scholarly journals CHALLENGES FOR THE WHEAT MARKET IN THE BLACK SEA REGION UNDER CОVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desislava Ivanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Grain Trade ◽  
Wheat Market ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Financial Recession

Under COVID-19, the world is facing unclear circumstances as a result of the global political, economic, social and financial recession caused by the pandemic. The overpopulation of certain regions as a result of globalization leads to problems related to the nutrition of the population and food security. The Black Sea region, with its strategic location, is an essential market both for the production and for the supply of raw materials to the regions affected by poverty and also for the international grain trade and in particular for the wheat. The report presents the main trends in the wheat market within the Black Sea region and argues the problems and challenges, which the grain trade is facing after the beginning of the COVID- 19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Assessing the Current Situation of the World Wheat Market Leadership: Using the Semi-Parametric Approach

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Osama Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Futures Markets ◽  
Price Discovery ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Dynamic Copula ◽  
Wheat Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Market Leadership

This paper examines the world wheat market leadership using price discovery occurring in wheat futures markets of the United States (U.S.) and Europe. An error correction model (ECM) generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH), and semi-parametric dynamic copula methods are used for this purpose. The results indicate a positive link between U.S. and Europe price discovery which is stronger, fluctuating less after August 2010 because of a drought occurring in the Black Sea region, and then lessens, fluctuating more after 2015 with the changing wheat trade map. Furthermore, after 2015, wheat market leadership moved from the U.S. to the European market, meaning price discovery is primarily located by the Marché à Terme International de France (MATIF) futures market.

CRIMEA AND THE BLACK SEA REGION IN THE POLITICAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES OF UKRAINE EXPERTS (BASED ON ANALYTICAL REPORTS TO THE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGES TO THE VERKHOVNA RADA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
OLEG V. Donetsk National University ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Parallel Structure ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Political ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Strategic Studies

Basing on a constructivist approach to international relations and foreign policy, the author has defined the conceptual content of the script, in which the experts of the Ukrainian National Institute for Strategic Studies imagine Crimea and the Black Sea region. The study was carried out on the basis of the materials of the Institute's analytical reports to the messages of the President to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 2014-2018. It was found that the ideas about Crimea contained in them are extremely mythologized: in the political picture of the world of the Institute's experts, the peninsula is considered as a “Russian bridgehead”, a source of “military threat" and an "occupied territory". Ukrainian experts are convinced that the motives of Russia's foreign and defense policy in the Black Sea direction are allegedly due to its desire for "expansion", "imperial policy" and the desire to "restore the Soviet Union." They perceive the reunification of Crimea with Russia as an event that led to a cardinal transformation of the geopolitical space of the Black Sea region that contradicts Ukrainian national interests. At the same time, on rational grounds, the institute is actively searching for conceptual approaches to organizing a new regional security system and creating a long-term, broad and durable alliance of anti-Russian forces, which could act as a NATO parallel structure in the Black Sea region in the future. Moreover, Ukrainian experts do not have any own geopolitical project or idea on this. They are considering several options for regional coalitions at once, paying special attention to the Polish concept of "Intermarium", which consists in creating a block of Baltic-Black Sea states.

Legal and Economic Consequences of Russia's Expansionary Policy

2022 ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
Giga Abuseridze ◽  
Janis Grasis
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Military Interventions ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation

In the recent history of the world, especially in the last two decades, large-scale military actions by Russia and Russian intervention have attracted wide international attention. Russia's increasingly confrontational stance has been manifested in military interventions in Georgia (2008) and in Ukraine (2014). The occupation/annexation of the territories of Georgia and Ukraine by the Russian Federation is a gross violation of the principle of sovereignty and territorial integrity of a country, as well as of the norms and principles of international law, that have significantly changed the international order established between the states and called into question the security of the Black Sea region and Europe as a whole. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a legal analysis of Russia's aggressive policy and the economic consequences of Ukraine and Georgia as aggrieved parties.

scholarly journals Romanian naval dimplomacy, continuous evolution in the swirl of external diplomacy

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ioan Gabriel Moise ◽  
Edith-Hilde Kaiter
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Eu

From ancient times the dominion of the seas has been a condition for gaining power and influence, and the position of a state near a sea has been an advantage for both its development and the neighboring region.           Due to its geographical position, the Black Sea is a region of great importance for all actors claiming leading positions in the world hierarchy and the intensification of economic relations between the states of the region after the end of the Soviet monopoly and its connection to the world market generated auspices for a new cycle development and regional prosperity.         The relocation of the EU border to the Black Sea, along with the integration of Romania and Bulgaria, brings in many economic benefits, given its dependence on oil imports, but its expansion, like that of NATO, does not only mean benefits. The EU and NATO must also take on vulnerabilities in the area, such as underperforming economies, arms, drug and human trafficking, illegal immigration or frozen conflicts, and thus try to help stabilize the region. In recent years, the military has not only played a destabilizing role, but has made a decisive contribution to ensuring the security of the Black Sea region. In this sense, the military naval forces of the riparian countries, including Romania, had a special role. Through the wide range of missions in which the Romanian Naval Forces participate in the Danubian-Pontic space, both internally and externally, in cooperation with the states bordering the Black Sea and with the NATO member states, Romania contributes to the promotion of regional security and stability. The naval diplomacy actions carried out in the last thirty years thus reveal not only the role and purpose of the Romanian Naval Forces within NATO in the actions of maintaining and consolidating good relations with the states bordering the Black Sea, as well as maintaining security with allies in the distant maritime districts. They also point out that naval diplomacy has contributed to the expression of foreign policy in different areas and with means that have increased its effect, impact and efficiency.  

