The nature and features of ‘unused old order rights’ under the MPRDA revisited: The story of Gouws’ farm

2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-616
Author(s):  
Pieter Badenhorst
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Old Order ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Constituent Elements ◽  
Resources Development

This article examines the nature and features of ‘unused old order rights’ (‘UOORs’) under item 8 of Schedule II of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 in light of the recent decision by the Constitutional Court in Magnificent Mile Trading 30 (Pty) Ltd v Celliers 2020 (4) SA 375 (CC). At issue was: (a) whether an UOOR was transmissible to heirs upon the death of its holder; and (b) the applicability of the Oudekraal principle to the award of an unlawful prospecting right to an applicant, contrary to the rights enjoyed by the holder of an UOOR. The article analyses the constituent elements of an UOOR, rights ancillary to the UOOR’s and the nature and features of UOORs and ancillary rights. The article also considers the possible loss of an UOOR by application of the Oudekraal principle due to the unlawful grant of a prospecting right by the state, as custodian of mineral resources. The article illustrates that the CC ensured in Magnificent Mile that the Oudekraal principle does not undermine the security of tenure and statutory priority afforded to holders of UOORs by ultra vires grants of inconsistent rights to opportunistic applicants. Concern is also expressed about the poor administration of mineral resources by the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy.

scholarly journals PAYING THE PIPER (IN PRAESENTIA) Xstrata South Africa (Pty) v SFF Association 2012 (5) SA 60 (SCA)

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Badenhorst
Keyword(s):  
Mining Industry ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
The State ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Mineral Rights ◽  
The Right ◽  
Mining Right

This decision is an appeal from the decision of the South Gauteng High Court in SFF Association v Xstrata (2011 JDR 0407 (GSJ)). The court a quo decided incorrectly that the holder of an old-order mining right, which was converted into a (new) mining right in terms of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (the “Act”), remains liable upon conversion for the payment of (contractual) royalties in terms of a mineral lease, which was concluded prior to enactment of the Act. The appeal was upheld by the Supreme Court of Appeal (“SCA”) (2012 (5) SA 60 (SCA) par 27). The decision was rendered by Wallis JA with the other judges concurring with his judgment. Prior to the Act mineral-right holders could grant a mining right to a miner against payment of royalties or other forms of consideration. At issue on appeal was whether the obligation to pay royalties in terms of a mineral lease “survives the introduction of the new regime in respect of mining rights brought about by the Act”. As indicated by the SCA, the Act fundamentally changed the legal basis upon which rights to minerals are acquired and exercised. Previously mineral rights were vested in the owner of land or the holder of mineral rights, which rights could be exercised upon acquisition of a statutory authorization to exploit the minerals. In terms of the new regime, common-law mineral rights were destroyed and “all mineral resources vested in the state as the custodian of such resources on behalf of all South Africans”, whereupon the state could confer the right to exploit such resources to applicants. Upon granting a mining right in terms of the Act (statutory) royalties have become payable to the state since 1 March 2010 of the Act and the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Royalty Act 28 of 2008. In order to prevent disruption of the mining industry, provision was made in the Act for the continuation of old-order rights for different transitional periods ranging from one to five years and conversion of such rights during the periods of transition. The transitional arrangements in Schedule II of the Act (“transitional arrangements”) inter alia ensured security of tenure of prospecting rights and mining rights and enabled holders thereof to comply with the Act. In particular, an old-order mining right remained valid for five years “subject to the terms and conditions under which it was granted” (item 7(1) of the transitional arrangements) and could be converted into a new mining right (item 7(2) of the transitional arrangements) if certain requirements were met. The applicant had to have: (a) met the requirements for lodgement of application for conversion; (b) conducted mining operations in respect of the mining right; (c) indicated that he would continue to conduct such mining operations upon conversion of the mining right; (d) had an approved environmental management programme; and (e) paid the prescribed conversion fee (item 7(3) of the transitional arrangements). To recap, the Xstrata decision dealt with an old-order mining right that had been converted into a (new) mining right and the effect of these statutory changes on rights to royalties which accrued to a former holder of mineral rights by virtue of a mineral lease. 

scholarly journals Maccsand (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town 2012 (4) SA 181 (CC)

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 537
Author(s):  
Nic Olivier ◽  
Clara Williams ◽  
Pieter Badenhorst
Keyword(s):  
Cape Town ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Functional Domains ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Functional Domain ◽  
Mining Sector ◽  
Investor Confidence ◽  
Land Owners ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Resources Development

