scholarly journals The politics of abortion and contraception

Sociologija ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Rada Drezgic
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Reproductive Risk ◽  
Gender Power ◽  
Micro Level

In this article the author challenges several dominant positions that are relevant for understanding demographic trends and contraceptive practices as well as their mutual relationship. First, the author rejects the assumed direct connection between high abortion rates and low fertility. Second, the author challenges the thesis according to which abortions come about because of the lack of contraception and proposes that high abortion rates result from failing contraception i.e. from high failing rates of coitus interruptus which is a preferred method of birth control by men and women in Serbia. Finally, the author argues that giving control over reproductive risk to men does not make women passive victims of male domination. Rather women are, it is argued, active agents in reproducing hegemonic gender roles and relations. In addition, the author shows how gender power relations formed at the micro level may be consequential for macro level politics.

scholarly journals Społeczno-ekonomiczne predyktory poglądów kobiet i mężczyzn dotyczących kulturowych ról płci w Polsce

2014 ◽  
pp. 29-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kocot-Górecka
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Gender Attitudes ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Parental Home ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social

Fertility decline in developed countries over recent five decades and persisting low fertility in the remarkable number of countries are increasingly attributed to changing gender roles, particularly to incompatibilities between institutional adjustments of individual- and family- oriented institutions as well as within the family and changing perceptions on social roles of women and men. These arguments are voiced also when debating on low fertility in Poland. The article focuses on perceptions of gender roles and their diversity across population groups which differ by socio-demographic attributes. Additionally, possible influences of parental home on opinions about gender roles are accounted for. The data coming from the Generations and Gender Survey, carried out in Poland in 2010/2011, made it possible to define two synthetic variables which described attitudes towards gender equality in the social sphere and in the private sphere (a responsibility for a child). Descriptive results confirmed findings of other studies: the gender attitudes are more diversified among women than men, especially as regards gender equality in the social sphere, women show more egalitarian attitudes than men, and within an age increase a social approval for gender equality declines. The generalized linear mixed models of two synthetic gender variables were used to identify predictors of gender attitudes across two birth cohorts of women and men – those born either in the years 1950–1969 or in the years 1970–1989. Among individual characteristics education, religiosity and place of residence were found out – as expected – the main predictors of gender attitudes. Contrary to expectations, labour market status, marital status and a number of children did not always play a significant role for distinguished cohorts of men and women. Economic activity showed its impact on women’s gender attitudes only. There are also some signs that in the 1970–1989 cohorts younger people are less in favour of gender equality than those over 30 years of age. Parental home attributes (place of residence at age 15, mother’ education and mother’s economic acitivity, number of siblings, and religiosity) were displayed as relevant predictors of gender attitudes for both birth cohorts of men and women.

Birth Control in Britain During the Interwar Years

1988 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Davey
Keyword(s):  
Birth Control ◽  
Demographic Transition ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Sexual Problems ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Archival Source ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Later Phase

Responding to the call by historical demographers for “more empirical studies at the micro-level” of motives for using birth control, a single archival source—letters written to Marie Stopes, a major English advocate of contraception—are used to examine the contraceptive experiences and sexual problems of individual men and women during the later phase of the demographic transition in England (1918–1939). Various statistical assessments reveal that methods and motives for contraception were influenced by the correspondents' sex and social standing.

scholarly journals Hidden geographies of population implosion in Bosnia and Herzegovina

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Haris GEKIC ◽  
◽  
Aida BIDZAN-GEKIC ◽  
Ranko MIRIC ◽  
Peter REMENYI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Natural Change

Bosnia and Herzegovina has witnessed continuous depopulation since 1991. Depopulation was foreseen even without the emergence of war, but not nearly to that extent or that early. Bosnia and Herzegovina is in a worse demographic position than the European Union countries that show similar demographic trends. Very low birth rates, low fertility and low natural population growth have been recorded in the time of weaker economic development, which increasingly accelerates the emigration of the educated population in particular, and permanently adversely affects the reproductive potential of the country. This paper considers a hidden mutual relationship between the demographic situation (natural change, population ageing) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and its citizens' system of values. According to the survey conducted on 614 respondents, Bosnia and Herzegovina's citizens have fewer children than they would like.

Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Reactivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Whited ◽  
Kevin T. Larkin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Blood Pressure Responses

Sex differences in cardiovascular reactivity to stress are well documented, with some studies showing women having greater heart rate responses than men, and men having greater blood pressure responses than women, while other studies show conflicting evidence. Few studies have attended to the gender relevance of tasks employed in these studies. This study investigated cardiovascular reactivity to two interpersonal stressors consistent with different gender roles to determine whether response differences exist between men and women. A total of 26 men and 31 women were assigned to either a traditional male-oriented task that involved interpersonal conflict (Conflict Task) or a traditional female-oriented task that involved comforting another person (Comfort Task). Results demonstrated that women exhibited greater heart rate reactions than men independent of the task type, and that men did not display a higher reactivity than women on any measure. These findings indicate that sex of participant was more important than gender relevance of the task in eliciting sex differences in cardiovascular responding.

Implications of higher retirement age for the labor market

2017 ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ivanova ◽  
A. Balaev ◽  
E. Gurvich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Demand ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Demographic Projections ◽  
The Impact

The paper considers the impact of the increase in retirement age on labor supply and economic growth. Combining own estimates of labor participation and demographic projections by the Rosstat, the authors predict marked fall in the labor force (by 5.6 million persons over 2016-2030). Labor demand is also going down but to a lesser degree. If vigorous measures are not implemented, the labor force shortage will reach 6% of the labor force by the period end, thus restraining economic growth. Even rapid and ambitious increase in the retirement age (by 1 year each year to 65 years for both men and women) can only partially mitigate the adverse consequences of demographic trends.

scholarly journals Fathers and Gender Traditionalism: Perception of Inequality and Life Roles

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Paterna ◽  
Carmen Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Traditional View ◽  
Couple Relationship ◽  
Satisfaction Level ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Life Roles ◽  
Gender Traditionalism

Men's discourse about the paternal role is changing significantly. Despite the fact that men still perceive themselves as being responsible for the family's economical protection and the children's discipline, they face increasing demands for more involvement in childcare. From this perspective, this work analyzes the traditional view of gender roles and the perception of inequality in a sample of 95 employed fathers, as well as the various levels of satisfaction with other life roles and their relevance as a function of some gender and sociodemographic variables. The results show that men do not maintain a very traditional gender ideology with regard to role distribution and they still consider the paternal role and feelings as the most important thing in their lives. However, the couple relationship gives them the most satisfaction. Level of traditionalism and age were the two significant predicting variables of perception of inequality of men and women.

scholarly journals Gender Roles and Employment Pathways of Older Women and Men in England

SAGE Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824401774269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariska van der Horst ◽  
David Lain ◽  
Sarah Vickerstaff ◽  
Charlotte Clark ◽  
Ben Baumberg Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male Breadwinner ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

In the context of population aging, the U.K. government is encouraging people to work longer and delay retirement, and it is claimed that many people now make “gradual” transitions from full-time to part-time work to retirement. Part-time employment in older age may, however, be largely due to women working part-time before older age, as per a U.K. “modified male breadwinner” model. This article therefore separately examines the extent to which men and women make transitions into part-time work in older age, and whether such transitions are influenced by marital status. Following older men and women over a 10-year period using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, this article presents sequence, cluster, and multinomial logistic regression analyses. Little evidence is found for people moving into part-time work in older age. Typically, women did not work at all or they worked part-time (with some remaining in part-time work and some retiring/exiting from this activity). Consistent with a “modified male breadwinner” logic, marriage was positively related to the likelihood of women belonging to typically “female employment pathway clusters,” which mostly consist of part-time work or not being employed. Men were mostly working full-time regardless of marital status. Attempts to extend working lives among older women are therefore likely to be complicated by the influence of traditional gender roles on employment.

