The Effects of Women’s Attitudes and Social Norms toward Gender Roles on Fertility Decision in Low Fertility Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 175-211
Author(s):  
Yusun Cho ◽  
Ahram Moon ◽  
Ahyoung Song
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Fertility Decision

scholarly journals The politics of abortion and contraception

Sociologija ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Rada Drezgic
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Reproductive Risk ◽  
Gender Power ◽  
Micro Level

In this article the author challenges several dominant positions that are relevant for understanding demographic trends and contraceptive practices as well as their mutual relationship. First, the author rejects the assumed direct connection between high abortion rates and low fertility. Second, the author challenges the thesis according to which abortions come about because of the lack of contraception and proposes that high abortion rates result from failing contraception i.e. from high failing rates of coitus interruptus which is a preferred method of birth control by men and women in Serbia. Finally, the author argues that giving control over reproductive risk to men does not make women passive victims of male domination. Rather women are, it is argued, active agents in reproducing hegemonic gender roles and relations. In addition, the author shows how gender power relations formed at the micro level may be consequential for macro level politics.

scholarly journals The Representation Of Javanese Women In Damar Kurung Painting – Gresik

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Aniendya Christianna
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Descriptive Approach

Damar Kurung is one of the typical cultural products of Gresik that has recorded Gresik’s civilization. Damar Kurung is a bamboo-framed paper lantern that has existed since Hindu-Buddhist times. This research is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The purpose of this research is to understand the meaning of the symbol in Damar Kurung’s decorative that are painted by Masmundari. At the same time to identify the gender roles of Javanese women. The results of this study are (1) Javanese women do not reject face makeup, because using makeup is a manifestation of women’s respect and acceptance in dealing with social norms; (2) Javanese women formulate their identity through a procession of traditional ceremonial preparations that are mostly carried out ‘behind’ (in the kitchen).Damar Kurung merupakan salah satu produk budaya khas Gresik yang telah merekam peradaban masyarakat Gresik. Damar Kurung adalah lampion kertas berangka bambu ini sudah ada sejak zaman Hindu-Budha. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk memahami makna simbol di damar kurung yang dilukis oleh Masmundari. Sekaligus untuk mengidentifikasi peran gender perempuan Jawa. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah (1) perempuan Jawa tidak menolak riasan wajah, karena menggunakan riasan adalah perwujudan penghormatan dan penerimaan perempuan dalam menghadapi norma sosial;(2) perempuan Jawa merumuskan identitasnya melalui prosesi persiapan upacara adat yang banyak dilakukan ‘dibelakang’ (di dapur).

The Bhāgavata Speaks of Woman

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Gopal K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Studies ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Subaltern Studies ◽  
Gender Discourse ◽  
Positive Light

Indic texts have played a crucial role in constructing, and greatly influencing, gender roles and social norms in Indian society. Scholarship on these texts has identified problems of identity and hegemony that are thoroughly discussed in such fields as subaltern studies, gender studies, cultural studies, and the like. Because of cultural practices such as satῑ‎ and religious laws for widows, Hinduism and some of its associated texts tend to have a reputation for patriarchal misogyny. In her Encyclopedia of Feminism, Lisa Tuttle advises scholars to ask “new questions of old texts;” following her lead, this chapter intends to examine the gender discourse contained in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, focusing on the text’s characterization of women as māyā, which we have here defined as God’s deluding or covering potency. The analysis should make it plain that while the Bhāgavata does support patriarchal institutions and practices, on a deeper level it portrays women in a far more positive light, holding them in a more esteemed position than one may assume.

