrlichia spp. by PCR. Five free-living ticks were positive (2.89%, 95% confidence interval: 0.94-6.62%), as were six ticks attached to dogs (4.76%; 95% CI: 1.77-10.0%). The two groups showed a similar infection rate (P=0.395). Partial dsb DNA sequences of two samples from ticks were identical to each other and 100% (350/350 nucleotides) were identical to E. canis. Despite the high serological and molecular rates of canine ehrlichiosis in Cuiabá, the prevalence among infected ticks was lower than that found among dogs. However, adult ticks may remain infective much longer to ensure their infestation and infection of susceptible dogs.

Molecular evidence of Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia massiliae in ixodid ticks of carnivores from South Hungary

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sándor Hornok ◽  
José Fuente ◽  
Gábor Horváth ◽  
Isabel Fernández de Mera ◽  
Michiel Wijnveld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tick Species ◽  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Ehrlichia Canis ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Canine Ehrlichiosis ◽  
Rickettsia Massiliae ◽  
Blot Hybridisation

To monitor the emergence of thermophilic, Mediterranean ixodid tick species and tick-borne pathogens in southern Hungary, 348 ticks were collected from shepherd dogs, red foxes and golden jackals during the summer of 2011. Golden jackals shared tick species with both the dog and the red fox in the region.Dermacentornymphs were collected exclusively from dogs, and the sequence identification of these ticks indicated that dogs are preferred hosts of bothD. reticulatusandD. marginatusnymphs, unlike previously reported. Subadults of three ixodid species were selected for reverse line blot hybridisation (RLB) analysis to screen their vector potential for 40 pathogens/groups. Results were negative forAnaplasma,BabesiaandTheileriaspp. Investigation ofD. marginatusnymphs revealed the presence ofEhrlichia canis,Rickettsia massiliaeandBorrelia afzeliifor the first time in this tick species. These findings broaden the range of those tick-borne agents, which are typically transmitted byRhipicephalus sanguineus, but may also haveDermacentorspp. as potential or alternative vectors.Ehrlichiacaniswas also newly detected inIxodes canisugalarvae from red foxes. In absence of transovarial transmission in ticks this implies that Eurasian red foxes may play a reservoir role in the epidemiology of canine ehrlichiosis.

scholarly journals NeuroTec Sitem-Insel Bern: Closing the Last Mile in Neurology

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Kaspar A. Schindler ◽  
Tobias Nef ◽  
Maxime O. Baud ◽  
Athina Tzovara ◽  
Gürkan Yilmaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Sleep Studies ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Specialized Equipment ◽  
The One ◽  
Treatment Procedures ◽  
Digital Biomarkers

Neurology is focused on a model where patients receive their care through repeated visits to clinics and doctor’s offices. Diagnostic tests often require expensive and specialized equipment that are only available in clinics. However, this current model has significant drawbacks. First, diagnostic tests, such as daytime EEG and sleep studies, occur under artificial conditions in the clinic, which may mask or wrongly emphasize clinically important features. Second, early detection and high-quality management of chronic neurological disorders require repeat measurements to accurately capture the dynamics of the disease process, which is impractical to execute in the clinic for economical and logistical reasons. Third, clinic visits remain inaccessible to many patients due to geographical and economical circumstances. Fourth, global disruptions to daily life, such as the one caused by COVID-19, can seriously harm patients if access to in-person clinical visits for diagnostic and treatment purposes is throttled. Thus, translating diagnostic and treatment procedures to patients’ homes will convey multiple substantial benefits and has the potential to substantially improve clinical outcomes while reducing cost. NeuroTec was founded to accelerate the re-imagining of neurology and to promote the convergence of technological, scientific, medical and societal processes. The goal is to identify and validate new digital biomarkers that can close the last mile in neurology by enabling the translation of personalized diagnostics and therapeutic interventions from the clinic to the patient’s home.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Tests Can Stem the Threat of Antimicrobial Resistance: Infectious Disease Professionals Can Help

