scholarly journals Economías de escala en el Municipio de Xicotepec de Juárez

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-250
Author(s):  
Miguel Antonio Mascarúa Alcázar ◽  
José Rubén Velázquez Vargas ◽  
Evelin Amador Mendoza ◽  
René Alejandro González Báez
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Micro Enterprises

El presente estudio urga sobre el potencial de la Mypes ante la industria 4.0, en el municipio de Xicotepec de Juárez, México, en donde se aplicó una encuesta a 393 microempresarios y se les preguntó acerca de sus percepciones sobre el gasto en inversión como un esfuerzo para superar la fragmentación de la industria por economías de escala en tecnología y metodología de administración del negocio, mediante el análisis multivariado de sus respuestas. Se demuestra que en el municipio existen importantes esfuerzos por parte de los negocios establecidos, mientras que aquello que no cuentan con registro, tienen retos desafiantes para el corto plazo. AbstractThis study discusses MSE's potential in response to industry 4.0, in the municipality of Xicotepec de Juarez, where a survey was applied to 393 micro-enterprises. Questions asking about their perception of investment expenditures as a means of overcoming industrial fragmentation due to technical economies of scale and the administrative methodology of their company through a multivariate analysis of the questions given. This research proves that there exist important efforts on behalf of registered businesses, while those businesses without registration face daunting short-term challenge.

scholarly journals When is a Learning Object not an Object: A first step towards a theory of learning objects

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Sosteric ◽  
Susan Hesemeier
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Learning Objects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Object A ◽  
Smart Learning ◽  
Smart Learning Environments ◽  
Adequate Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conceptual Confusion

<p> For some, “learning objects" are the “next big thing” in distance education promising smart learning environments, fantastic economies of scale, and the power to tap into expanding educational markets. While learning objects may be revolutionary in the long term, in the short term, definitional problems and conceptual confusion undermine our ability to understand and critically evaluate the emerging field. This article is an attempt to provide an adequate definition of learning objects by (a) jettisoning useless theoretical links hitherto invoked to theorize learning objects, and (b) reducing the definition of learning objects to the bare essentials. The article closes with suggestions for further research and further refinement of the definition of learning objects. </P>

scholarly journals Economies of Scale and Network Economies in Industry 4.0. Theoretical Analysis and Future Directions of Research

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Büchi ◽  
Monica Cugno ◽  
Rebecca Castagnoli
Keyword(s):  
Mass Production ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
New Production ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Enabling Technologies ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Cost Differentials

This paper analyses the role of cost differentials in the fourth industrial revolution. It uses a literature review in order to identify origins, definitions, enabling technologies and changes in company productivity. Research results show how certain Industry 4.0 enabling technologies help obtain better economic results in mass production and others that support new production models in mass production: mass customization and mass personalization. This paper is of a theoretical nature and identifies certain reflections concerning Industry 4.0’s role in managerial literature by providing interesting lines to be developed in future directions of research.

Industrial Internet of Things 4.0

2021 ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Vishwas D. B. ◽  
Gowtham M. ◽  
Gururaj H. L. ◽  
Sam Goundar
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Ubiquitous Computing ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Scientific Policy ◽  
Industrial Internet Of Things ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Industrial Internet ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In the era of mechanical digitalization, organizations are progressively putting resources into apparatuses and arrangements that permit their procedures, machines, workers, and even the products themselves to be incorporated into a solitary coordinated system for information assortment, information examination, the assessment of organization advancement, and execution improvement. This chapter presents a reference guide and review for propelling an Industry 4.0 venture from plan to execution, according to base on the economic and scientific policy of European parliament, applying increasingly effective creation forms, and accomplishing better profitability and economies of scale may likewise bring about expanded financial manageability. This chapter present the contextual analysis of a few Industry 4.0 applications. Authors give suggestions coordinating the progression of Industry 4.0. This section briefly portrays the advancement of IIoT 4.0. The change of ubiquitous computing through the internet of things has numerous difficulties related with it.

scholarly journals Are Multinational Retailers Really Selling at Lower Prices Than Domestic Chains? Evidence from Three Sectors

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-82
Author(s):  
José Caraballo-Cueto
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
The World ◽  
Loss Leader ◽  
Representative Samples

Currently, there is no systematic evidence showing that, 15 years or more after entry, all multinational retailers provide lower prices than domestic buying groups. In the short term, some multinational retailers may lower prices to deter local competitors and attract consumers in a ‘loss leader’ strategy. However, domestic competitors can integrate buying groups to share the benefit of economies of scale with multinational retailers, while holding lower profitability requirements and overhead costs than multinational retailers. We compared multinational retailers to domestic buying groups in a jurisdiction that had one of the highest proportions of Walgreens and Walmart stores in the world. Despite their market power, in our representative samples of goods, there is no evidence that the prices of multinational retailers in the sectors of pharmacies, supermarkets and hardware stores are lower than domestic chains. JEL Codes: M3, R1, L8, F2

scholarly journals Does Money Matter More in the Country? Education Funding Reductions and Achievement in Kansas, 2010–2018

AERA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 233285842096368
Author(s):  
Emily Rauscher
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
State Level ◽  
Department Of Education ◽  
Block Grant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Funding Cuts

The U.S. Department of Education made recent technical changes reducing eligibility for the Rural and Low-Income School Program. Given smaller budgets and lower economies of scale, rural districts may be less able to absorb short-term funding cuts and experience stronger negative achievement effects. Kansas implemented a state-level finance change (block grant funding) after 2015, which froze district revenue regardless of enrollment and reduced funding in districts where enrollment increased. Difference-in-differences models compare achievement before and after block grant implementation to estimate effects of funding cuts separately in rural and nonrural districts. Between-state and within-state comparisons offer complementary identification strategies in which the strengths of one approach help address limitations of the other. Revenue/spending reductions are similar by geography but represent a larger fraction of rural district budgets. Results indicate that revenue reductions have larger implications for achievement in rural areas, where they represent a larger proportion of the total budget.

