scholarly journals Thermal Energy Production in an Electrochemical Cell and Heat Transfer to Its Dark Surroundings

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarwan S. Sandhu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Cell Component ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Radiation Process ◽  
Material Density ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Discharge Operation ◽  
Cell Average

The theoretical formulation presented in this abridged paper was developed to predict the transient cell average temperature of a lithium-based cell during its discharge in dark, extremely low material density surroundings where the predominant mechanism of heat exchange between its shroud surface and surroundings is the thermal radiation process for a given cell discharge current and its initial temperature. The average computed temperature of an ideal lithium-based button cell, such as Li(s)/electrolyte/CF(s), is presented as a function of time in the form of plots at two discharge currents as an example of the application of the derived formulation. The presented data are briefly discussed in light of the lithium-based cell component stability and its safe discharge operation.

scholarly journals Thermal Energy Production and Heat Exchange between an Electrochemical Cell and Its Surroundings

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarwan S. Sandhu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Electrochemical Cell ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Cell Component ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Cell Discharge ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Discharge Operation ◽  
Cell Average

The theoretical formulation presented in this paper was developed to predict the cell average temperature as a function of time for a given cell discharge current and its initial temperature under adiabatic and nonadiabatic conditions. The cell average temperature versus time data calculated from the derived formulation is presented in the form of plots for an ideal lithium-based button cell (for example, lithium(s)/electrolyte/carbon monofluoride(s)) during its discharge period. The presented data are briefly discussed in light of cell component stability and safe discharge operation.

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Melting Process of Paraffin Heat Storage Ball

2013 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 1690-1695
Author(s):  
Shu Hui Xu ◽  
Guo Qiang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Convection ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Heat Storage ◽  
Time History ◽  
Melting Process ◽  
Heat Transfer Characteristics ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Solid Liquid

In this paper, a paraffin heat storage ball whose diameter is 100mm is the research object. Two mathematical models of paraffin melting process are established respectively when the natural convection of liquid phase of paraffin is considered and ignored. The melting process of paraffin heat storage ball which initial temperature is 290K is simulated by using the solidification/melting model of FLUENT. Through analyzing the temperature distribution of the ball and proportion of solid-liquid phase in the ball in the melting process at a certain time, studying the time history of the proportion of liquid phase in the ball and the time history of the average temperature of the paraffin, we can find that the natural convection of liquid phase of paraffin can not be ignored in the melting process of paraffin heat storage ball whose diameter is 100mm.

PARTON EVOLUTION FOR CHEMICAL EQUILIBRATION AT RHIC: DEPENDENCE ON INITIAL CONDITIONS

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (07n08) ◽  
pp. 1993-1999
Author(s):  
LUAN CHENG ◽  
ENKE WANG
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Transverse Energy ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Important Ingredient ◽  
Chemical Equilibration ◽  
Non Equilibrium

An important ingredient for studying non-equilibrium evolution of partons at RHIC and LHC is to have physical initial conditions for the partonic system. In this paper we investigate the initial conditions with chemical non-equilibrium at RHIC. Considering the parton production, we studied evolution of the partonic medium with chemical non-equilibrium toward a fully equilibrated partonic system. By using a set of rate equations which describe the chemical equilibration of gluons and quarks, and putting different initial conditions, we obtained the transverse energy production dET/dy and particle multiplicities dN/dy. Comparing the experimental data of dET/dy and dN/dy with numerical results, we get following initial conditions for the formation of partonic system: the initial temperature is around 550 MeV and the initial fugacity λg is from 0.4 to 0.75. It is shown that, until the partonic medium freezes out the partonic system hasn't been totally chemical equilibrated.

A new temperature parameter set for characterizing the frictional temperature rise of disc brakes

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Yin ◽  
Xingming Xiao ◽  
Jiusheng Bao ◽  
Jinge Liu ◽  
Yuhao Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Characteristic Parameter ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Disc Brakes ◽  
Temperature Parameter ◽  
Temperature Time