The Flat Heroine: Flat Character and Agency in Miss Marjoribanks

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 691-721
Author(s):  
Hope Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Good Sense ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Mixed Feelings ◽  
Miss Marjoribanks

Critics of Miss Marjoribanks are divided about whether Margaret Oliphant's eponymous heroine's performance of social conventions, particularly those pertaining to gender roles, is consciously subversive or an unreflective embodiment of those conventions. This scholarship implicitly equates agency with critical detachment: if Lucilla does not critique the conventions she uses and the constructions of gender they reflect, she must lack the capacity to think strategically about her desires, a capacity necessary for agency. It's true that Lucilla is neither critical nor detached. Oliphant characterizes her as fully invested in social norms and as lacking the psychological depth that typically marks agential characters. In fact, I argue that Lucilla is a flat character and that Lucilla's flatness is precisely what makes her excel as an agent. Lucilla's nigh-emotionless thinking, combined with her ruling qualities of good sense and self-satisfaction, promotes agency. Untrammeled by mixed feelings or self-doubt, she has nothing to do but rationally calculate how best to achieve her interests. Reconsidering Lucilla's agency in light of her flatness thus allows us both to value that agency as Oliphant portrays it and to understand how characters can have agency at all.

scholarly journals Gender Role Attitudes and Parents’ Intention to Continue Childbearing in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serap Kavas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Fertility Decision ◽  
Intention To Continue ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Factors

It is increasingly acknowledged that gender (in-) equality is one of the most significant factors underlying change in fertility behavior. Researchers have extensively studied the link between gender (in-) equality and fertility decision-making in various settings. However, most of these studies have focused on industrialized countries in North America, Europe, and East Asia, while very few examine this relationship in a non-western, developing country context. Employing individual-level survey data, this paper examines the relationship between parents’ gender role attitudes and their fertility intentions for an additional child in urban Turkey, surveyed in 2014. The findings of this study show that parents’ attitudes toward gender roles were not an important predictor of fertility decision-making in Turkey. This study suggests that the lack of significant findings supporting the expected association may be related to the measurement of gender role attitudes, suggesting a need to construct a measure that addresses culture-specific aspects of gender roles. This study contributes to the literature by providing a new data point, Turkey, and bringing a comparative perspective to the existing research.

scholarly journals Between Citizenship and Belonging: Transnational Ethnic Strategies of Muslim Arab Sudanese in the Diaspora

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Fábos
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
Critical Questions

Among diasporic Muslim Arab Sudanese a ‘citizenship tradeoff' can be identified, whereby families move between countries which offer refugee status leading to citizenship and those whose social norms and policies support more familiar gender roles but which do not offer the possibility of naturalization. This raises critical questions about the nature of citizenship and belonging.

scholarly journals Old and New Hierarchies: Rewritten Social Norms in "Silent Valley"

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-186
Author(s):  
Anna Batori
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Gender Hierarchy

Old and New Hierarchies: Rewritten Social Norms in Silent ValleyThe article discusses the socialist and post-socialist hierarchical structure in Romania by focusing on the sociological reading of the series Silent Valley (Valea Mutã, 2016). As argued in the text, the production shows a remarkable, novel approach to breaking the discursive taboos of the Ceaușescu system by featuring homosexuality, corruption and revised gender roles on screen. The main focus of the article is on revealing how the old socialist socio-political hierarchies have been inherited and/or transferred to the capitalist-democratic epoch. By analysing such structures, the text provides a gender-centred description of the Romanian socialist and contemporary framework, while giving special attention to the situation of the Roma minority in the country. In a formalist-structuralist reading, it aims to dissect the phenomena of gender hierarchy, political and social dominance, and people’s subjugated position within this context. Régi és új hierarchiák: Átírt társadalmi normák a Silent ValleyA tanulmány egy formalistra-strukturalista olvasaton belül a szocialista és kapitalista hierarchikus struktúrákat vizsgálja a Silent Valley (Valea Mutã, 2016) című roman sorozatban, miközben amellett érvel, hogy – a Ceaușescu-rendszer tabuit megdöntő, avagy a homoszexualitás, változó nemi szerepek, a roma helyzet és korrupció témaköreit nyíltan felvállaló – produkció új fejezetet nyitott az ország televíziós sorozatgyártásában. A tanulmány központi fókusza a szocialista politikai hierarchiák felfedése jelen kontextusban, és a változó domináns nemi szerepek reflexiójának leképezése a kortárs televíziós szférában. Stare i nowe hierarchie. Napisane na nowo normy społeczne w Silent ValleyArtykuł bada socjalistyczne i kapitalistyczne struktury hierarchiczne w rumuńskim serialu Silent Valley (Valea Mutã, 2016) w ujęciu formalno-strukturalnym. [Autorka] argumentuje jednocześnie, że przełamując tabu systemu Ceaușescu poprzez otwarte podjęcie tematów homoseksualizmu, zmieniania ról płciowych, sytuacji Romów i korupcji, produkcja otworzyła nowy rozdział w dziejach seriali telewizyjnych w Rumunii. Głównym przedmiotem artykułu jest ukazanie w tym kontekście socjalistycznych hierarchii politycznych oraz refleksja nad zmianą dominujących ról płciowych we współczesnej sferze telewizyjnej.

