Childhood routine immunization coverage in children less than 5 years in Southern Nigeria: A descriptive cross-sectional survey

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of child malnutrition and the determinants of nutrition status among circular migrant families working in the brick industry in Bihar, India, focusing on differences by origin. Methods We used a stratified, cluster sampling design consisting of a cross-sectional survey in 552 randomly selected brick kilns (clusters) throughout Bihar. Circular migration was defined as residence outside the home block for at least 60 days for employment plus at least one home return in the previous year. Per kiln, three circular migrant households with children 0–35 months of age were randomly selected. We collected kiln, household and child-level data including anthropometric measurements for each selected child (n = 1198). Descriptive, bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted in SAS. The primary outcomes were stunting (<-2 SD height-for-age z score) and wasting (<-2 SD weight-for-height z score). The primary exposure of interest was intrastate vs. interstate origin; covariates included household wealth index, parity of the mother, and child age and gender. Results Prevalence of stunting was lower among interstate migrants (47%) compared to intrastate migrants (55%, aOR: 0.66, 95%CI: 0.50–0.88). Wasting was higher among interstate migrants (43%) compared to intrastate migrants (34%, aOR:1.51, 95%CI: 1.17–1.94). Among children 6–23 months, 13% had a minimum acceptable diet; MAD was higher among interstate migrants (17%), compared to intrastate migrants (10%) (P = 0.014). Full immunization coverage among circular migrants was 39%, lower than the overall state (62%, NFHS IV). Open defecation was reported by over 90% of circular migrants. Conclusions Our results are likely to inform the ongoing policy discourse on circular migrants’ access to health and nutrition benefits. State of origin emerged as an important predictor of nutrition status, operating differently for acute and chronic malnutrition; we will further explore pathways of nutrition by origin in future analyses. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Assessment of immunization Status of Children between 12-23 months in Bareilly District

Nepal Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.3126/nje.v1i2.5091 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 47-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Hari S Joshi ◽

Rakesh Gupta ◽

Arun Singh ◽

Vipul Mahajan

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Immunization Status ◽

Rural And Urban

Objectives: To assess the immunization status of children in the age group 12-23 months and to know the reasons for non-immunization of children. Method: - A cross-sectional survey was conducted using WHO’s thirty cluster sampling technique in rural and urban areas of Bareilly district from August 2008 to January 2009. Rural areas were divided into blocks and blocks were divided into villages. Urban areas were divided into wards. Villages and wards were taken as clusters. During the house-to-house survey, a total of 240 children of age 12-23 months were included in the present study. Result: only around 50% of children were fully immunized while 27.5% were partially and 22.5 % were not immunized at all. Immunization coverage was highest for BCG (62.5%) and lowest for measles (39.2%). Dropout rates were 37.3%, 19.7% and 18.2% for BCG to measles, DPT1 to DPT3 and OPV1 to OPV3 respectively. Vitamin A prophylaxis showed a decline from 38.3 % to 16.7%. Amongst the various reasons for not immunizing the child, the most common in both rural (78.7%) and urban areas (28.6%) was lack of awareness for the need of vaccination. However in rural areas lack of availability of services (87.2%) was the major cause for not immunizing the child. Conclusion: The present study shows a low coverage of immunization and Vitamin A prophylaxis in both rural and urban areas. Important reasons for non-immunization were lack of awareness about vaccination and availability of immunization services in rural areas and urban areas.Key Words: Immunization coverage; Children between 12-23 months; Vitamin A Prophylaxis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i2.5091 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2011;1 (2):47-50

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Immunization Status of Children in Abbottabad, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology ◽

10.25258/ijddt.v7i03.9561 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (03) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Moshin Raza ◽

Saira Azhar ◽

Ghulam Murtaza ◽

Akash Syed ◽

Anam Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Teaching Hospital ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Polio Vaccine ◽