scholarly journals TURKEY AND RUSSIA AS MAJOR PLAYERS IN THE BLACK SEA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Nuri Demirel
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Republic Of Turkey

Currently, the Republic of Turkey plays a vital role in international processes taking place on the world stage. Since ancient times, at the crossroads of the paths between the world of East and West, the Republic of Turkey claims to have an excellent position in the relations of these regions with each other, as well as in their internal processes and events. The universal location between Europe and Asia makes Turkish foreign policy one of its main political issues, especially in the field of regional cooperation. Moreover, the changes in the world of recent decades, such as the collapse of the USSR, revolutions and military operations in eastern countries, the transition of Crimea to Russia, lead to the fact that Turkey pursued its foreign policy thoughtfully and actively, taking the most advantageous positions for itself. An essential region for pursuing Turkish policy is the Black Sea region. The events of recent years have significantly affected him and the role that large states play in him, such as the Republic of Turkey and the Russian Federation. It also began to arouse great interest among states and regions of the Western world, such as the European Union. The changed geopolitical structure of the Black Sea region has led to the need for its members to determine their positions and areas of interaction in which they are ready to cooperate or, on the contrary, to oppose each other. In this article, the author will examine the relations of the Turkish Republic and the Russian Federation in the Black Sea region and its importance. In this study, political relations, security, economy, energy, and security will be discussed. In the conclusion of the study, the current state of Turkey-Russia relations and assessments will be made about its future.

scholarly journals Global Wheat Market Dynamics: What Is the Role of the EU and the Black Sea Wheat Exporters?

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 799
Author(s):  
Miranda Svanidze ◽  
Ivan Đurić
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Price Formation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Wheat Market ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Current Price

Over the last two decades, three countries in the Black Sea Region—Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan—became global leaders in grain production and trade, and replaced the USA and France as the most previous largest wheat exporting countries. In this study we investigate world wheat price linkages and identify the current “price leaders” of the global wheat market. This empirical analysis is focused on the price relationships between eight of the largest wheat exporting countries and uses a cointegration framework and a vector error-correction model. The results show that, regarding price formation on the world wheat market, the French price is more important for transmitting price signals to other wheat export markets compared to the USA. Furthermore, our results indicate that, despite being leaders in wheat export volumes, the Black Sea wheat prices in Russia and Ukraine adjust to price changes in France, the USA, and Canada. Albeit unrealistic in the short run, the creation of the futures market in the Black Sea region might significantly improve the participation of Black Sea markets in price formation of the global wheat market.

scholarly journals U.S-Turkey Crisis and Its Impact on the Economy of the Black Sea Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 03077 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Abuselidze ◽  
Lela Mamaladze
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Regional Role ◽  
Economic Collaboration ◽  
Rapid Pace ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The U.S

The process of political, economic and socio-cultural integration is underway of rapid pace in terms of globalization. Consequently, changes in one state will be reflected in other countries or region as a result of increased interdependence. The U.S. and Turkey have a historically strong relationship. They have a shared interest in economic collaboration, stability and security. The long history partnership has been tested in 2018 by a series of disagreements. Turkey and the U.S face their greatest diplomatic crisis. The lira lost almost a quarter of its value against the dollar. It should be noted Turkey’s increasing more independent regional role and influence. There are also signs that the crisis has the wider impact. However, the aim of this paper is to present the correlation between the U.S-Turkey crisis and the economy of the Black Sea Region countries. The paper consists of several thematic parts and a part dedicated to conclusions and recommendations. First one is introduction, second one is theoretical and provides to analyse specific issues related to US-Turkey relations: from alliance to crisis. The third part discusses the research methodology used during the research for this study. The article includes short and long term recommendations which are possible solutions for it.

scholarly journals THE SOUTH CAUCASIAN UNION – CHALLENGING GEOPOLITICAL CONCEPT REVISITED

2019 ◽  
Vol 2(13)/2019 (2(13)/2019) ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
Khatuna CHAPICHADZE
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
Soviet Republic ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Economic

In the paper, we discuss a very complex and contestable idea, proposed and developed by us already for several years, about strengthening the uneasy political, economic, social, cultural and most significantly – security relationships between the three South Caucasian countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, towards forming new geopolitical centre in the south-eastern shore of the Black Sea, or more precisely, just in the middle of the Black and Caspian Seas; in one of the most important and complicated regions in the world. The South Caucasian Union (SCU) concept has quite reasonable historical roots and although not successful enough until now, however certain examples, which could serve as preconditions, whether predispositions more: the existence of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (TDFR) (22 April-28 May 1918) and even the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR) (1922-1936). Along with the corresponding consideration of the region’s hardest internal conflicts, at the same time globally so meaningful, and especially almost the dilemmatic dispute of Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh (NK), but not limited to, we have drawn some feasible conflict-resolution scenarios under the effective SCU model, which ensuring first of all security or in particular, protection of independence and sovereignty of the South Caucasian states as their basic interests, is to logically counterweight any threats coming from bigger, more powerful and ambitious regional competitors, whether dominants and due to evident aggression, from – Russia, in specific.