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to establish a new temperature set for characterizing the frictional temperature rise (FTR) of disc brakes. The FTR produced by braking is an important factor which directly affects the tribological properties of disc brakes. Presently, most existing researches characterize the FTR only by several static parameters such as average temperature or maximum temperature, which cannot reflect accurately the dynamic characteristics of temperature variation in the process of braking. In this paper, a new temperature parameter set was extracted and the influences of braking conditions on these parameters were investigated by experiments. Design/methodology/approach – First, several simulated braking experiments of disc brakes were conducted to reveal the dynamic variation rules and mechanisms of the FTR in braking. Second, the characteristic parameter subset of the FTR was extracted with five significant parameters, namely, initial temperature, average temperature, end temperature, maximum temperature and the ratio of maximum temperature time. Furthermore, the fitting parameter subset of the FTR was constructed based on the temperature rise curve. Finally, the influence and mechanisms of initial braking velocity and braking pressure on the new temperature parameter set were investigated through braking experiments. Findings – This paper extracted a new temperature parameter set including a characteristic parameter subset and a fitting parameter subset and revealed the influences of braking conditions on it by experiments. Originality/value – The results showed that the new temperature parameter set extracted in this paper can characterize the dynamic characteristics of disc brake’s FTR variations more objectively and comprehensively. The research results will provide a theoretical basis for extracting the fault feature of friction properties.

scholarly journals Analyzing Seasonality in Hydropower Plants Energy Production and External Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Eralda Gjika ◽  
Lule Basha ◽  
Aurora Ferrja ◽  
Arbesa Kamberi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
External Variables ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Distribution Chain

This study is focused on energy production in Albania which involves different types of infrastructure at the various points of the energy production and distribution chain, as well as monitoring and early warning systems. At a time of rapid climate change, estimating the appropriate dimensions and design of such infrastructure and systems becomes crucial. The main objective is to analyze the seasonality pattern and main external climacteric factors, such as precipitation, average temperature, and water inflow. This work deals with the seasonality patterns of climacteric factors affecting energy production and considers different statistical learning methods for prediction.

scholarly journals Meteorological influences on solar energy production in a coastal Amazon region

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e3
Author(s):  
Marcos Aurélio Alves Freitas ◽  
Leonardo Henrique de Sá Rodrigues ◽  
Luan Victor Pereira de Sousa ◽  
Pedro Henrique Modesto de Aguiar ◽  
Ana Roberta Barros Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Total Radiation ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Meteorological Influences ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Annual Scale

A study was conducted with a photovoltaic distributed generation system in São Luís, Brazil, to determine the influence of meteorological variables on the generation of energy. The methodology is composed of three stages: the first corresponds to the obtaining, organization, and treatment of the data; the second involves the application of mathematical models to determine the yield, operating temperature, nominal power, and estimated power; and the third is to generate the correlations obtained between the monitored climatic variables, whether on an hourly, daily, monthly, or annual scale. For an average temperature of 27.50ºC in March, it was verified that the ultraviolet radiation was 5.06, while the average of the total radiation was 481.01 W.m-2. The maximum peak temperature was 27.88°C at noon, while the ultraviolet radiation was 8.55 and total radiation was 794.97 W.m-2. At this average temperature variation of 0.38°C, there is a variation of 313.96 W.m-2. It is concluded that, because São Luís is very close to the equator, the conditions to produce the system are favorable, mainly because, on average, there were no abrupt changes in temperature and radiation for the period studied. Even in the wintry period, the production behaved within the parameters designed.

scholarly journals PERANCANGAN PEMBUATAN PERMEN KAPAS OTOMATIS BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Nurwijayanti Kusumaningrum ◽  
Fitriah Fitriah
Keyword(s):  
Initial Temperature ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Final Temperature ◽  
Push Button ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Program Language ◽  
Arduino Uno ◽  
Cotton Candy ◽  
Heating Stove

