scholarly journals THE CITY OF SAMARRA UNDER THE ABBASID STATE, A BRIGHT HISTORY AND IMMORTAL RELICS

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (08) ◽  
pp. 164-180
Author(s):  
Fatn Abd AL BARY
Keyword(s):  
Basic Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Islamic Empire ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Center ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
The City ◽  
Satisfactory Manner

My research was marked (The city of Samarra under the Abbasid state, a bright history and immortal relics). The city of Samarra is considered one of the archaeological historical sites in Iraq. This city - with the testimony of ancient and modern sources, and the immortality of a number of its lofty monuments - played a dangerous role in the political and urban fields - throughout the era that I stayed there as the capital of the Abbasid state. Eight of the Abbasid caliphs settled in it, and its mother was scholars and writers. Every craftsman and artist differed in it, and it became - rightly - the first Abbasid city in various aspects of life. Which prompted me to choose this topic and write about it, because of my feeling and my feeling that this city has neglected its right, and has not prepared for it what it should have of study and investigation. I specify my studies either in the history of the city or its antiquities, but after reading it became clear to me that history is the immortalized antiquities, so this topic stopped me to research it. The basic structure of this research consisted of two sections preceded by an introduction and a preface and followed by a conclusion. The first topic came under the title (Samarra in the shadow of the Abbasid state), this research dealt with Samarra in the shadow of the Abbasid caliphs, showing the role of each caliph in this city. Part of its ruins are still tilted until today and the other part has been subjected to destruction and extinction, and then I ended the research with a conclusion in which I showed the most important findings of the research, including its adoption of the largest Islamic empire for half a century, that this city has a clear personality in the urban and historical fields, and it is the Islamic city Which was replete with many palaces and luxurious buildings in that era, it was able to occupy an important center for the duration of its stay as the capital of the Abbasids. And after I ask God Almighty that I have succeeded in presenting this topic in a satisfactory manner, for perfection is for God Almighty and from Him we derive help and success‎‎. Keywords: Abbasid State, The City of Samarra, Immortalized Antiquities

The City and the Law. Aspects of Ibn Khaldūn’s Critique of the Philosophers

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-24
Author(s):  
Leonardo Capezzone
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
World History ◽  
The Political ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
Critical Attitude ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Abstract The history of Khaldunian readings in the twentieth century reveals an analytical capacity of non-Orientalists definitely greater than that demonstrated by the Orientalists. The latter, at least until the 1950s, prove to be prisoners of that syndrome denounced by Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978), which projected on Islamic historical development a specificity and an alterity, which make it an exception in world history. Orientalist scholarship has often wanted to see in Ibn Khaldūn’s critical attitude to the philosophy of al-Fārābī and Averroes only the confirmation of the primacy of the sharīʿa over Platonic nomos. This article seeks to highlight some aspects of Ibn Khaldūn’s critique of classical political thought of Islamic philosophy. His critique focuses on the importance given to the juridical dimension of social becoming, and to the role of the political body of the jurists in the making of the City. Those aspects witness Ibn Khaldūn’s effort to interpret change and fractures as factors which make sense of history and decadence.

Plutarch’s Lives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Desideri
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Rule Out

This chapter discusses first the general cosmological principles which lie behind Plutarch’s historiographical work, such as can be recovered through significant passages of his Delphic Dialogues. Second, it investigates the reasons why Plutarch wrote biographies, and more specifically parallel biographies, instead of outright histories: in this way, Plutarch aimed to emphasize, on the one hand, the dominant role of individual personalities in the political world of his own time, and, on the other hand, the mutual and exclusive relevance of Greece and Rome in the history of human culture. Third, the chapter seeks to connect the rise-and-fall pattern, typical of biography, with the general rise-and-fall pattern which Plutarch recognizes both in the Greek and in the Roman civilizations; through that connection one can rule out the idea that Plutarch had any providential view of history. Finally, some reflections are offered on Nietzsche’s special interest in Plutarch’s biographies.

Sport as a catalyst for cooperation: Why sport dialogue between the two Koreas succeeds in some cases but not in others

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giwoong Jung
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
History Of

There is a wide belief that sport has a positive utility in the diplomatic arena and can be used as a catalyst for cooperation. The very instrumental effectiveness of sport gave a birth to the idea that sport can be used effectively to promote contact between or among hostile countries. This idea was adopted by the governments of the two Koreas and a sport agenda was used as a pretext for initiating official dialogues between the two countries. Throughout the history of South–North dialogues, we can find some cases of success and other cases of failure. Some successful dialogues brought concrete results of cooperation, while other unsuccessful dialogues ended only as pre-steps that did not develop into cooperation or negotiation. Thus our attention should go to two directions. One is “what is the main force which drove the two Koreas to open a sport dialogue?” The other is to find out “why sport dialogues between the two Koreas succeed in some cases but not others”. This article aims to review the role of sport as an instrument or a catalyst for cooperation. The author divides the whole period of dialogues into several phases and examines the role of sport. After reviewing the success and failure of dialogues, the author argues for sport to be used as a tool for dialogue, the strategic choice of the actors being the prerequisite. The author emphasizes that strategic choices made by the governments of the two Koreas play an important role when casting sport as an instrument to develop relations, which is explained with the framework of simple 2 × 2 games. In line with this, this article explores the strategic thoughts of the two Koreas by reviewing the political intentions, situations of the time, contextual connectivity and strategic thinkings of two Koreas.

