scholarly journals The Bengal Famine of 1943: Misfortune or Imperial Schema

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
S D Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
British Government ◽  
Food Scarcity ◽  
Future Consumption ◽  
Australian Wheat

Bengal famine resulted from food scarcity caused by large-scale exports of food from India for use in the war theatres and consumption in Britain. India exported more than 70,000 tonnes of rice between January and July 1943, even as the famine set in. This would have kept nearly 400,000 people alive for an entire year. Churchill turned down fervent pleas to export food to India, citing a shortage of ships-this when shiploads of Australian wheat, for example, would pass by India to be stored for future consumption in Europe. As imports dropped, prices shot up, and hoarders made a killing. Mr Churchill also pushed a scorched earth policy-which went by the sinister name of Denial Policy-in coastal Bengal, where the colonisers feared the Japanese would land. So, authorities removed boats (the region's lifeline), and the police destroyed and seized rice stocks. During the 1873-'74 famine, the Bengal lieutenant governor, Richard Temple, saved many lives by importing and distributing food. But the British government criticised him and dropped his policies during the drought of 1943, leading to countless fatalities.

scholarly journals Analyzing the importance of attributes for Brazilian consumers to replace conventional beef with cultured meat

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251432
Author(s):  
Gabriela Andrade de Oliveira ◽  
Carla Heloisa de Faria Domingues ◽  
João Augusto Rossi Borges
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Cultured Meat ◽  
Beef Meat ◽  
Best Worst Scaling ◽  
Future Consumption ◽  
Societal Level

Cultured meat has been proposed as an alternative source of protein to overcome the environmental and ethical problems associated with conventional meat production. However, the lack of consumers’ acceptance could be a major barrier to the introduction of cultured meat on a large scale. Despite Brazil being one of the countries that consumes the most meat per capita, little is known about Brazilian consumers’ preferences for alternative meat. The objective of this study is to identify which attributes influence consumers to possibly replace conventional beef meat with cultured meat in Brazil. An online survey was conducted, and Best-worst scaling methodology was applied to a sample of 225 consumers. The sampling leaned towards educated and employed residents of the southeast region of Brazil, which might not fully represent the Brazilian population. Despite limitations in terms of the sampling demographic, overall, Brazilians appear to be willing to consume cultured meat: 80.9% of the sample would be willing to try it, 61.3% would be willing to eat it regularly, and 56.9% would be willing to eat cultured meat as a replacement for conventionally produced beef. Despite the focus of this study being on attributes of a hypothetical product that is not commercially available, which might pose difficulty to consumers to predict their future consumption behavior, results show that the most important attributes influencing consumers to possibly replace conventional beef meat by cultured meat in Brazil are anticipated risk of zoonotic diseases, anticipated healthiness and anticipated food safety conditions. Attributes related to benefits at a global societal level and intrinsic characteristics of cultured meat were less important.

The British Awakening to the Military Nature of the Rebellion, August–October 1936

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kraig Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
British Government ◽  
Military Intelligence ◽  
Martial Law ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Criminal Charge ◽  
The Military

This chapter discusses the divergence, in the latter weeks of the rebellion, between the British public and private portrayals of the revolt. British public statements finally fully converged with the Zionist portrayal of the rebellion (the strong crimino-national claim). Yet, under the influence of military intelligence, British private assessments of the rebel movement proved subtler. They suggested that rather than being mere bandits, the rebels were something closer to "soldier-bandits," a sort of hybrid criminal-nationalist. The chapter discusses the discursive logic of this divergence, arguing that London's pro-nationalist pretensions in its Middle Eastern mandates hamstrung its capacity to characterize the rebellion as a large-scale outbreak of crime and forced it to pin the criminal charge upon a cabal of pseudo-national criminals (the Arab Higher Committee). The chapter goes on to detail a crisis within the British government over whether to declare martial law in Palestine and the logic of the eventual British decision against declaring martial law.

