scholarly journals ONION PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SYSTEM IN BALOCHISTAN PROVINCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-125
Author(s):  
J. Khan ◽  
S. Pasand ◽  
S. P. Tunio ◽  
M. A. Gadehi ◽  
M. A. Shahwani
Keyword(s):  
Seed Quality ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
The Status ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
Cost Of Production

In Pakistan, onion is one of the most grown commercial crops in the various parts of the country. The study was carried out through a primary data collection from various stakeholders to examine the status of onion production in Balochistan province. The average per acre cost of production, productivity, profitability, input output ratio were analyzed. Furthermore, find out the issues and constraints faced by onion growers and recommend policy guidelines for sustainable onion production and marketing in the study area. Costs have been broken down in a variable, fixed and opportunity costs (depreciation and opportunity) costs for production factors that are owned by the onion growers. While the variable cost was high from other costs, among them seed rate cost was high in the variable cost and in the lowest costs was recorded in chemical weedicide from other variable costs and fixed cost was nil due to relief from Balochistan government, whereas total cost of production and net income was Rs.82737 and Rs.75665 per acre respectively found in the study area.  Majority 67% seed dealers were reported that due to high ratio of population, more consumable, good seed quality, more benefit, short duration of time and more production of onion as the principal reason for increase seed suppliers over the past 5 years. Onion farmers must follow best methods in management and strive to adopt scientific guidance from local and other available sources, for example research stations, progressive producers and extension workers.

Economics of Aromatic and Non-aromatic Rice Production in Bilaspur District of Chhattisgarh

2020 ◽  
pp. 324-329
Keyword(s):  
Rice Production ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Aromatic Rice ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Large Farmer ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

The present study is based on economic analysis of aromatic and non-aromatic rice production in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh in 2015-2016. The primary data related to cost and returns of the aromatic and non-aromatic rice crop was collected from 30 each aromatic rice and non-aromatic rice-growing farmers of five villages of Bilaspur district under three sizes of group, each group containing 10 farmers in each class. The results showed that aromatic rice production on a sample farm was `43606.48 per ha. The proportion of the operational cost and fixed cost to total cost on sample farm was 56.75 and 43.24 percent. The average net income over cost C3 was found 38805.04per ha and in the case of small, medium and large farmer was `38457.15, 38731.98 and 39225.97 per ha respectively. The average input-output ratio was 1:1.80 percent. The cost of production of rice varied from `1243.32 to 1273.45 per q with an average of `1259.55 per q. The cost of production was found minimum in the case of small farmers. While non-aromatic rice production on a sample farm was `40214.59 per ha which increased as the farm size increased. The proportion of the operational cost and fixed cost to total cost on sample farm was 58.46 and 41.53 percent. The average net income over Cost C3 was found 29417.1 per ha and in the case of small, medium and large farmer was `26168.23, 27899.631 and 34183.45 per ha respectively. The average input-output ratio was 1:1.66 percent. Cost of production of non-aromatic rice varied from `838.56 to 770.65 per q with an average of `812.22 per q. It was observed that the cost of production was found minimum in large farmers revealing to the extraordinary difference between the different farm sizes.

scholarly journals Marketing and Socioeconomics Aspects of Large Cardamom Production in Tehrathum, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
Nirajan Bhandari ◽  
Thaneshwar Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Farmers Market ◽  
The Status ◽  
Production Area ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Agriculture Development ◽  
Large Cardamom

A survey was conducted in November 2015 in one of the pocket area of large cardamom production in Teharthum District, eastern Nepal with aim to investigate the status of cardamom enterprises. The parameters used were cardamom production area, type of manure used, drying facilities, technical skills of farmers, market channels and variable cost etc. We purposively selected 30 cardamom producers and stakeholders for interview pre-designed questionnaires. The result showed that average area, production and productivity of large cardamom per household were 0.86 ha, 200 kg and 232 kg.ha-1, respectively, with the average farming experience of 22 years. It was revealed that 13% farmers used farmyard organic manure, the use of 1.5 kg/plant farmyard manure might produce 28.5% higher yield cardamom compared to without using any manure or fertilizers. It was also revealed among the responded only 7% had received improved drying machine from District Agriculture Development Office (DADO) at 50% subsidy, while only 23% of farmers received training and technical services from DADO. The study showed that per hectare average total cost of large cardamom production, selling price and gross revenue were NRs. 2,36,705 ($2255), NRs. 5,50,305 ($5240) and NRs. 3,13,600 ($2985), respectively, with benefit/cost (B/C) ratio of 2 after the completion of gestation period of 4 years. Our survey showed that predominant marketing approach was by direct sell to the traders located at district headquarter. The productivity of large cardamom was influenced by various factors, such as nearly 75.2% of the variation in productivity was explained by the number of active family members, farming period, area, intercultural operations, variable cost and depreciated fixed cost.