Cotton candy is one of Indonesia's traditional foods which was quite popular in its time. Cotton candy is made from sugar that is given food coloring, cotton candy is made using a special tool that rotates and produces refined sugar fibers. Most cotton candy consists of air cotton candy feels sweet and sticky. Even though it looks like wool yarn ... The design of this cotton candy maker uses an arduino uno microcontroller, equipped with a temperature sensor, 3 push buttons and a heating stove as a heating container for the sugar container design of this tool. All Arduino Uno microcontroller working systems have been programmed using the C program language on the Arduino Uno microcontroller. Using a dose of 1/2 spoonful sugar, the average initial temperature (54.5 ° C) and the average final temperature (64.8 ° C) were obtained. Measuring one (1) spoonful of sugar, the initial heating temperature with an average (68.8oC) average final temperature (74.2oC). The dose of sugar 1 1/2 spoon, the initial temperature of the heater with an average (70.4 ° C) the average temperature of the final heater (77.4). This tool takes time to heat the heating stove in approximately 2 minutes to reach ambient temperature (54oC). Testing to find out the exact time of each dose of sugar. as in the dose of half a sugar (1/2) a spoon an average of about 120 seconds is obtained, a dose of sugar (one) spoon is obtained an average time of about 150 seconds and in a sugar one and a half (1½) spoon an average time is obtained about 180 seconds. ABSTRAK:Permen kapas adalah salah satu makanan tradisional khas Indonesia yang cukup populer pada masanya. Permen kapas dibuat dari gula yang diberi pewarna makanan, permen kapas dibuat menggunakan sebuah alat khusus yang berputar  dan menghasilkan serat – serat gula yang halus. Sebagian besar permen kapas terdiri dari udara permen kapas terasa manis dan lengket. Meskipun terlihat seperti benang wol..Perancangan pembuat permen kapas ini menggunakan mikrokontroler arduino uno, dilengkapi sensor suhu, 3 buah push button  dan kompor pemanas sebagai pemanas wadah penampung gula perancangan alat ini. Semua sistem kerja mikrokontroller arduino uno  sudah diprogram menggunakan bahasa program C  pada mikrokontroler Arduino Uno.Menggunakan takaran gula 1/2 sendok, didapatkan suhu awal rata-rata (54,5oC) dan suhu akhir rata-rata (64,8oC).  Takaran gula satu (1) sendok, suhu awal pemanas dengan rata-rata (68,8oC) suhu akhir rata-rata (74,2oC). Takaran gula 1 1/2 sendok, suhu awal pemanas dengan rata-rata (70,4oC) suhu akhir pemanas rata-rata (77,4). Alat ini membutuhkan waktu untuk memanaskan kompor pemanas dalam waktu kurang lebih 2 menit  untuk mencapai suhu sekitar (54oC). Pengujian untuk mengetahui waktu yang tepat dari setiap takaran gula. seperti pada takaran gula  setengah (1/2) sendok diperoleh rata-rata waktu sekitar120 detik, takaran gula  satu (1) sendok diperoleh rata-rata waktu sekitar150 detik dan pada takarang gula satu setengah (1 ½) sendok diperoleh rata-rata waktusekitar 180 detik.

Specimen Collection Effect in Scanning Electron Microscopy Images

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 448-449
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black ◽  
Jose Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
Secondary Electrons ◽  
Charge Effects ◽  
Material Density ◽  
Specimen Collection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Curved Paths ◽  
Subject Material ◽  
Microscopy Images

In the SEM, contrast in the image is the result of variations in the volume secondary electron emission and backscatter emission which reaches the detector and serves to intensity modulate the signal for the CRT's. This emission is a function of the accelerating potential, material density, chemistry, crystallography, local charge effects, surface morphology and especially the angle of the incident electron beam with the particular surface site. Aside from the influence of object inclination, the surface morphology is the most important feature In producing contrast. “Specimen collection“ is the name given the shielding of the collector by adjacent parts of the specimen, producing much image contrast. This type of contrast can occur for both secondary and backscatter electrons even though the secondary electrons take curved paths to the detector-collector.Figure 1 demonstrates, in a unique and striking fashion, the specimen collection effect. The subject material here is Armco Iron, 99.85% purity, which was spark machined.

Mitochondrial matrix calcium ions regulate energy production in myocardium: A cytochemical study

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
W.A. Jacob ◽  
R. Hertsens ◽  
A. Van Bogaert ◽  
M. De Smet
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Regulation Of Respiration ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Mitochondrial Matrix ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Nmr Techniques

In the past most studies of the control of energy metabolism focus on the role of the phosphorylation potential ATP/ADP.Pi on the regulation of respiration. Studies using NMR techniques have demonstrated that the concentrations of these compounds for oxidation phosphorylation do not change appreciably throughout the cardiac cycle and during increases in cardiac work. Hence regulation of energy production by calcium ions, present in the mitochondrial matrix, has been the object of a number of recent studies.Three exclusively intramitochondnal dehydrogenases are key enzymes for the regulation of oxidative metabolism. They are activated by calcium ions in the low micromolar range. Since, however, earlier estimates of the intramitochondnal calcium, based on equilibrium thermodynamic considerations, were in the millimolar range, a physiological correlation was not evident. The introduction of calcium-sensitive probes fura-2 and indo-1 made monitoring of free calcium during changing energy metabolism possible. These studies were performed on isolated mitochondria and extrapolation to the in vivo situation is more or less speculative.

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