scholarly journals Depiction of Gender in American Headway Series

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Mohammad Amin Mozaheb
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Gender Biases ◽  
The Common

A great number of researchers interested in designing and producing EFL/ESL materials believe that gender roles and representations can motivate students while learning a foreign language such as English. This comes while some scholars believe that gender representations can hinder the learning process. Ever since the day EFL/ESL experts have determined the significance of gender in EFL/ESL textbooks, a number of studies have been conducted to uncover the prejudices and biases inserted in EFL materials. Linked to previous research articles and studies, the present study aims to investigate how social gender identity is defined through adjectives and photos used in American Headway 5 published by Oxford University Press in 2016. To obtain the objective of the study, the common adjectives used in the conversation section of the American Headway 5 have been detected and counted. Then they were presented in related tables utilizing frequencies. Additionally, the photos all extracted from the book have been tested against gender biases and prejudices. The findings of the study reveal that American Headway 5attempts to demonstrate both men and women equally, albeit some instances of biases have been detected in the pictures. The findings of the current research can be used by materials developers, syllabus designers as well as EFL/ESL practitioners.

scholarly journals Aproximación a los enfoques de género e interseccionalidad: aprendizajes significativos en la interacción de estudiantes universitarios con una comunidad indígena del Ecuador / Approach to Gender and Intersectionality perspectives: Meaningful Learning in the Interaction of University Students with an Indigenous Community in Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Alejandra Yepez ◽  
Carolina Cedeño ◽  
Eduardo Granja ◽  
Tarquino Yacelga
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Meaningful Learning ◽  
Community Outreach ◽  
Indigenous Community ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Estudiantes Universitarios

ABSTRACTUniversidad de Las Américas (UDLA) -Quito, initiated the "Gender roles in the family environment of the El Topo Commune" project, which aims to promote equitable relationships between men and women, and prevent gender-based violence. In addition, the project seeks to expose and act on inequities and social problems of violence. The study focused on evidencing the learning and changes generated in the students as a result of training, sensitization, and interaction with the El Topo indigenous community.  In this context gender, intersectionality, and community outreach and interculturality are combined in the challenge of promoting meaningful learning (action research).RESUMENLa Universidad de las Américas (UDLA)–Quito, inició el proyecto “Roles de género en el entorno familiar de la Comuna El Topo”, cuyo objetivo es promover relaciones equitativas entre hombres y mujeres, y prevenir violencia de género.  Además, se pretende visibilizar y actuar frente a inequidades y problemáticas sociales de violencia. El estudio se enfocó en evidenciar los aprendizajes y cambios generados en las y los estudiantes a partir de la capacitación, sensibilización e interacción con la comunidad indígena El Topo. En este contexto se conjugan género, interseccionalidad, y vinculación comunitaria e interculturalidad bajo el reto de promover aprendizajes significativos (investigación-acción).

scholarly journals Work and fertility in Taiwan: How women’s and men’s career sequences associate with fertility outcomes?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Hao Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Lower Number ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
The World ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
And Gender

There has been much debate over the micro-level relationship between employment situations and fertility in Europe and Northern America. However, related research in East Asia is scant, although countries in this region have some of the lowest fertility rates in the world. Moreover, most studies analyze the employment-fertility relationship from a static perspective and only for women, which underemphasizes life-course dynamics and gender heterogeneity of employment careers and their fertility implications. Drawing on retrospective data from the 2017 Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS), this study explores women’s and men’s career trajectories between ages 18 and 40 in Taiwan using sequence cluster analyses. It also examines how career variations associate with different timing and quantum of birth. Empirical results show that economically inactive women experience faster motherhood transitions and have more children by age 40 than women with stable full-time careers. For men, having an unstable career associates with slower fatherhood transitions and a lower number of children. For both genders, self-employed people are the earliest in parenthood transitions and have the highest number of children by midlife. Our findings demonstrate sharp gender contrasts in employment careers and their diversified fertility implications in low-fertility Taiwan

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