scholarly journals The political situation in Syria during the Al-Ahed Al- Fusaily by addressing of Al-Asma newspaper (1919-1920): الأوضاع السياسية في سوريا في العهذ الفيصلي (1919 - 1920) من خلال افتتاحيات صحيفة العاصمة السورية

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maysoon Mansour Obeidat
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Arab State ◽  
The Political ◽  
British Government ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
French Mandate ◽  
History Of

The purpose of the study is to analyze the political situation in Syria during the ALahed AL Fusaily by addressing of Al- Asma newspaper (1919-1920), in addition to Prince Faisal's role internally and externally during the Peace Conference in 1920, And the unity of the States of the Levant, to be the basis for the launch of a wider Arab unity, and the statement of conspiracy allies on the Arabs, especially France and its attempts to occupy Syria, and then efforts by the Syrian Arab state to prevent this, and also briefly discussed Prince Faisal talks and meetings and correspondence with the British government from Hand and To the governments and political and popular bodies in Syria, Lebanon and Palestine on the other hand, which revolves around ways to achieve the unity of the countries of the Levant, and then review the role of the Syrian press in the history of modern Arabs in general and Syrian history in particular, where appeared in the early twentieth century newspapers in Arabic, In the Arab nationalist thought, as a result of which was persecuted by the Ottoman Empire, and then the French mandate.  

The Role of the Anak Raja in Malay History: A Case Study from Eighteenth-Century Kedah

1976 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Watson Andaya
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Category ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Shifting Balance ◽  
History Of

The history of the Malay world in the eighteenth century is characterised by a constantly shifting balance of power, extreme flexibility in the political patterns, and an ongoing search for strong friends and advantageous allies. Malay and European sources relating to the period contain an often overwhelming amount of information concerning seemingly endless conspiracies, broken treaties, negotiations, and re-alignments. Yet from this maze of detail distinct themes emerge, one of which concerns the activities of various Malay anak raja (sons of kings and pirates) and anak baik (sons of nobles). Existing material allows for the compilation of a number of interesting biographies. We can, for instance, follow the career of Perak's Raja 'Alim, who might have successfully unseated his cousin and become ruler himself had it not been for Dutch intervention. The wandering life led by a Siak prince, Raja Ismail, and his unceasing efforts to rally support for a triumphant return to his homeland are similarly described in both Malay chronicles and the missives of Dutch governors. Such accounts make for absorbing reading and undoubtedly have their own intrinsic historical value. On the other hand, it is perhaps more fruitful to regard anak raja like Raja 'Alim and Raja Ismail not so much as individuals as representatives of a distinct social category within what has been called the “ruling class.” If viewed in this light, the activities of many anak raja mentioned in the records take on a new dimension, and comments concerning their role in Malay history assume a wider application.

Positivisasi Hukum Keluarga Islam sebagai Langkah Pembaharuan Hukum Islam di Indonesia: Kajian Sejarah Politik Hukum Islam

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-257
Author(s):  
Nurul Ma'rifah
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Family Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
The Political ◽  
Old Order ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Family Law

This paper discusses the making Islamic family law a formal law in the perspective of the political history of Islamic law in Indonesia, which cannot be separated from the role of the regime since the beginning of the Old Order era. In this era, the regime showed its alignment with the renewal of Islamic law. However, when the regime was not as firm and tended to be democratic, as it was during the Reformation era, Islamic family law reform tended to be stagnant. On the other hand, the history of Islamic family law renewal also experienced ups and downs because it is affected by political configurations, in which Indonesian Muslims attitudes could be classified into progressive and Islamist groups. Progressive groups try to fight for the renewal of Islamic family law contextually; whereas Islamist groups are more textual in responding to Islamic family law reform.   

scholarly journals Przyczynki źródłowe do dziejów szpitala św. Elżbiety w Starym Mieście Gdańsku z lat 1429–1454

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 305-323
Author(s):  
Rafał Kubicki
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Old City ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The City

Source input to the history of St. Elisabeth hospital in The Old City of Gdańsk in the years 1429–1454 The subject of this edition are sources regarding the hospital of St. Elisabeth in the Old City of Gdańsk in the years 1429–1454 deposited in archives in Gdańsk and Berlin. They present various aspects of the institution’s operations in the first half of the 15th century. Alongside issues pertaining to the confirmation of its land estate border (no. 1), individual bestowals on its behalf conducted by assorted donors (no. 2, 5, 7, 8, 12) and the management of the hospital’s inventory (no. 4), it also contains documents confirming agreements of lifetime residencies in the hospital (no. 9, 10, 11). We also have here accounts created in reference to the foundation of vicarage in the hospital chapel (no. 3) and the matters of personnel working in the service of the hospital (no. 6). All of them show the complexity of issues the persons connected with the institution handled, most of all in the case of the hospitaler, and alongside him the commander of Gdańsk, who somewhat held a supervising function on behalf of the Teutonic Order. They also confirm the important role of women in terms of nurturing care provided by the hospital, including primarily the head of the female personnel, here referred to as the mother or the mother of the poor. On the other hand, they are also a testimony to the social significance of the institution in the city, presenting the circle of people closely connected to her at the time.