Immunization Status ◽

Type D

Objective: Recent studies and surveys are detecting an ambiguous trend of routine immunization coverage and fully immunized children in KPK. Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to access immunization status among children of age group 12-23 months visiting fixed EPI centers in primary, secondary and tertiary health facilities in rural and urban areas. Methods: The study covered 436 children in five health facilities. Five fixed EPI centers are visited as per office order: BBS teaching hospital Abbottabad. (DHQ), Women and children hospital Abbottabad. (THQ), Type D hospital Havelain, Basic Heath Unit (BHU) Mangal and Ayub teaching hospital Abbottabad (AMI). A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect information. Analysis was performed on SPSS version 23 for frequencies, cross tabulation and percentages. Results: Estimation recorded fully immunized children as 275 (63.1%), partially immunized as 155 (35.6%), and unimmunized as 6 (1.3%). Only 157 (36.1%) children in rural area were fully immunized compared to 118 (27.1%) in urban. Primary respondents were mothers 320 (73.4%) whereas, father and other respondents are almost 13%. Vaccination cards were available with 386 (88.5%) respondents. High proportion of partially immunized children 77% in BHU. However, unimmunized 1.96% and 4.4% children in AMI and Type D hospital were present. Moreover 67% partially immunized are from rural origin. The coverage of various vaccines was BCG 421 (96.6%), Pentavalent 403 (96.6%): Penta-1 60 (13.8%), Penta-2 38 (8.7%), Penta-3 305 (70.0%), and Measles 375 (86.0%): Measles-1 127 (29.1%), Measles-2 248 (56.9%), and Polio 430 (98.6%): Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV-0) 51 (11.7%), OPV-1 32 (7.3%), OPV-2 44 (10.1%), OPV-3 165 (37.8%), Injectable polio vaccine (IPV) 138 (31.7%), Pneumococcal 409 (93.8%): Pneumo-1 75 (17.2%), Pneumo-2 46 (10.1%), Pneumo-3 288 (66.1%). No Sex-wise discrimination was found. Conclusion: Hard work in policy making is needed to strengthen routine immunization programme in marginalized areas like rural areas (83.12% of KPK and 62.5% of Pakistan) with special emphasis on BHUs and groups such as those living in mountainous terrain. Inaccessibility, inconvenience and unavailability of timely EPI services at BHUs are among various reasons of unimmunized and partially immunized children. Targeted intervention are needed with special emphasis on people in slum and rural areas with low educational and socioeconomic status.

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Factors affecting complete and timely childhood immunization coverage in Sindh, Pakistan; A secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0206766 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (10) ◽

pp. e0206766 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jin-Won Noh ◽

Young-mi Kim ◽

Nabeel Akram ◽

Ki-Bong Yoo ◽

Jumin Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Survey Data ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Childhood Immunization ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Affecting

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A Pilot Study

Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology ◽

10.1177/2333392818789585 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 233339281878958

Author(s):

Shafique Sani Nass

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Pilot Study ◽

Occupational Status ◽

Educational Status ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Improve Compliance ◽

Immunization Services

Background: Tetanus–diphtheria vaccine (Td+) coverage has been steadily declining in Katsina State, Nigeria. The pilot study was guided by The Andersen and Newman Framework of Health Services Utilization. The goal of the pilot study was to identify the Td+ vaccination coverage and identify any association between maternal residence, educational status, occupational status, access to routine immunization services, availability of routine immunization services, perceived need for Td+, perceived severity of maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT), and compliance with Td+ in Katsina State. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 309 randomly selected women in Charanchi district of Katsina State, Nigeria, was conducted. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using logistic regression model. Findings: The Td+ coverage was low at 23%. Bivariate analysis showed that age, maternal residence, educational status, availability of Td+, perception of Td+, and perception of MNT significantly affected compliance with Td+ ( P < .05, P < .05, P < .05, P < .001, P < .001, P < .001, respectively). Multiple logistic regression findings were inconclusive. Conclusion: Effective strategies to improve compliance were awareness creation on Td+ immunization schedule, risk factors associated with MNT, vaccine availability, and safety. Additionally, improving access to routine immunization services, especially in underserved communities, and effective use of Td+ coverage data were used as strategies. Implications: The pilot study suggests that the design can be used to realize more conclusive and generalizable multivariate findings in future studies.

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CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION AMONG INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPS) OF UNDER FIVE-YEARS FROM NORTH WAZIRISTAN AGENCY, PAKISTAN: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Pakistan Journal of Public Health ◽

10.32413/pjph.v6i4.12 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 36-40

Author(s):

Shezina Sultan Ali ◽

Ejaz Ahmad Khan ◽

Mudassar Mushtaq ◽

Mujib Ur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Immunization Coverage ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Internally Displaced Persons ◽

Optimum Level ◽

Displaced Persons ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Internally Displaced ◽

Under Five

BACKGROUND: Immunization is an important and cost effective public health tool for controlling Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPDs) among children. Developing countries have low level of immunization coverages. This is further compromised during armed conflicts and disasters with displacement of vulnerable populations leading to VPDs outbreaks. Tribal areas of Pakistan have been subjected to armed conflict for a long time with massive population displacement. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional survey to assess the vaccination status of child under five of the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) of North Waziristan Agency (NWA) of Pakistan. We used a structured questionnaire to collect information from the caregivers in the IDP camp of Bannu, Khyber Pakhtukhwa. RESULTS: Overall immunization coverage was very low. Out of 480 children under 5 years, less than one-third (30.6%) were vaccinated against BCG, about a quarter (27.7%) had received the Pentavalent and measles vaccines. However, OPV coverage was excellent mostly amid to polio mass campaigns. CONCLUSION: Routine immunization coverage among the IDPs of North Waziristan agency in Pakistan is extremely poor. There is a need to improve the coverage to optimum level to avert any potential VPD outbreaks.