scholarly journals Economics of Black gram cultivation and its impact on farmers livelihood in two selected districts of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-96
Author(s):  
M Mohiuddin ◽  
N Akter ◽  
R Khanum
Keyword(s):  
Primary Data ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Black Gram ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Price Instability ◽  
Returns To Labour

The present study is an attempt to assess the existing agronomic practices of black gram cultivation, its impact on farmers livelihood and constraints of black gram production and marketing. Primary data from 85 farmers were collected during February to March 2016 through face to face interviews. Descriptive statistics and Garret ranking method were used to analyze the data. The majority of the farmers had sown seeds during the last week of September to first week of October. The average seed rate was found to be 19.36 kg per hectare which indicated that all farm households used below recommended dose of seeds (35-40 kg/ha). The average yield of black gram was found higher than the national average. The average net income was observed to be Tk. 26990 and Tk. 19845 in Sherpur and Jamalpur respectively. The average gross margin was observed to be Tk. 37629 on total variable cost basis. It was also found that average returns to labour was Tk. 1000/man-day in Sherpur and Tk. 692/man-day in Jamalpur district respectively. It was also observed that all kinds of livelihood assets of the selected farmers increased significantly through black gram farming. The results revealed that the main constraints faced by black gram grower were lack of irrigation facility, non availability of HYV seeds, low output price, labour scarcity, lack of knowledge about improved varieties with their production technology, excessive rainfall after flowering and weak research-extension farmers linkage etc. Farmers also faced some marketing related problems such as limited buyers, price instability, lack of storage facilities and high market toll. Farmers cultivated black gram because of higher yield, higher income, and easy growing. SAARC J. Agri., 16(2): 83-96 (2018)

Unbundling Production with Decreasing Average Costs

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriol Carbonell-Nicolau
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Deadweight Loss ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Downstream Market ◽  
Number Of Firms

AbstractThis paper argues that, even in the presence of decreasing average costs of production, monopolies can sometimes be avoided in the interest of market efficiency. It is shown that under certain conditions on the variable cost of production, there is an alternate, viable market structure that reduces the well-known deadweight loss of monopoly: an “upstream” market in which one or more firms own and share the fixed cost of creating and maintaining a distribution network, and a “downstream” market populated by a large number of firms that are charged a unit price for the network’s usage.

scholarly journals Status of fish culture in Rajshahi City Corporation of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
Md Rayhan Hossain ◽  
Fawzia Adib Flowra ◽  
Saiful Islam ◽  
Shishir Kumar Dey ◽  
Sayeeda Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rajshahi City

The present study carried on 16 sampling ponds in Rajshahi City Corporation, Rajshahi, Bangladesh during the period from August, 2005 to April, 2006. The main theme of this work was to find out the impact on present status of improved traditional culture and mixed culture in various pond. This study involved the observations made on physical characteristics, ownerships system, ponds preparation, stocking combinations of fish seeds, post stocking management and maintenance, harvesting and cost analysis of 16 improved traditional managed ponds in Rajshahi City Corporation. The primary data for the study was taken from the growers of these ponds. After collecting primary data, it was analyzed by suitable statistical method. Physical characteristics of the sampling pond were found. Water depth more or less sufficient, water colour greenish, presence of sunlight was sufficient, water source was mainly drain and rain and various shaped of pond was found. Pond was prepared by traditional method using pesticides (Phostoxin, Rotanone, Sumithion, Quick fume), lime and fertilizers (Urea, TSP., Cow dung). The fish seed were stocked in different ponds. In Sac fry was stocked in 4 nursery ponds. Post stocking management and maintenance were included inorganic fertilizer (Urea, TSP), organic fertilizer cow dung, applied weekly and supplementary feeds were used daily. It was observed that 15 ponds were made profit and one pond had loss. Two types of ownership were found (three years and five years) in the study period. During the study time two types of harvesting method were found. They were partial and final harvest. Mainly two types of production cost such as variable cost (lease, pond preparation, pesticide use, fertilizer etc.) and fixed cost (cost of net, net preservation, tax of pond etc.) were observed in the study period.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 94-102

scholarly journals Small-Scale Turkey Farming in Bangladesh: Farming Practices, Profitability and Supply Chain Mapping