Muscovy and the Tatars

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-431
Author(s):  
Bulat R. Rakhimzianov
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
The Political ◽  
East European ◽  
Central Eurasia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Forest Line ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article explores relations between Muscovy and the so-called Later Golden Horde successor states that existed during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries on the territory of Desht-i Qipchaq (the Qipchaq Steppe, a part of the East European steppe bounded roughly by the Oskol and Tobol rivers, the steppe-forest line, and the Caspian and Aral Seas). As a part of, and later a successor to, the Juchid ulus (also known as the Golden Horde), Muscovy adopted a number of its political and social institutions. The most crucial events in the almost six-century-long history of relations between Muscovy and the Tatars (13–18th centuries) were the Mongol invasion of the Northern, Eastern and parts of the Southern Rus’ principalities between 1237 and 1241, and the Muscovite annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates between 1552 and 1556. According to the model proposed here, the Tatars began as the dominant partner in these mutual relations; however, from the beginning of the seventeenth century this role was gradually inverted. Indicators of a change in the relationship between the Muscovite grand principality and the Golden Horde can be found in the diplomatic contacts between Muscovy and the Tatar khanates. The main goal of the article is to reveal the changing position of Muscovy within the system of the Later Golden Horde successor states. An additional goal is to revisit the role of the Tatar khanates in the political history of Central Eurasia in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

The Foreign Policy Mechanism of the Union Of South Africa and the Development of its Diplomatic Relations (1910–1948)

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-86
Author(s):  
Alexandra Arkhangelskaya
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
The Political ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Economic Evolution ◽  
Local Elite ◽  
History Of

The history of the formation of South Africa as a single state is closely intertwined with events of international scale, which have accordingly influenced the definition and development of the main characteristics of the foreign policy of the emerging state. The Anglo-Boer wars and a number of other political and economic events led to the creation of the Union of South Africa under the protectorate of the British Empire in 1910. The political and economic evolution of the Union of South Africa has some specific features arising from specific historical conditions. The colonization of South Africa took place primarily due to the relocation of Dutch and English people who were mainly engaged in business activities (trade, mining, agriculture, etc.). Connected by many economic and financial threads with the elite of the countries from which the settlers left, the local elite began to develop production in the region at an accelerated pace. South Africa’s favorable climate and natural resources have made it a hub for foreign and local capital throughout the African continent. The geostrategic position is of particular importance for foreign policy in South Africa, which in many ways predetermined a great interest and was one of the fundamental factors of international involvement in the development of the region. The role of Jan Smuts, who served as Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa from 1919 to 1924 and from 1939 to 1948, was particularly prominent in the implementation of the foreign and domestic policy of the Union of South Africa in the focus period of this study. The main purpose of this article is to study the process of forming the mechanisms of the foreign policy of the Union of South Africa and the development of its diplomatic network in the period from 1910 to 1948.

State-run celebration of Liberation Day in Czechoslovakia (based on audiovisual sources)

2019 ◽  
pp. 251-268
Author(s):  
Timur Gimadeev
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Political Regime ◽  
The Political ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military

The article deals with the history of celebrating the Liberation Day in Czechoslovakia organised by the state. Various aspects of the history of the holiday have been considered with the extensive use of audiovisual documents (materials from Czechoslovak newsreels and TV archives), which allowed for a detailed analysis of the propaganda representation of the holiday. As a result, it has been possible to identify the main stages of the historical evolution of the celebrations of Liberation Day, to discover the close interdependence between these stages and the country’s political development. The establishment of the holiday itself — its concept and the military parade as the main ritual — took place in the first post-war years, simultaneously with the consolidation of the Communist regime in Czechoslovakia. Later, until the end of the 1960s, the celebrations gradually evolved along the political regime, acquiring new ritual forms (ceremonial meetings, and “guards of memory”). In 1968, at the same time as there was an attempt to rethink the entire socialist regime and the historical experience connected with it, an attempt was made to reconstruct Liberation Day. However, political “normalisation” led to the normalisation of the celebration itself, which played an important role in legitimising the Soviet presence in the country. At this stage, the role of ceremonial meetings and “guards of memory” increased, while inventions released in time for 9 May appeared and “May TV” was specially produced. The fall of the Communist regime in 1989 led to the fall of the concept of Liberation Day on 9 May, resulting in changes of the title, date and paradigm of the holiday, which became Victory Day and has been since celebrated on 8 May.

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