scholarly journals Root Growth Near Vertical Root Barriers after Seven Years

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
E. Thomas Smiley ◽  
Liza Wilkinson ◽  
Bruce Fraedrich
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Root Barriers ◽  
Quercus Phellos ◽  
Two Sides

Vertical root barriers are used to redirect root growth to greater depths in the soil, thus reducing damage to the sidewalks. This study was conducted to examine root growth patterns near a variety of vertical root barriers. Thirty willow oaks (Quercus phellos) were planted in November 2000 and one of the following treatments was installed on two sides of each tree: Biobarrier, DeepRoot Universal Barrier, DeepRoot Universal Barrier with Spin Out, Tex-R, Typar Geotextile 3801, or a no-barrier control. In March 2007, the second 15-tree block was excavated to reveal the root system outside the barrier. All five root barriers significantly reduced the amount of root growth compared with the control trees. There were no differences among the products tested.

scholarly journals Contemporary Concepts of Root System Architecture of Urban Trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Susan Day ◽  
P. Eric Wiseman ◽  
Sarah Dickinson ◽  
J. Roger Harris
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Urban Settings

Knowledge of the extent and distribution of tree root systems is essential for managing trees in the built environment. Despite recent advances in root detection tools, published research on tree root architecture in urban settings has been limited and only partially synthesized. Root growth patterns of urban trees may differ considerably from similar species in forested or agricultural environments. This paper reviews literature documenting tree root growth in urban settings as well as literature addressing root architecture in nonurban settings that may contribute to present understanding of tree roots in built environments. Although tree species may have the genetic potential for generating deep root systems (>2 m), rooting depth in urban situations is frequently restricted by impenetrable or inhospitable soil layers or by underground infrastructure. Lateral root extent is likewise subject to restriction by dense soils under hardscape or by absence of irrigation in dry areas. By combining results of numerous studies, the authors of this paper estimated the radius of an unrestricted root system initially increases at a rate of approximately 38 to 1, compared to trunk diameter; however, this ratio likely considerably declines as trees mature. Roots are often irregularly distributed around the tree and may be influenced by cardinal direction, terrain, tree lean, or obstacles in the built environment. Buttress roots, tap roots, and other root types are also discussed.

scholarly journals High-resolution 4D spatiotemporal analysis reveals the contributions of local growth dynamics to contrasting maize root architectures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Jiang ◽  
Eric Floro ◽  
Adam L. Bray ◽  
Benjamin Laws ◽  
Keith E. Duncan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Maize Root ◽  
Global Features ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Local Root ◽  
The Many

ABSTRACTRoot systems are branched networks that develop from simple growth properties of their individual roots. Yet a mature maize root system has many thousands of roots that each interact with soil structures, water and nutrient patches, and microbial ecologies in the micro-environments surrounding each root tip. Although the plasticity of root growth to these and other environmental factors is well known, how the many local processes contribute over time to global features of root system architecture is hardly understood. We employ an automated 3D root imaging pipeline to capture the growth of maize roots every four hours throughout seven days of seedling development. We model the contrasting architectures of two maize inbred genotypes and their hybrid to derive key parameters that distinguish complex growth patterns as a function of time. The statistical characteristics of local root growth defined the global system properties despite a large range of trait values. “Computational dissection” of a single root from each root system identified differences in the size of the root branching zone and lateral branching densities, but not radial patterns, that drove the contrasting root architectures from seedling to maturity. X-ray imaging of mature field-grown root crowns showed that seedling growth trajectories persisted throughout development and could predict eventual architectures, suggesting a strong genetic basis. The work connects individual and systemwide scales of root growth dynamics, providing the means for a function-valued approach to understanding the genetic and genetic x environment conditioning of root growth that will enable breeding for enhanced root traits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhen and where roots grow determines their ability to capture short-lived and patchy water and nutrient resources to support the aboveground organs of the plant. Roots have no known long-distance external sensing mechanisms, but form branched networks that blindly explore the soil and respond to encountered local stimuli. How global architectures form from the many thousands of these local responses, and how they are controlled genetically are major open questions. Here we quantify differences in local root growth patterns of two inbred genotypes of maize that control contrasting systemwide properties. Measurements at the seedling stage were highly correlated with the complex architectures of mature root systems, paving the way for the development of crops with greater resource uptake capacity.

Root and Stem Growth Patterns of Young `Mauritius' Lychee Trees

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Leah E. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Glass Wall ◽  
Litchi Chinensis ◽  
Root Extension ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
Root Observation

`Mauritius' lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) trees were planted in root observation chambers in July 1990 to determine the pattern of root and stem extension growth during 12 months. Root and stem lengths were measured at intervals ranging from 7 to 18 days from Aug. 1990 until Aug. 1991. During each period of active canopy growth, up to six stem tips were tagged and measured. Root growth was determined by measuring tracings of the extension of each root in a visible plane of the glass wall of the observation chambers. Stem growth was cyclic, with distinct periods of rapid extension followed by periods with no extension. In contrast, root growth was fairly continuous with only three periods of no visible root extension. Mean absolute extension rates were higher for stems than for roots. There were no consistent relationships between the timing of root and stem extension growth.