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. p28
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdur Rashid ◽  
M Rasheduzzaman ◽  
MSK Sarker ◽  
S Faruque ◽  
Md Salauddin Palash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Arithmetic Means ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Commercial Purpose

The study was conducted to know the existing turkey production system, supply chain mapping, and identifying the prospects and problems of turkey rearing in some selected areas of Bangladesh during October 2019 to December 2019. A total of 100 turkey raisers were surveyed following convenience method of sampling technique. The primary data were collected, analyzed accordingly and tabular presentation method was applied with the help of simple descriptive statistical measures e.g. frequency distributions, percentage, sum and means to illustrating the results. Profitability analysis was done on the basis of variable cost, fixed cost, return by using arithmetic means and percentages. The study revealed that 87 male and 13 female respondents were surveyed, of them cent percent found educated. About 56% turkey keeper’s main occupation was business, 27% service and 12% in farming while 88.57% involved with farming as secondary sources of income. Average landholding for homestead, cultivable and non-cultivable was 24.40, 129.71 and 29.47 decimal, respectively. About 59% farms started for commercial purpose, 32% for non-commercial purpose and 9% for both. About 60% respondents kept less than 50 turkeys and only 2% kept 501-1000 turkeys. Among the surveyed farms55% stopped their operation and 45% farms found running their business. Among the running farms cent percent were small-scale group. The average feed intake was 192.13 grams per day per bird at 20 weeks of age. Turkey laid on an average 139 eggs a year irrespective of variety and for hatching poults, the fertility and hatchability rate found between 65 to 100% and 50 to 90%, respectively. About 28% farmers experienced the deaths of turkey because of Cold, Pox, Ranikhet, Bird flu and unknown cases and 69.47% farmers took veterinary advice from Upazila Livestock Hospital and rest from other sources. Farmers to consumers were the most common and widely used marketing channel for egg, chick and adult turkey. The market intermediaries of turkey farm carried out different marketing functions e.g. buying and selling, pricing, transportation, sorting, distribution and market information. The average net return and benefit-cost ratio was BDT 127838.04 and 1.38, respectively for 50 turkeys per year. In the study, turkey rearing found some comparative benefit over chicken and ducks e.g. higher weight gain, forage eater, lower diseases rate and suitability for the country. The main problem of turkey rearing identified as market instability, lack of quality turkey feed, higher feed price, lack of proper marketing facility and training on turkey farming. In conclusion, the small-scale turkey farming could be a viable source of income for the rural people of Bangladesh after taking some remedial steps by the Government of Bangladesh for the aforesaid hindrances faced by the turkey farmers.

scholarly journals ANALISIS USAHA HOME INDUSTRI KERUPUK RAMBAK

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Syarifah Aini ◽  
Erlin Widya Fatmawati
Keyword(s):  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Total Variable Cost ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Breakeven Point

The purpose of this research is to know the amount of cost, acceptance, profit, profitability, and R / C Ratio from home industry crackers rambak in Sembon Village Satreyan District Kanigoro Blitar District. The result of this research shows that the total variable cost at rambak cracker agroindustry center is equal to Total variable cost Rp 1,139,783, - per day, total fixed cost Rp 4,953, - per day. So the total total cost of production is Rp 1,144,076, - per month. The breakeven point or BEP unit is 3 units. BEP Rp for RP 16,017, -. BEP revenue of Rp 16,017, - per day. Received revenue of Rp 1.650.000, - so the profit earned by employers is amounted to Rp 505,924, -. While the profitability of business is 44% which means this business is profitable. Home industry that run during this efficiency has been shown with R / C ratio of more than 1 that is equal to 1.44. Based on the criteria used, this business has been efficient because the efficiency value of more than 1. This means that every Rp 1.00 issued by the entrepreneur at the beginning of the business activities will get 1.44 times revenue from the cost incurred at the end of the business activity. This can be interpreted that home industry crackers rambak said Eligible to run. From this research it is suggested that entrepreneurs do creations by adding a sense of the product, so that the quality of the product can be increased and not less competitive with similar entrepreneurs from other regions. For the government, the Government of Blitar Regency through the Department of Industry and Trade and other related agencies should try to help develop the business crackers rambak by providing low-interest capital loans to entrepreneurs agro-industry crackers rambak.

scholarly journals Economic Performance and Consraints Faced by Tur Dal Processing Units- Bharuch District, Gujarat