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Trevas ◽  
Angela M Caliendo ◽  
Kimberly Hanson ◽  
Jaclyn Levy ◽  
Christine C Ginocchio
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Federal Funding ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant

Abstract Uptake of existing diagnostics to identify infections more accurately could minimize unnecessary antibiotic use and decrease the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (PACCARB) agree that, to improve uptake of existing diagnostics, healthcare providers, health systems, and payors all need better clinical and economic outcomes data to support use of diagnostic tests over empiric use of antibiotics, providers need better tools and education about diagnostic tests, and diagnostics developers need federal funding in the absence of a viable diagnostics market. Recommendations from PACCARB and the IDSA are amplified. Incentives for—and challenges to—diagnostics research, development, and uptake are summarized. Advocacy opportunities are given for infectious disease professionals to join the fight against antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Experimental Ehrlichia canis infection changes acute-phase proteins

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Demarchi Munhoz ◽  
Joice Lara Maia Faria ◽  
Giovanni Vargas-Hérnandez ◽  
José Jurandir Fagliari ◽  
Áureo Evangelista Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Acute Phase ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Ehrlichia Canis ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Early Detection Of Disease ◽  
Acid Glycoprotein ◽  
The Third ◽  
Canine Ehrlichiosis

Early diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis favors prompt institution of treatment and improves the prognosis for the animal, since this disease causes mortality among dogs. Studies have shown that determining the concentration of acute-phase proteins (APPs) may contribute towards early detection of disease and aid in predicting the prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the APP profile in dogs experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis, at the start of the infection and after treatment. It also investigated whether any correlation between APP levels and the clinical and laboratory alterations over the course of the disease would be possible. The results obtained showed abnormal levels of all the APPs on the third day after infection (D3), with the highest levels being reached on D18, with the exception of ceruloplasmin and acid glycoprotein, which presented their peaks on D6 and D12 respectively. We concluded that assessment of APP levels could contribute towards establishing an early diagnosis of canine ehrlichiosis, particularly regarding acid glycoprotein and ceruloplasmin, since these proteins were detected at increased levels even before the onset of clinical and laboratory findings of the disease.

scholarly journals Ehrlichia canis (Jaboticabal strain) induces the expression of TNF-α in leukocytes and splenocytes of experimentally infected dogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joice Lara Maia Faria ◽  
Thiago Demarchi Munhoz ◽  
Carolina Franchi João ◽  
Giovanny Vargas-Hernández ◽  
Marcos Rogério André ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Ehrlichia Canis ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Doxycycline Hyclate ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Canine Ehrlichiosis ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Splenic Cells ◽  
Ifn Γ

Canine ehrlichiosis is caused by the bacterium Ehrlichia canis and is characterized by a systemic febrile disease of unknown pathogenesis. This study evaluated the expression of cytokines TNF-α, IL-10, IFN-γ, in splenic cells and blood leukocytes during the acute phase of ehrlichiosis and after treatment with doxycycline hyclate in dogs experimentally infected with the E. canis Jaboticabal strain. The study results showed a significant expression of TNF-α 18 days post-inoculation, reducing by approximately 70% after treatment. There was a unique peak of expression of IL-10 and IFN-γ 18 and 30 days post-inoculation, respectively. This study suggests that TNF-α plays a role in the pathogenesis of the acute phase of canine ehrlichiosis and that treatment with doxycycline hyclate reduces the systemic effects of this cytokine, possibly by reducing or eliminating parasitemia.

Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) DNA in Tissues From Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks in Areas Endemic for Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 828-831
Author(s):  
Bruno César Miranda Oliveira ◽  
Elis Domingos Ferrari ◽  
Milena Araúz Viol ◽  
Marcos Rogério André ◽  
Rosangela Zacarias Machado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Ehrlichia Canis ◽  
Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
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