scholarly journals Assessment of Grain Production Development of the Black Sea Region of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
T. Ivanenko ◽  
◽  
T. Porudeyeva ◽  
I. Andriushchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Effective Functioning ◽  
Grain Products

Abstract. Introduction. Grain products are among primary food resources and the most important source of income for agricultural producers, suitable for transportation and long-term storage, which makes it possible to form insurance and reserve funds; serves as the main source of raw materials for a number of branches of food and processing industries. Market reforms, which also affected the grain food subcomplex, provided all the conditions for its dynamic development. However, the grain farming in its development has increased the existing gap in comparison with the level of productivity of the grain industry in the countries – the largest producers of agricultural products. Currently, the grain economy of our country is characterized by an extremely extensive level of its management. Purpose. The purpose of the study is to consider the theoretical foundations and develop practical recommendations to ensure the effective functioning of the grain industry of the Black Sea region in the context of grain farming. Results. Analyzing the changes in the volume of gross regional product of the Black Sea region in the economy of Ukraine during 2013-2019, there is a tendency to active development of the Black Sea region of Ukraine. According to the grouping of agricultural producers of the Black Sea region, due to the average production costs per 1 ha of grain crops, it is proved that in almost every eighth enterprise in the region the increase in gross production is not repaid by increasing costs per 1 ha. The analysis of total imports and exports of grain products of the Black Sea region shows that the total exports of all types of grain and grain products are declining and there is a tendency to increase imports of this crop. Conclusions. It is proved that the main condition for the effective functioning of the grain industry is the introduction of resource- and energy-saving technologies that will save material costs, increase yields while improving soil fertility. The issue of improving the infrastructure of the grain market remains important, which will minimize the number of available intermediaries during the implementation, which will ultimately have a positive impact on the final results of economic activity of grain producers in the Black Sea region. Keywords: grain production; Black Sea region; production; market; profitability; efficiency; market infrastructure.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ATTRACTION OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE BLACK SEA REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3(72)) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
I.A. PLIUSHCHYK ◽  
R.P. OHORODNYK
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Investment Climate ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The World ◽  
Business Opportunities

Topicality. The importance of using new opportunities for economic development, sustainability and connectivity in the region and beyond is enhanced in terms of the growing strategic importance of the Black Sea region for the EU. Investments are the basis of socio-economic development of the region. Investments related to the deepest foundations of economic activity, they determine the process of economic growth in general. In modern conditions, they are the most important tool of ensuring the conditions for the overcoming the economic crisis, for structural changes in the countries, for the growth of technological progress, for the improvement of quality indicators of economic activity at micro and macro levels. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of economic development and the associated features of attracting foreign investment in the Black Sea region. Research results. The basic social and economic indicators of the Black Sea region - GDP (GDP), the index of human development, the population, the share of comparison is used to determine the structure and dynamics of incoming and outgoing flows volumes of direct foreign investments regional GDP in the world, are determined, the strategic importance is emphasized on the geopolitical map of the world of the Black Sea region, according the current political and economic challenges in Asian-European relations, dynamics and structure of incoming and outgoing investments of the countries of the region over the last nine years are defined. On this basis was concluded about the significant drop in investment activity in the region since 2014. A list of the main reasons for the decline in investment activity in the region is formed and relationship with the general indicators of economic development of the region is defined. The connection of problems of economic development and attraction of foreign investments to the countries of the Black Sea region is substantiated, which, unlike the existing approach, covers the participants of the whole region, and not a separate country. Approaches to the joint solution of investment problems of the countries of the Black Sea region are developed, which, unlike the existing ones, provide a synergistic effect and greater attractiveness for investors. Research results can be used by enterprises in attracting investment in cross-border projects, also can be used by intergovernmental groups to formulate strategies for joint provision of investment attractiveness of regional programs, can be used by participants in joint enterprises of the Black Sea region. Conclusion. The countries of the Black Sea region are heterogeneous in their economic indicators, thet are belonging to various economic and geopolitical associations. There are explicit leaders among the countries - Russia and Turkey, which have different geopolitical interests in the region and are not able to become a unifying factor in the region. For several years, the Black Sea region is not in the sight of international investors, and all Black Sea countries must work together to become investment attractive again. China's investment interests are identified in a region that does not hold back political commitments to any of the countries in the region. Business opportunities are the most powerful determinants of FDI.. But the particularities of the investment climate, such as strong institutions and regulatory instruments, are also important for developing countries and countries with economies in transition which looking for attraction of additional FDI. With a poor regional investment climate, foreign investors and their host economies may not be able to take full advantage of business opportunities created by market size and growth potential.

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