The Geopolitical Origins of the Central African Federation: Britain, Rhodesia and South Africa, 1948–1953

1987 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Hyam
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Building ◽  
British Government ◽  
Historical Trend ◽  
Colonial Office

The Central African Federation (1953–63) was the most controversial large-scale imperial exercise in constructive state-building ever undertaken by the British government. It appears now as a quite extraordinary mistake, an aberration of history (‘like the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem’), a deviation from the inevitable historical trend of decolonization. Paradoxically, one of its principal architects, Andrew Cohen (head of the African department of the colonial office) is also credited with having set the course for planned African decolonization as a whole. There have already been several attempts to explain how an error so interesting and surprising, so large and portentous, came to be made. No one, however, has yet presented an analysis based on British government archives, and the authoritative evidence that they alone can provide.

Funzioni e finanziamento di una rete radiotelevisiva pubblica. Le conclusioni di un rapporto al governo britannico*

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-212
Author(s):  
Diego Piacentino
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
British Government ◽  
Financial Problems ◽  
Broadcasting System ◽  
Very High

Abstract In 1985 the British Government established a committee with the task of examining the financial problems of the BBC. This committee, chaired by Professor (now Sir) Alan T. Peacock, has produced a report (Report of the Committee on Financing the BBC, London, HMSO, 1986) which is a valuable piece of economic analysis, and one which, while centred on the main theme of the financing problems of the BBC, also offers a discussion of the working of the British broadcasting system as a whole.The present paper offers a review of the conclusions reached in the Report. The first point considered is the contention that the present organization is highly unstable (because subscription income, on which the BBC depends, cannot keep pace with the buoyancy of the advertising income that accrues to its private-sector competitor). In the second place, consideration is given to the measures which the Report suggests should be taken to relieve this instability promptly - though only temporarily. Finally, the solution proposed for the long term is also considered. This involves a far-reaching reorganization of the system, in connection with a sharp move towards subscription television.The part in which this long-term solution is proposed is found to be the least satisfactory in the Report. Indeed, subscription television might not be easily implemented on a general (or even a large) scale, given the very high costs involved; furthermore, if it were implemented, it might not produce the favourable effects on quality and range of programmes available indicated in the Report.

scholarly journals Are Underweight Shelter Dogs More Likely to Display Food Aggression toward Humans?

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1035
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Miller ◽  
Emily D. Dolan ◽  
Victoria A. Cussen ◽  
Pamela J. Reid
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
Food Scarcity ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
American Society

It is commonly believed that underweight or emaciated dogs are predisposed to food aggression toward humans. Each year, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) receives hundreds of dogs from criminal cruelty cases. The dogs range from emaciated to overweight. We analyzed existing data from 900 such dogs to examine the relationship between body condition score and food and chew item aggression toward humans. Across all types of cruelty cases, 9.2% of dogs were aggressive over the food, chew, or both, which is a lower prevalence than that previously reported among shelter dogs. Dogs from cruelty cases originating in New York City were more likely to show aggression over food (z = 3.91, p < 0.001) and chew items (z = 2.61, p = 0.01) than dogs from large-scale cruelty cases, although it is unclear why. Female dogs were less likely to show food (z = −3.75, p < 0.001) and chew item (z = −2.25, p = 0.02) aggression compared to males. Underweight dogs were not more likely to display food aggression, but when they did, the aggression was no more severe than that of normal-weight dogs (Fisher’s exact tests = 0.41 and 0.15 for the Food Bowl and Chew Item scenarios, respectively). Breed type was not a significant predictor of aggression. Canine food aggression does not appear to be an aberrant behavior caused by a history of food scarcity but may be related to biological factors such as sex. These findings could prove useful for animal behavior subject matter experts testifying in court or consulting on cruelty cases, as they could speak with scientific validity to the question of whether there is a link between previous food scarcity and the likelihood of food aggression in dogs.

Marxism and Its Others

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Hall
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
British Government ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Political Citizenship ◽  
The Social ◽  
New Vision ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Uk

This chapter is written from the perspective of a historian trying to comprehend the complexities of the nineteenth-century societies and to use those conceptual theories that would define the many layers of the social, cultural, and political world. In the absence of Marxism, there has been a tendency to lose interest in the large-scale changes and to resort to micro-histories. A return to Marx is therefore needed to understand how change occurs in the relation between key categories of difference. And while Marx may not have full answers to the questions on the logic of capital and class antagonisms, he nevertheless initiated questions on agency and change. The focus of the chapter is on the United Kingdom and its empire from 1828 to 1833. This was a period when political citizenship and forms of rule at home and across the empire were reassessed; when the forms of conservative aristocratic rule in Britain and the colonies were ruptured; and when the new vision of the nation and the empire was introduced. In all of the places ruled by the UK, emphasis is placed on Ireland, Britain, Jamaica, and India, including Westminster, which is the seat of the British government. Each of the cases is dealt with extensively, with stress on ethnicity, class, race, and gender. All of these cases are examined within the framework of Marxism, wherein the salience of the theory is measured on its capacity to address issues of differences.

