scholarly journals Romanian naval dimplomacy, continuous evolution in the swirl of external diplomacy

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ioan Gabriel Moise ◽  
Edith-Hilde Kaiter
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Eu

From ancient times the dominion of the seas has been a condition for gaining power and influence, and the position of a state near a sea has been an advantage for both its development and the neighboring region.           Due to its geographical position, the Black Sea is a region of great importance for all actors claiming leading positions in the world hierarchy and the intensification of economic relations between the states of the region after the end of the Soviet monopoly and its connection to the world market generated auspices for a new cycle development and regional prosperity.         The relocation of the EU border to the Black Sea, along with the integration of Romania and Bulgaria, brings in many economic benefits, given its dependence on oil imports, but its expansion, like that of NATO, does not only mean benefits. The EU and NATO must also take on vulnerabilities in the area, such as underperforming economies, arms, drug and human trafficking, illegal immigration or frozen conflicts, and thus try to help stabilize the region. In recent years, the military has not only played a destabilizing role, but has made a decisive contribution to ensuring the security of the Black Sea region. In this sense, the military naval forces of the riparian countries, including Romania, had a special role. Through the wide range of missions in which the Romanian Naval Forces participate in the Danubian-Pontic space, both internally and externally, in cooperation with the states bordering the Black Sea and with the NATO member states, Romania contributes to the promotion of regional security and stability. The naval diplomacy actions carried out in the last thirty years thus reveal not only the role and purpose of the Romanian Naval Forces within NATO in the actions of maintaining and consolidating good relations with the states bordering the Black Sea, as well as maintaining security with allies in the distant maritime districts. They also point out that naval diplomacy has contributed to the expression of foreign policy in different areas and with means that have increased its effect, impact and efficiency.  

CRIMEA AND THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE POLITICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES OF UKRAINE EXPERTS (BASED ON ANALYTICAL REPORTS TO THE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGES TO THE VERKHOVNA RADA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
OLEG V. Donetsk National University ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Parallel Structure ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Political ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Strategic Studies

Basing on a constructivist approach to international relations and foreign policy, the author has defined the conceptual content of the script, in which the experts of the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies imagine Crimea and the Black Sea region. The study was carried out on the basis of the materials of the Institute's analytical reports to the messages of the President to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2014-2018. It was found that the ideas about Crimea contained in them are extremely mythologized: in the political picture of the world of the Institute's experts, the peninsula is considered as a “Russian bridgehead”, a source of “military threat" and an "occupied territory". Ukrainian experts are convinced that the motives of Russia's foreign and defense policy in the Black Sea direction are allegedly due to its desire for "expansion", "imperial policy" and the desire to "restore the Soviet Union." They perceive the reunification of Crimea with Russia as an event that led to a cardinal transformation of the geopolitical space of the Black Sea region that contradicts Ukrainian national interests. At the same time, on rational grounds, the institute is actively searching for conceptual approaches to organizing a new regional security system and creating a long-term, broad and durable alliance of anti-Russian forces, which could act as a NATO parallel structure in the Black Sea region in the future. Moreover, Ukrainian experts do not have any own geopolitical project or idea on this. They are considering several options for regional coalitions at once, paying special attention to the Polish concept of "Intermarium", which consists in creating a block of Baltic-Black Sea states.

scholarly journals REGIONAL COOPERATION ON THE BLACK SEA: ACHIEVEMENTS, PROBLEMS, PROSPECTS

2013 ◽  
pp. 42-48
Author(s):  
E. D. Eshba
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Black Sea Coast ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Transportation Routes

Throughout the history The Black Sea region attracted attention of both regional states and those lying far beyond its borders . One of the main reasons for increased attention to the Black Sea coast is its transit location : it is crossed by transport routes connecting the West with the states of Central Asia and Transcaucasia that are rich by hydrocarbon resources . A large-scale and fairly ambitious gas pipeline projects that are scheduled to take place on the territory of the Black Sea countries and across the Black Sea lead us to expect the increasing role of the Black Sea region in the world economic system. In this regard, the author brings to light the problem of the main stages of the development of cooperation among the Black Sea countries be means of analysis of the most successful attempts at regional cooperation. Special attention is paid to the policy of Turkey in the Black Sea and on the interactions of two major regional actors (Russia and Turkey) . In addition, the work highlights the most promising areas of transport, logistics , trade and economic development of the region , including the project of ring highway around the Black Sea, as well as prospects for the intensification of maritime transport and the development of new marine transportation routes. To summarize, the author concludes that , despite the development of cooperation in the region , there are problems in the formation of a comprehensive system of regional security and cooperation, so as major obstacles to the successful implementation of the plan of cooperation in the Black Sea region still remain .