scholarly journals Social norms of sexual initiation among adolescents and gender relations

2009 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Vilela Borges ◽  
Eunice Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
Sexual Initiation ◽  
Sexual Relation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Moment

This study aimed to identify standards and expectations regarding sexual initiation of 14 to 18 year-old adolescents in Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, using data from four focal groups conducted in 2006. Results revealed that gender issues are clearly present in participants' reports and showed to be essential in their choices about the moment, partners and contraceptive practices in the first sexual relation. Adolescents are subordinated to gender roles, traditionally attributed to male and female genders, i.e. the notion that sex is an uncontrolled instinct for boys, and intrinsically and closely associated to love and desire for girls. Adolescents also play a preponderant role in the perpetuation of these values within the group they live in.

scholarly journals An ethical comparison of living kidney donation and surrogacy: understanding the relational dimension

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Beier ◽  
Sabine Wöhlke
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Kidney Donation ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Living Kidney Donation ◽  
Relational Dynamics ◽  
Commercial Exchange ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background The bioethical debates concerning living donation and surrogacy revolve around similar ethical questions and moral concepts. Nevertheless, the ethical discourses in both fields grew largely isolated from each other. Methods Based on a review of ethical, sociological and anthropological research this paper aims to link the ethical discourses on living kidney donation and surrogacy by providing a comparative analysis of the two practices’ relational dimension with regard to three aspects, i.e. the normative role of relational dynamics, social norms and gender roles, and reciprocity. Based on this analysis, we derive conclusions for the framing of living organ donation and surrogacy in ethical theory and practice. Results First, our analysis emphasizes the relevance of acknowledging the complex relational implications of living kidney donation and surrogacy. Underestimating this relational dimension may not only lead to individual crises but endanger existing as well as newly emerging familial relationships. Second, we point out differences in the normative assessment of social norms and gender roles in the ethical debates about living kidney donation and surrogacy. In particular, we show how different evaluations of altruism affect the understanding of autonomy in both contexts. In addition, we sensitize for biased perceptions of gender roles. Finally, we argue that challenges resulting from unresolved reciprocity are an issue in living kidney donation and surrogacy independent of whether the exchange of body parts or bodily services is framed as a gift or commercial exchange. By pointing out the limits of financial compensation, we stress the relevance of non-material, relational rewards as potential remedy.

scholarly journals Women’s Fertility Autonomy in Urban China: The Role of Couple Dynamics Under the Universal Two-Child Policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Qian ◽  
Yongai Jin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Marital Power ◽  
Child Policy ◽  
Fertility Decision ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Couple Dynamics ◽  
Relative Resources

Under China’s universal two-child policy, decisions about whether to have a second birth become more dynamic, flexible, and subject to negotiation between the spouses; moreover, how women can maintain their fertility autonomy has far-reaching implications for gender equality. Using valuable, new data from the 2016 Survey of the Fertility Decision-Making Processes in Chinese Families, we examine the relationship between couple dynamics and women’s fertility autonomy in urban China. If women want no more than one child and already have one, intending to have a second birth indicates low fertility autonomy. Couple dynamics are measured by conjugal power structure and spousal pressure on fertility. We find that only if women have less marital power than their husbands, greater fertility pressure from husband is associated with a higher likelihood that women intend to have a second birth. In addition, when investigating the determinants of couple dynamics, we find that women’s marital power depends on their relative resources, whereas fertility pressure from husband persists regardless. The findings suggest that in post-reform urban China, growing gender inequalities in labor markets likely reduce women’s marital power, which in turn negatively affects their fertility autonomy. We urge greater research and policy attention to gender equality issues in the era of the universal two-child policy.

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