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-62
Author(s):  
Deepa Hiremath ◽  
Shreeshail Rudrapur ◽  
L. R. Dubey ◽  
Bhanupriya Choyal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Performance ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Capacity Utilization ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Net Returns

The study of economic performance of Tur dal processing units in terms of cost is very essential for accelerating the growth of agriculture processing industries. The present study was undertaken to work out the unit fixed costs, variable costs, production costs and returns of processing of Tur dal and different constraints faced by Tur dal processors of Bharuch District of Gujarat. The primary data pertained to consecutive three years i.e., 2017-18, 2018-2019, and 2019-20 were collected from the sample of three Tur dal mills from Bharuch, Ankleshwar and Vaghra talukas of Bharuch district. The results indicated that the average capital investment for a dal mill per unit was Rs. 7, 10, 00,000. The average fixed cost and average variable cost per quintal was of INR 46.10 and 245.46 respectively. Hence, average processing cost per quintal was worked out to be Rs. 291.56. The gross return per quintal of processed tur dal was Rs. 5754.50. The average content of tur dal and by- products was in the proportion of 72 per cent and 28 per cent respectively, by weight. The recovery in one quintal of tur was 65 kg of tur dal, 7 kg of broken dal and 28 kg of chala/chuni/ dead seed. The net returns per quintal after processing was found to be Rs. 579.61. It was found that, inadequate supply of raw material for processing especially during off season was the major constraint faced by the dal mill owners followed by units not running on full capacity utilization during offseason and irregular electricity supply to run the unit, etc.

scholarly journals ECONOMICS OF RABBIT PRODUCTION IN ABEOKUTA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
I. A. AYINDE ◽  
A. B. AROMOLARAN
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Profitability Analysis ◽  
Part Time

This study was aimed at examining the economic profitability of rabbit production based on the hypothesis that the low level of production may likely be a consequence of low profitability of the enterprise. Abeokuta South Local Government area was used as a case study. It involved the collection of primary data from a sample of 50 rabbit farmers spread over 10 communities in Abeokuta South Local Government Area of Ogun State. The analysis of survey data was done through a combination of descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that most rabbit farmers in Abeokuta were no-professional farmers, who engaged in rabbit production on a part-time basis to supplement their income from other sources such as civil services, trading and craftsmanship. Cost analysis showed that feed cost accounted for as much as 65.7% of total cost (excluding imputed cost of family labour), while fixed inputs amounted to 28% of the cost of production. Other variable inputs accounted for only 4.35% of total cost. The profitability analysis showed that rabbit production in the area could generate a rate of return to capital and family of 56% a rate of return on fixed cost of 300% and a rate of returns on variable cost of 178%. The study concluded that; Even though rabbit production is economically viable in Abeokuta in particular and Ogun State in general, the following problems have imposed a severe limitations on the expansion of the enterprise. These are: the paucity of investment capital among the current investors in rabbit production enterprise, inadequate access to good breeding stock, and the non-professional, part-time and supplementary nature of rabbit production in the area. It is therefore recommended that efforts should be directed towards providing credit to current and potential rabbit farmers so as to boost production. Moreover the government should embark on the supply of parent stock of proven reproductive performance to farmers at effordable prices. The establishment of Rabbit Breeding Units in tertiary institution for the multiplication and distribution of rabbits for breeding purpose can enhance this. In addition, government can initiate propularization of rabbit production in the state

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI PADI SAWAH (Oryza sativa L) DI DESA KAUDITAN 1 KECAMATAN KAUDITAN KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Richard Christianto Katiandagho ◽  
Paulus A. Pangemanan ◽  
Tommy F. Lolowang
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Paddy Farmers

This research aims to analyzed income of rice paddy farmers. This research conducted in Kauditan 1 village north Minahasa Regency from june to july 2018. The method used survey method by visiting rice paddy farming. Data collection method in this research using primary data. Primay data obtained from interview with rice paddy farmers using questionnaires, and secondary data from related agency statistic center bureau north Minahasa Regency. The sampling all rice paddy farmers, 5 respondent. Variable in this research is characteristic of farming: land area, land tenure status, seeds, fertilizers, medicine and characteristic of farmer: age, education level, family member, fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, price, production quantity. Data presented in the table form and analyzed descriptively. The result showed that average income of rice paddy farmers Rp.31,849,420 and average income based on land area Rp.18,780,342 with R/C ratio more than 1,2.47.*lwths*.

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