scholarly journals Can role models help encourage young people to apply to (selective) universities? Evidence from a large scale English field experiment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sanders ◽  
Raj Chande ◽  
Eliza Kozman ◽  
Tim Leunig
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
British Government ◽  
School Students ◽  
Selective University ◽  
Selective Universities ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Tuition Costs

Abstract Under-participation in selective universities lowers social mobility in England, the United States, and elsewhere. English universities have standardized tuition costs, and strongly heterogeneous graduate earnings. Attending a selective university is therefore strongly incentivized, yet under-participation is extensive. The British Government sent 11,104 “nudge” letters to school students whose prior attainment made them competitive for entry into selective universities, urging them to consider that option. We evaluate this RCT and find it effective at raising the number of students who apply to, and accept offers from, selective universities. We find the cost to be low relative to outcomes.

The Steamship as an Agent of Modernisation, 1812-1840

2011 ◽  
pp. 165-182
Author(s):  
John Armstrong ◽  
David M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
British Government ◽  
Personal Mobility ◽  
Large Scale Production

This chapter explores the significance of the steamship as a vehicle of change and modernisation in Britain between 1812 and 1840. It builds on the previous chapter’s analysis of the nationwide diffusion of the steamship, then defines the features of modernity that the steamship exhibited - such as large scale production; specialisation; and wider market access. It then explores how these advances impacted society through the widespread recognition of modern technology; wider appreciation of the importance of time; advance of personal mobility; new forms of finance and operations; and the role of technology in the changing function of the British government. It concludes that the steamship played a vital role in British innovation, though ultimately was one factor of many in the widespread and rapidly increasing modernisation of the country.

The Central African Federation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cohen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Years ◽  
British Government ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Constitutional Review ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
Regional Influence ◽  
Death Knell

The late 1940s and early 1950s saw British government policy align, albeit briefly, with European settler desire in Southern and Northern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe and Zambia) for a closer association of their territories. Widespread African opposition was overlooked, and on September 1, 1953, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (more commonly known as the Central African Federation) came into existence. Nyasaland was included at the insistence of the British government. The federation was a bold experiment in political power during the late stage of British colonialism and constituted one of the most intricate episodes in its retreat from empire. Explanations for the creation of the federation center on attempts to stymie the regional influence of apartheid South Africa and the perceived economic advantages of a closer association of Britain’s Central African colonies. African opposition to the formation of the federation was widespread. Although this protest dissipated in the early years of the federation, the early promises in racial “partnership” soon proved to be insincere, and this reinvigorated African protest as the 1960 federal constitutional review drew close. The end of the Central African Federation is best explained by several intertwined pressures, including African nationalist protest, economic weakness, and hardening settler intransigence. By the end of 1962, there was large-scale African opposition to federation in both Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, and the Rhodesian Front had come to power on a platform of independence free from the federation. The final death knell for the federation rang with the British government’s decision that no territory should be kept in the federation against its will.

Some comments about observations and image processing of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 243-248
Author(s):  
D. Kubáček ◽  
A. Galád ◽  
A. Pravda
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Harvard College ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Short Period Comet ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Harvard College Observatory ◽  
Period Comet

AbstractUnusual short-period comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 inspired many observers to explain its unpredictable outbursts. In this paper large scale structures and features from the inner part of the coma in time periods around outbursts are studied. CCD images were taken at Whipple Observatory, Mt. Hopkins, in 1989 and at Astronomical Observatory, Modra, from 1995 to 1998. Photographic plates of the comet were taken at Harvard College Observatory, Oak Ridge, from 1974 to 1982. The latter were digitized at first to apply the same techniques of image processing for optimizing the visibility of features in the coma during outbursts. Outbursts and coma structures show various shapes.

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