Legal and Economic Consequences of Russia's Expansionary Policy

2022 ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Giga Abuseridze ◽  
Janis Grasis
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation

In the recent history of the world, especially in the last two decades, large-scale military actions by Russia and Russian intervention have attracted wide international attention. Russia's increasingly confrontational stance has been manifested in military interventions in Georgia (2008) and in Ukraine (2014). The occupation/annexation of the territories of Georgia and Ukraine by the Russian Federation is a gross violation of the principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity of a country, as well as of the norms and principles of international law, that have significantly changed the international order established between the states and called into question the security of the Black Sea region and Europe as a whole. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a legal analysis of Russia's aggressive policy and the economic consequences of Ukraine and Georgia as aggrieved parties.

scholarly journals CAN TURKISH AND US CO-OPERATION IN THE BLACK SEA REGION INCREASE EFFICIENCY GAINS?

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-49
Author(s):  
Sedat AYBAR
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Efficiency Gains ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

This paper examines the impact of co-operation between Turkey and  the US upon Turkish trade and investments towards the Black Sea  region. The study is particularly important in the conjuncture of the  US withdrawal from the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and in the wake of signing a free  trade agreement with the EU. An additional matter of importance  relates to the improved Turkey – Russia economic collaboration especially after the “jet” incident and American  involvement with the Middle East. Significant part of the latter is  economic as the US has also explicit economic interests in the  Eastern Meditteranean. A gravity model has been employed using  ordinary least squares on a panel data with fixed effects to analyse aggregate trade. We have also categorized export groups of  Turkey and the US separately. Our findings for both Turkish and the US exports indicate that per-capita GDP of Black Sea countries are  highly persistent and positively correlated with increased efficiency  gains and trade volumes. Regression results show that the US  exports to the EU member countries are on average less than to  those non-EU member Black Sea countries. Hence, we question  whether a possible co-operation between the US and Turkish  companies can help gaining better access to the Black Sea market for their exports.

scholarly journals Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy in the Black Sea Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Svitlana Ovcharenko
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
The Eu

The article analyzes the achievements, prospects and issues of Ukrainian cultural diplomacy in the Black Sea region. It outlines different levels of cultural cooperation in the region, in which the goals of Ukraine's cultural diplomacy can be realized: cooperation within UNESCO, cooperation within the Eastern European Partnership, cooperation within the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC), cooperation within bilateral cultural contacts. It is emphasized that all formats of cultural interaction complement each other and can have a synergistic effect. It is noted that Ukraine is one of the few countries that has participated in the ICDS testing, and together with Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan can set a precedent for the regional application of this methodology by UNESCO. Ukrainian cultural diplomacy in the Black Sea region is also considered in connection with the state’s European integration obligations under the "Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU". Summarizing the level of activity in the field of cultural diplomacy in the region, it is noted that Ukraine is not fully aware of the importance of cultural diplomacy tools for resolving the conflict situation related to the occupation of the Crimean Peninsula by the Russian Federation. Examining the content of the "Strategy of Public Policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine 2021-2025", a recommendation was made to supplement the list of target regions for cultural diplomacy of Ukraine with the Black Sea region as an integral socio-cultural object.

RUSSIAN ANTI-ACCESS POTENTIAL (A2 / AD) ON THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA

2020 ◽  
Vol XIV ◽  
pp. 0-1
Author(s):  
Patryk Reśkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Security Architecture ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The purpose of the following article is to present the military capabilities of the Russian Federation located on the Crimean peninsula, and to define in this context Russian A2/AD anti-access capabilities and their impact on the security architecture of the Black Sea region, in particular NATO's south-eastern flank

scholarly journals CHALLENGES FOR THE WHEAT MARKET IN THE BLACK SEA REGION UNDER CОVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desislava Ivanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
Wheat Market ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Financial Recession

Under COVID-19, the world is facing unclear circumstances as a result of the global political, economic, social and financial recession caused by the pandemic. The overpopulation of certain regions as a result of globalization leads to problems related to the nutrition of the population and food security. The Black Sea region, with its strategic location, is an essential market both for the production and for the supply of raw materials to the regions affected by poverty and also for the international grain trade and in particular for the wheat. The report presents the main trends in the wheat market within the Black Sea region and argues the problems and challenges, which the grain trade is facing after the beginning of the COVID- 19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Održivo upravljanje okolišem u marinskim područjima: primjer Crnog mora

Geoadria ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Boian Koulov
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Management System ◽  
Environmental Management System ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Environmental Cooperation ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Eu

The EU Marine Strategy Directive (2008/56/EC) proposes four marine regions as a political geographic framework for implementation of the Community's environmental policy. This study critically analyzes the state-based approach, which the Directive uses to outline the regions' boundaries. It suggests that environmental sustainability of marine odies strongly depends on the geographic congruence between their watersheds and the borders of the respective environmental management system, i.e., marine regions have to be environmentally managed within their watersheds. The proposed watershed-based approach also takes into consideration all elements – water, land, and air – of marine regions, which is a conditio sine qua non for their integrated and sustainable management. In the case of the Black Sea region in particular, the borders of a watershed-based environmental management system include a much wider set of stakeholder countries and enable a higher level of environmental cooperation among them.

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