The Constitutional Court in Maccsand (Pty) Ltd v City of Cape Town (CCT 103/11) 2012 ZACC 7 decided that the granting of mining rights or mining permits by the Minister of Mineral Resources in terms of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 does not obviate the obligation on an applicant to obtain authorisations in terms of other legislation that deals with functional domains other than minerals, mining and prospecting. This applies to all other legislation, irrespective of whether the responsible administrator of such other legislation is in the national, provincial or local sphere of government. The effect of the decision is that planning and other authorities which derive their statutory mandate and powers from other legislation retain all their powers as regards planning and rezoning, for instance. In addition, the Minister of Mineral Resources cannot make a decision on behalf of, or for, such functionaries. The judgement also clarified the question of whether or not a national Act can supersede provincial legislation dealing with a distinctly different functional domain. In principle, the decision also indicates that the fact that a range of authorisations are required in terms of separate statutory instruments (each with its own functional domain and administered by its own functionary) does not necessarily amount to conflicts between these instruments. An owner of land may now insist that his land may not be used for mining purposes if it is not zoned for such purposes. It is submitted that, in order to provide certainty to land owners, developers and government functionaries, and to promote investor confidence (especially in the mining sector), an intergovernmental system for the consideration of applications by the functionaries responsible for the separate statutory instruments needs to be developed as a high priority.

scholarly journals TRANSITIONAL PROSPECTING RIGHTS: A MORATORIAL ESCORT ACROSS THE BRIDGE? De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd v Regional Manager, Mineral Regulation Free State Region: Department of Minerals and Energy Case 1590/2007 (OPD) Unreported (15-05-2008) (“De Beers (2)

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Badenhorst
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The State ◽  
Free State ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
De Beers ◽  
State Region ◽  
The Right ◽  
Resources Development

On 1 May 2004 the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA) not only introduced a new mineral law regime in South Africa but also made provision in the transitional arrangements of Schedule II to the MPRDA for the conversion of so-called “old-order rights” into (or application for) prospecting or mining rights in terms of the MPRDA. This decision dealt with the duration or term of transitional prospecting rights and the remedies available to a holder of an “old-order prospecting right” upon refusal by the state functionaries to convert the right into a prospecting right in terms of the MPRDA. Item 6 of the transitional arrangements makes provision for the continuation and conversion of “old-order prospecting rights”.

scholarly journals The Liability of Historical Mine Authorisation Holders for Rehabilitation of ‘Old Order Mine Dumps’

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzette Hartzer ◽  
Willemien Du Plessis
Keyword(s):  
Mine Waste ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
The State ◽  
Abandoned Mines ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Mine Dumps ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Financial Consequences ◽  
Mining Right

Mine dumps or tailings (i.e. ‘mine waste’) created by mining activities are some of the main environmental impacts of mining. Historically little or no regard was given to the environment while planning mine dumps, since planning was based on minimum cost, the availability of land and the safety of underground workings.Mine dumps continue to cause water and air pollution when abandoned without being rehabilitated. Abandoned mines and their dumps are common features of the South African landscape. Section 46 of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (MPRDA) provides that the state is responsible to rehabilitate abandoned mines if the owner is deceased, cannot be traced, ceased to exist or has been liquidated. Rehabilitation of these mines has extensive financial consequences for the state and indirectly to the taxpayer.The aim of this article is to determine the responsibility of historical mining right holders for such rehabilitation. ‘Historic polluters’ refer to mining companies who caused pollution and environmental degradation due to mining activities before the Minerals Act came into force in 1991. Also to be addressed in this article is the question whether owners of tailings created through an authorisation issued in terms of the now repealed Minerals Act or prior legislation (old order dumps) would be able to escape their rehabilitation obligations or not. Reference will be made to the new proposed amendments to the MPRDA as well in addressing the question.

scholarly journals PAYING THE PIPER (IN ABSENTIA) SFF Association v Xstrata 2011 JDR 0407 (GSJ)

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Badenhorst
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Common Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Old Order ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Mineral Rights ◽  
One Step ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mining Right ◽  
The Impact