scholarly journals The Approach to Industry 4.0 within the Slovak Business Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Grenčíková ◽  
Marcel Kordoš ◽  
Jakub Sokol
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Logical Deduction ◽  
Top Managers ◽  
Hr Managers

Academics, executives and top managers have solid, but also diverse, views on the Industry 4.0 issue, as do the employment policymakers. Without urgent and targeted measures to manage the short-term transition and shape the labor force with the skills needed for the future, governments will have to face increasing unemployment and social impacts, while companies will have to deal with a sluggish consumer base. The main goal of this paper is to find out how managers are perceived and informed about the Industry 4.0 concept and how quickly these views are changing. To accomplish this goal, methods such as analysis, synthesis, statistical methods and logical deduction are to used along with the conducted survey being executed by a questioner method. The conducted survey presented by the authors in this paper aims to support the discussion and open up opportunities for further action by providing views to HR managers in strategic employers who are among the leading representatives of new trends and are the key actors in the implementation of future labor development strategies in the Slovak Republic.

scholarly journals Anastomosis technique for pancreatojejunostomy and early removal of drainage tubes may reduce postoperative pancreatic fistula

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromichi Kawaida ◽  
Hiroshi Kono ◽  
Hidetake Amemiya ◽  
Naohiro Hosomura ◽  
Mitsuaki Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Pancreatic Fistula ◽  
Postoperative Pancreatic Fistula ◽  
Conventional Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Drainage Fluid ◽  
The Third ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Early Removal ◽  
Soft Pancreas

Abstract Background Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is one of the most serious complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Various factors have been reported as POPF risks, but the most serious of these is soft pancreas. To reduce POPF occurrences, many changes to the PD process have been proposed. This study evaluates short-term results of anastomosis technique for PD. Methods In total, 123 patients with soft pancreases who had undergone PD at Yamanashi University between January 2012 and August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. We divided these patients into two groups depending on the time PD was performed: a conventional group (n = 67) and a modified group (n = 56). Results The rate of clinically relevant POPF was significantly lower in the modified group than that in the conventional group (5.4% vs 22.4%, p value < 0.001), with there being only one case of POPF in the modified group. There were no cases of POPF-related hemorrhaging in the modified group. On the third day after the operation, the amylase levels in the drainage fluid for the modified group became less than half (1696 vs 650 U/L). Multivariate analysis showed that the modified method was the independent predictors to prevent clinical POPF (p value = 0.002). Conclusions Our novel anastomosis technique for pancreatojejunostomy reduced POPF in PD, especially in cases where the patient had a soft pancreas.

scholarly journals Effects of sarcopenia on short- and long-term outcomes in patients with gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms after radical gastrectomy: Results from a large, two-institution series.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-bin Wang ◽  
Zhen Xue ◽  
Jun Lu ◽  
Qing-liang He ◽  
Zhi-fang Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Radical Gastrectomy ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Systemic Complications

Abstract Background: The relationship between sarcopenia and the prognoses of patients with gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs) is unclear. This study was designed to explore the effects of sarcopenia on short-term and long-term outcomes of patients with g-NENs after radical gastrectomy.Methods: This study retrospectively collected data from 138 patients with g-NENs after radical gastrectomy. The skeletal muscle index (SMI) diagnostic threshold for sarcopenia was determined using X-tile software. Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the independent risk factors for 3-year overall survival (OS) and 3-year recurrence-free survival (RFS).Results: In this study, 59 patients (42.8%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia. Among patients in the sarcopenia group and nonsarcopenia group, the incidences of total postoperative complications were 33.9% and 30.4%, incidences of serious postoperative complications were 0% and 3.7%, incidences of postoperative surgical complications were 13.6% and 15.2%, and incidences of postoperative systemic complications were 20.3% and 15.2%, respectively (all p>0.05). The 3-year OS and RFS rates were significantly worse in the sarcopenia group than in the nonsarcopenia group (OS: 42.37% vs 65.82%, p=0.004; RFS: 52.54% vs 68.35%, p=0.036). The multivariate analysis revealed a relation between sarcopenia and the long-term prognoses of patients with g-NENs. A stratified analysis based on the pathological type revealed that the Kaplan-Meier curve was only significantly different in patients with gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (gMANEC) (OS: 40.00% vs 71.79%, p=0.007; RFS: 51.43% vs 74.36%, p=0.026); furthermore, the multivariate analysis identified sarcopenia as an independent risk factor for patients with gMANEC (p<0.05).Conclusions: Sarcopenia is not related to the short-term prognoses of patients with g-NENs. Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for patients with gMANEC after radical surgery.

scholarly journals Risk Control of Manufacturing Enterprise Short-term Financial Investment Based on COSO-ERM and Industry 4.0

CONVERTER ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 388-397
Author(s):  
Lian He, Xiaoxin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Probability Method ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprise ◽  
Probability Curve ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Risk Probability ◽  
And Control

In this paper, firstly, the risk management and control process of related enterprises after COSO-ERM framework is introduced and the risk assessment and control methods of related investment strategies are introduced emphatically by studying the short-term financial investment business of manufacturing enterprises.Then, the risk probability method for measuring the risk size and the possibility of achieving the expected goals is introduced. Next, the differences between the risk curve and the risk probability curve are further compared. Finally, in Industry 4.0, it is concluded that the introduction of COSO-ERM framework into manufacturing enterprise risk management will not only help to grasp the implementation of enterprise strategic objectives through effective internal control, but also help to effectively assess the risks of strategic objectives and the possibility of achieving strategic objectives.

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