Root System Fibrosity of Sitka Spruce Transplants: Relationship with Root Growth Potential

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. DEANS ◽  
C. LUNDBERG ◽  
M. G. R. CANNELL ◽  
M. B. MURRAY ◽  
L. J. SHEPPARD
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Growth Potential

Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait.

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh E. Wilcox ◽  
Ruth Ganmore-Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Root Temperature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Seedlings of Pinusresinosa were grown at root temperatures of 16, 21 and 27 °C, both aseptically and after inoculation with the ectendomycorrhizal fungus BDG-58. Growth after 3 months was significantly influenced by the presence of the fungus at all 3 temperatures. The influence of the fungus on root growth was obscured by the effects of root temperature on morphology. The root system at 16 and at 21 °C possessed many first-order laterals with numerous, well developed second-order branches, but those at 27 °C had only a few, relatively long, unbranched first-order laterals. Although the root systems of infected seedlings were larger, the fungus increased root growth in the same pattern as determined by the temperature.

scholarly journals Regulation of lateral root development by shoot-sensed far-red light via HY5 is nitrate-dependent and involves the NRT2.1 nitrate transporter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasper van Gelderen ◽  
Chiakai Kang ◽  
Peijin Li ◽  
Ronald Pierik
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Nitrate Transporter ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Nitrate Signaling

AbstractPlants are very effective in responding to environmental changes during competition for light and nutrients. Low Red:Far-Red (low R:FR)-mediated neighbor detection allows plants to compete successfully with other plants for available light. This above-ground signal can also reduce lateral root growth by inhibiting lateral root emergence, a process that might help the plant invest resources in shoot growth. Nitrate is an essential nutrient for plant growth and Arabidopsis thaliana responds to low nitrate conditions by enhancing nutrient uptake and reducing lateral and main root growth. There are indications that low R:FR signaling and low nitrate signaling can affect each other. It is unknown which response is prioritized when low R:FR light- and low nitrate signaling co-occur. We investigated the effect of low nitrate conditions on the low R:FR response of the A. thaliana root system in agar plate media, combined with the application of supplemental Far-Red (FR) light to the shoot. We observed that under low nitrate conditions main and lateral root growth was reduced, but more importantly, that the response of the root system to low R:FR was suppressed. Consistently, a loss-of-function mutant of a nitrate transporter gene NRT2.1 lacked low R:FR-induced lateral root reduction and its root growth was hypersensitive to low nitrate. ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) plays an important role in the root response to low R:FR and we found that it was less sensitive to low nitrate conditions with regards to lateral root growth. In addition, we found that low R:FR increases NRT2.1 expression and that low nitrate enhances HY5 expression. HY5 also affects NRT2.1 expression, however, it depended on the presence of ammonium in which direction this effect was. Replacing part of the nitrogen source with ammonium also removed the effect of low R:FR on the root system, showing that changes in nitrogen sources can be crucial for root plasticity. Together our results show that nitrate signaling can repress low R:FR responses and that this involves signaling via HY5 and NRT2.1.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Green Ash, Scarlet Oak, Turkish Hazelnut, and Tree Lilac

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk ◽  
Richard W. Zobel ◽  
Thomas H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Measurement ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Periodicity

The objectives of this study were to determine root and shoot growth periodicity for established Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak), Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut), and Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees and to evaluate three methods of root growth periodicity measurement. Two methods were evaluated using a rhizotron. One method measured the extension rate (RE) ofindividual roots, and the second method measured change in root length (RL) against an observation grid. A third method, using periodic counts of new roots present on minirhizotrons (MR), was also evaluated. RE showed the least variability among individual trees. Shoot growth began before or simultaneously with the beginning of root growth for all species with all root growth measurement methods. All species had concurrent shoot and root growth, and no distinct alternating growth patterns were evident when root growth was measured by RE. Alternating root and shoot growth was evident, however, when root growth was measured by RL and MR. RE measured extension rate of larger diameter lateral roots, RL measured increase in root length of all diameter lateral roots and MR measured new root count of all sizes of lateral and vertical roots. Root growth periodicity patterns differed with the measurement method and the types of roots measured.

scholarly journals Imaging local soil kinematics during the first days of maize root growth in sand