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A study on tongue rolling, tongue folding and cerumen type in a Nigeria population

Anatomy Journal of Africa ◽

10.4314/aja.v8i2.188220 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 1540-1543

Author(s):

Ebeye Oladunni Abimbola

Keyword(s):

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Southern Nigeria ◽

Ear Wax

This study investigated Variation in cerumen type, tongue rolling and tongue folding abilities of the Esan people of Southern Nigeria. This cross-sectional survey investigated 400 volunteered adult subjects (176 males and 224 females) between the ages of 18 and 60 whose parents and grandparents were of Esan ethnicity. The tongue and ear wax type were observed and examined physically thus classifying subjects into rollers/none-rollers, folders/none-folders and dry or wet cerumen type. Results indicates that tongue rollers (72.9%) were more than non-rollers (27.3%), in the same vein, tongue folders (68.3%) were also more than non-folders (31.7%) in the studied population. A larger percentage of the population also had wet ear wax (65%) while (35%) had dry ear wax. The chisquared analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference (P<0.05) between those who can roll their tongue and those who cannot, those that could fold their tongue and those who cannot as well as between those with wet ear wax and dry ear wax. This study therefore provides data on the distribution of tongue rollers, tongue folders as well as variability in cerumen type. This data can be of importance to the anthropologist and forensic investigators.Keywords: Variation, Genetics, Inheritance, tongue rolling, tongue folding, cerumen type

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Factors Affecting Uptake of Routine Immunization Among Children Age 12-23 Months in District Rahimyar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan

The International Journal of Frontier Sciences ◽

10.37978/tijfs.v2i1.32 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 31-50

Author(s):

Muhammad Shafquat Amin ◽

Inayat Thaver ◽

Muhammad Imran

Keyword(s):

Health Workers ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Local Level ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Educational Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Routine Immunization ◽

Child Gender ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Place Of Delivery

AbstractBackground: Vaccination prevents significant amount of childhood deaths around the globe. Pakistan is vaccinating children through EPI since 1978 against 10 diseases. Pakistan is facing difficulties in achieving goal of vaccine coverage due to multiple factors. Researches reveal that human resource, poor equipment and training of health care personnel are important for successful immunization programme. Current study was conducted to assess the routine immunization coverage among children of age 12-23 months in Rahimyar Khan district, Punjab, Pakistan and to identify factors that affect uptake of routine immunization in Rahimyar Khan district, Punjab, Pakistan.Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional study which was conducted in Rahimyar Khan from Oct 2016-Jan 2017. A total of 378 mothers having children of age 12-23 months were interviewed through structured questionnaire. Total 12 (six rural and six urban) Union Councils of district Rahimyar Khan were selected through random sampling. For household selection, random area of union council was selected, and bottle was rotated to select first house, then every Nth (5th) house were approached for sample until required sample size was obtained. Data was analysed by SPSS 22.0. Chi Square test was used to explore association between independent variables and outcome variable.Results: A total of 378 mothers of children age 12-23 months were interviewed. About 66.10% children were found fully immunized. Measles- II vaccine coverage was 60.8% while 78% were immunized against BCG vaccines. Mother’s educational status, occupation and father’s educational status, occupations were observed to the significantly affect the immunization coverage of children. The monthly household income, age of children and area of residence also significantly affected the immunization coverage of children. Other factors such as the child gender, ethnicity, religion, type of family and number of children did not significantly affect the immunization coverage. Majority of respondents’ perception were place of delivery and community health workers play role to enhance the vaccination coverage.Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority (66.10%) of children were completely immunized within recommended time. The reasons of vaccine refusal and lower immunization coverage areas can be countered by overcoming the factors such as place of delivery, theory of knowledge, general public motivation and well-planned infrastructure at National and local level.

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Assessment of Child Immunization Coverage and Associated Factors with Full Vaccination among Children Aged 12–23 Months at Mizan Aman Town, Bench Maji Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

International Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1155/2017/7976587 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Asrat Meleko ◽

Mesfin Geremew ◽

Frehiwot Birhanu

Keyword(s):

Educational Level ◽

Immunization Coverage ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Care Utilization ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Child Immunization ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Expanded Program On Immunization ◽

Coverage Rates

Immunization remains one of the most important and cost-effective public health interventions to reduce child mortality and morbidity. Globally, it is estimated to avert between 2 and 3 million deaths each year. In Ethiopia, immunization coverage rates stagnated and remained very low for many years. Thus, this study was aimed to assess child immunization coverage and factors associated with full vaccination among children aged 12–23 months in Mizan Aman town. The study design was community-based cross-sectional survey. Data was collected by using pretested structured questionnaire. A total of 322 mothers/caretakers were interviewed. Based on vaccination card and mothers/caretakers’ recall, 295 (91.6%) of the children took at least a single dose of vaccine. From total children, 27 (8.4%) were not immunized at all, 159 (49.4%) were partially immunized, and 136 (42.2%) were fully immunized. Mothers/caretakers educational level, fathers’ educational level, place of delivery, maternal health care utilization, and mothers/caretakers knowledge about vaccine and vaccine-preventable disease showed significant association with full child immunization. The finding from this study revealed that child immunization coverage in the studied area was low. Thus the town health office and concerned stakeholders need to work more to improve performance of the expanded program on immunization in this area.

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