This decision focused on the impact of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (28 of 2002, hereinafter “MPRDA”) on an old-order mining right (based upon a mineral lease) which had been converted into a mining right in terms of the transitional arrangements of Schedule II of the MPRDA. In particular, the court held that consideration in the form of a (contractual) royalty, as provided for in the mineral lease, remains payable upon conversion of an old-order mining right by its former holder (miner) to the grantor of the common-law mining right. The outcome of the decision, namely, continued liability for contractual royalties, has far-reaching consequences for such former holders of old-order mining rights. Continued liability would result in double payment of royalties by miners. This is because under the new dispensation, statutory royalties can be imposed by the state (s 3(1)(b) of the MPRDA) and were imposed and became payable upon commencement of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Royalty Act (28 of 2008) on 1 March 2010. From the said date, in terms of this decision, double royalties would be payable by miners. If correct, it can be taken one step further. Owing to continued receipt of contractual royalties, former holders of common-law mineral rights would not have suffered an expropriation of property by virtue of the provisions of the MPRDA for purposes of item 12(1) of Schedule II of theMPRDA. Such expropriation would have taken place if the contractual duties to pay royalties had indeed been terminated upon cessation of old-order mining rights (as to such a possible claim, see further, Badenhorst and Mostert Mineral and Petroleum Law of South Africa 2004 (Revision service 7) 25–53). These consequences will be explained in more detail in this discussion as well as the correctness or not of the decision. I have written about the acquisition, nature, content, transfer and loss of old order rights before (see Badenhorst “The Make-up of Transitional Rights to Minerals: Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, SomethingBlue …? 2011 4 SALJ 763–784) to which the reader is referred. This decision sheds new light on this topic. 

scholarly journals Optimalisasi Pemberian Bantuan Hukum Demi Terwujudnya Access to Law and Justice Bagi Rakyat Miskin

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyogi Imam Fauzi ◽  
Inge Puspita Ningtyas
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Legal Assistance ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
Purposive Sample

Pemberian bantuan hukum merupakan salah satu cara untuk mewujudkan access to law and justice bagi rakyat miskin yang diberikan oleh negara atas amanat dari konstitusi. Beberapa regulasi mengenai bantuan hukum telah dikeluarkan oleh negara melalui Undang-Undang dan peraturan pelaksananya maupun dari Mahkamah Agung ataupun Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui Peraturan Mahkamah Agung maupun putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Akan tetapi fakta di masyarakat, regulasi yang dibuat itu belum efektif dijalankan sehingga makna access to law and justice menjadi bias. Belum efektifnya penerapan dalam pembenrian bantuan hukum di Indonesia merupakan suatu legal issue yang menarik untuk dikaji lebih dalam agar dapat mengetahui permasalahan utama yang menyebabkan belum efektifnya pemberian bantuan hukum di Indonesia yang nantinya dicarikan solusi dari gagasan yang menjadi formulasi sebagai optimalisasi pemberian bantuan hukum di Indoensia. Legal Issue yang dicari yaitu persoalan-persoalan dalam penerapan pemberian bantuan hukum dan Formulasi bagaimana penerapan pemberian bantuan hukum dapat berjalan secara optimal. Artikel ini akan memaparkan secara sistematis dan ilmiah dengan menggunakan metode normatif-empiris yang mengambil lokasi di 5 daerah yaitu DKI Jakarta, Kabupaten Surakarta, Kabupaten Pekalongan, Kabupaten Wonosobo dan Kabupaten Banyumas (Purwokerto) dan purposive sample meliputi advokat, organisasi advokat, lembaga bantuan hukum, pengadilan negeri dan penerima bantuan hukum. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdapat beberapa persoalan-persoalan dalam penerapan pemberian bantuan hukum di masyarakat yang menjadikan pemberian bantuan hukum bagi rakyat miskin menjadi belum efektif, oleh sebab itu, diperlukan suatu optimalisasi pemberian bantuan hukum bagi rakyat miskin yang menjadi suatu gagasan untuk menjawab persoalan tersebut untuk mewujudkan access to law and justice bagi rakyat miskin.Legal Aid is a way to implementing access to law and justice for the poor which is Mandate from the State listed in the constitution. Some regulations concerning legal assistance have been issued by the state through the rule and implementing regulations and also from the Supreme Court through and Constitutional Court by the Supreme Court Regulation or Constitutional Decission. However, in fact the regulation has not been effectively implemented, so that the meaning of access to law and justice becomes refracted. The ineffectiveness of application in the provision of legal assistance in Indonesia is an interesting legal issue to be reviewed deeper to find out the main problems that have caused the ineffectiveness of providing legal assistance in Indonesia which will be sought solutions from ideas that become formulation as the optimization of legal assistance in Indonesia. Legal Issues sought are issues in the application of legal aid provision and Formulation how the application of legal assistance can applied optimally. This article will describe systematically and scientifically using the normative-empirical method that takes place in 5 areas, DKI Jakarta, Surakarta Regency, Pekalongan Regency, Wonosobo Regency and Banyumas Regency (Purwokerto) and purposive sample includes advocate, BAR organization, legal assistance organization, state courts and legal aid recipients. Based on the results of the study there are several problems in the implementation of providing legal aid in the community that makes the provision of legal aid for the poor is not effective, therefore required an optimization of legal aid for the poor who became an idea to answer the problem to realize access to law and justice for the poor.

PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROPEAN PUBLIC-PRIVATE FORMS OF SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN UKRAINE

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Bystryakov
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
The State ◽  
Sustainable Entrepreneurship ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
European Public

The problem issues and points of inhibition of the introduction of public-private forms of sustainable management of European type in the national economy of Ukraine are determined in order to ensure the effective implementation of the relevant principles and mechanisms in the system of sustainable development of the state and its territories, in particular in the context of water, land, forest and mineral resources. The main limitations of the system, as well as the factors of deterrence and directions of the development of public-private relations in Ukraine are revealed.

EKSISTENSI PENERAPAN HUKUMAN MATI DI INDONESIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Ahmad Muhammad Mustain Nasuha
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
Capital Punishment ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The State ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Draft Bill

This study aims the death penalty in Indonesia. We know where the death penalty is contrary or not in terms of the constitution and Islamic law, then we can conclude that if the legal implementation of the death penalty in Indonesia continue to be done or should be abolished. Based on research and the analysis conducted, conclude that Indonesia According to the Indonesian Constitution that the death penalty in Indonesia is constitutional. Constitutional Court Decision No. 2-3 / PUU-V / 2007 states that the imposition of the death penalty was constitutional. Any law governing capital punishment is not contrary to the Constitution of the State of Indonesia. However the legislation in Indonesia death penalty is still recognized in some legislation. There are three groups of rules, namely: Criminal Dead in the Criminal Code, Criminal die outside the Criminal Code, Criminal die in the Draft Bill. According to Islamic law that the death penalty could be applied to some criminal act or jinazah, either hudud qishahs, diyat or ta'zir among others to: Apostate, Rebel, Zina, Qadzaf (Allegations Zina), Steal (Corruption), Rob (Corruption), Murder.

In Need

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordanna Bailkin
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
The State ◽  
Ethnic Identities ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Downward Mobility ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Welfare State

This chapter asks how refugee camps transformed people as well as spaces, altering the identities of the individuals and communities who lived in and near them. It considers how camps forged and fractured economic, religious, and ethnic identities, constructing different kinds of unity and disunity. Camps had unpredictable effects on how refugees and Britons thought of themselves, and how they saw their relationship to upward and downward mobility. As the impoverished Briton emerged more clearly in the imagination of the welfare state, the refugee was his constant companion and critic. The state struggled to determine whether refugees required the same care as the poor, or if they warranted their own structures of aid.

The Right to Education in India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Matthey-Prakash
Keyword(s):  
Private Education ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Empowerment ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Potential System ◽  
Education In India ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Education Act ◽  
The Right

What does it mean for education to be a fundamental right, and how may children benefit from it? Surprisingly, even when the right to education was added to the Indian Constitution as Article 21A, this question received barely any attention. This book identifies justiciability (or, more broadly, enforceability) as the most important feature of Article 21A, meaning that children and their parents must be provided with means to effectively claim their right from the state. Otherwise, it would remain a ‘right’ only on paper. The book highlights how lack of access to the Indian judiciary means that the constitutional promise of justiciability is unfulfilled, particularly so because the poor, who cannot afford quality private education for their children, must be the main beneficiaries of the right. It then deals with possible alternative means the state may provide for the poor to claim the benefits under Article 21A, and identifies the grievance redress mechanism created by the Right to Education Act as a potential system of enforcement. Even though this system is found to be deficient, the book concludes with an optimistic outlook, hoping that rights advocates may, in the future, focus on improving such mechanisms for legal empowerment.

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