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Floriana Anselmucci ◽  
Edward Andò ◽  
Gioacchino Viggiani ◽  
Nicolas Lenoir ◽  
Chloé Arson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shear Strain ◽  
Root System ◽  
Capillary Rise ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Initial Soil

AbstractMaize seedlings are grown in Hostun sand with two different gradings and two different densities. The root-soil system is imaged daily for the first 8 days of plant growth with X-ray computed tomography. Segmentation, skeletonisation and digital image correlation techniques are used to analyse the evolution of the root system architecture, the displacement fields and the local strain fields due to plant growth in the soil. It is found that root thickness and root length density do not depend on the initial soil configuration. However, the depth of the root tip is strongly influenced by the initial soil density, and the number of laterals is impacted by grain size, which controls pore size, capillary rise and thus root access to water. Consequently, shorter root axes are observed in denser sand and fewer second order roots are observed in coarser sands. In all soil configurations tested, root growth induces shear strain in the soil around the root system, and locally, in the vicinity of the first order roots axis. Root-induced shear is accompanied by dilative volumetric strain close to the root body. Further away, the soil experiences dilation in denser sand and compaction in looser sand. These results suggest that the increase of porosity close to the roots can be caused by a mix of shear strain and steric exclusion.

Root Morphology and Secretion of two subtropical tree species to NH4+-N and NO3–-N Deposition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Zhichun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Morphology ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Southern China ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Root Absorption ◽  
Tap Root

Abstract Background: Both NH4+ and NO3– are capable of greatly influencing plants’ growth and biomass. However, the belowground responses of subtropical trees to either NH4+ or NO3– deposition remain poorly understood. Here, we discuss how these two forms of N deposition can affect root development, and experimentally analyzed how they could impact nitrogen and phosphorus absorption in two types (broadleaved with a fibrous root system vs. conifer with a tap root system) of subtropical tree species. Results: In a greenhouse in southern China, 1-year-old S. superba and P. massoniana seedlings grown on P-limited and P-normal soil were treated with NaNO3 and NH4Cl solutions of 0, 80, and 200 kg N ha–1 year–1, corresponding to the control, N80, and N200 groups, respectively. Root phenotype characteristics and metabolism ability were measured after 8 months of growth. The results showed that the root morphology and physiology variables differed significantly between the two species under different N and P treatments. Although S. superba had a larger quantity of roots than P. massoniana, both its root growth rate and root absorption were respectively lower and weaker. N addition differentially affected root growth and activity as follows: (1) NO3–-N80 and NH4+-N80 increased root growth and activity of the two species, but NH4+-N80 led to thicker roots in S. superba; (2) NO3–-N200 and NH4+-N200 had inhibitory effects on the roots of P. massoniana, for which NH4+-N200 led to thinner and longer roots and even the death of some roots; and (3) NH4+-N could promote metabolic activity in thicker roots (> 1.5 mm) and the NO3–-N was found to stimulate activity in thinner roots (0.5–1.5 mm) in the fibrous root system having a larger quantity of roots, namely S. superba. By contrast, NO3–-N and NH4+-N had an opposite influence upon functioning in the tap root system with a slender root, namely P. massoniana. Conclusion: We conclude P. massoniana has a much higher root absorption efficiency; however, nitrogen deposition is more beneficial to the root growth of S. superba.

scholarly journals Two Wheat Cultivars with Contrasting Post-Embryonic Root Biomass Differ in Shoot Re-Growth after Defoliation: Implications for Breeding Grazing Resilient Forages

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 470
Author(s):  
Paez-Garcia ◽  
Liao ◽  
Blancaflor
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Clipping ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Embryonic Root

The ability of forages to quickly resume aboveground growth after grazing is a trait that enables farmers to better manage their livestock for maximum profitability. Leaf removal impairs root growth. As a consequence of a deficient root system, shoot re-growth is inhibited leading to poor pasture performance. Despite the importance of roots for forage productivity, they have not been considered as breeding targets for improving grazing resilience due in large part to the lack of knowledge on the relationship between roots and aboveground biomass re-growth. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) is extensively used as forage source in temperate climates worldwide. Here, we investigated the impact of leaf clipping on specific root traits, and how these influence shoot re-growth in two winter wheat cultivars (i.e., Duster and Cheyenne) with contrasting root and shoot biomass. We found that root growth angle and post-embryonic root growth in both cultivars are strongly influenced by defoliation. We discovered that Duster, which had less post-embryonic roots before defoliation, reestablished its root system faster after leaf cutting compared with Cheyenne, which had a more extensive pre-defoliation post-embryonic root system. Rapid resumption of root growth in Duster after leaf clipping was associated with faster aboveground biomass re-growth even after shoot overcutting. Taken together, our results suggest that lower investments in the production of post-embryonic roots presents an important ideotype to consider when breeding for shoot re-growth vigor in dual purpose wheat.

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