scholarly journals Carbohydrate Injections as a Potential Option to Improve Growth and Vitality of Live Oaks

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Tomás Martínez-Trinidad ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini ◽  
David Appel
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Potential Option

This study evaluates the effects of carbohydrate injections on the growth and vitality of live oak (Quercus virginiana P. Miller). Glucose, sucrose, or a 50:50 mixture of both carbohydrates at increasing concentrations [0, 40, 80, and 120 g/L (0, 5.3, 10.6, and 16.0 oz/gal)] were injected into live oaks. Trunk and root growth, net photosynthesis, root and twig carbohydrate concentration, and chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored. Isotope composition of twig and root samples was measured as an indicator of injected carbohydrate distribution. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in trunk growth among types of carbohydrates, but no significant differences for carbohydrate concentrations. The mixtures of sucrose and glucose had the largest effect on growth compared to either sugar alone, suggesting that glucose and sucrose alone were used in processes other than trunk growth. 50:50 mixtures caused a greater effect on overall mean growth indices than either sugar alone. Glucose content in twigs and starch in roots were significantly different (P < 0.05) among overall means for concentrations with increased levels found in trees treated with the greatest concentrations. Chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm revealed highly significant differences (P < 0.001) among overall concentrations. Carbon isotope values did not reveal a definite trend that corroborated the exogenous carbohydrate distribution. Results from this experiment suggest that carbohydrate trunk injections can have an impact on growth and vitality of live oak.

scholarly journals Impact of Paclobutrazol on Root-pruned Live Oak

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomás Martínez-Trinidad ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Russell K. Book
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Full Rate ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluated the impact of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on the overall growth and vitality of root-pruned, field-grown live oak (Quercus virginiana). Live oak trees with 10-cm trunk diameter (measured 30 cm aboveground) were treated with full rate (0.8 g·cm−1 trunk diameter) of PBZ as basal drenches, full or half rate (0.8 or 0.4 g·cm−1 trunk diameter) of PBZ and trenching at 45 cm from trunk, full or half rate of PBZ and trenching at 60 cm from trunk, trenching alone at 45 or 60 cm from trunk, and only water. Trunk diameter and canopy growth was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) and new root growth was also reduced by applications of PBZ, root pruning, or both. Starch content in twigs decreased and glucose content increased on treatment by full-label rates of PBZ and root pruning at 60 cm. PBZ and/or root pruning caused slight improvements in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm). Results of this research indicate that PBZ (full rate) in combination with root pruning (45 cm) reduces tree growth and exhibits an overregulation effect for at least 16 months after treatment. Therefore, PBZ applications on root-pruned trees can temporarily decrease root and tree growth and improve foliage chlorophyll fluorescence.

scholarly journals Effect of Hole Size, Organic Amendments, and Surface Mulches on Tree Establishment in Southwestern Soils

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 606b-606
Author(s):  
Jimmy L. Tipton ◽  
Elizabeth Davison ◽  
Juan Barba
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
South American ◽  
Hole Size ◽  
Tree Establishment ◽  
Wood Material ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak

Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), and South American mesquite (Prosopis alba) were planted in a shallow soil (≈15 cm deep) underlain by indurated calcium carbonate in Tucson, Ariz. Oaks were planted in three hole sizes, with backfill amended or unamended with undigested wood material and with or without 9 cm of an organic surface mulch. The surface mulch was a blend of undigested wood material and yard waste compost. Initial oak trunk diameters were ≈2 cm. Mesquites were planted according to these treatments: 1) a hole 150 cm square with amended backfill, 2) a hole twice as wide and 30 cm deeper than the root ball with amended backfill, and 3) a hole five times as wide and no deeper than the root ball with unamended backfill. Initial mesquite trunk diameters were ≈4 cm. Sixteen (oaks) and 28 (mesquites) months after planting soil was removed from the planting holes by a sewage vacuum truck. We will report the effect of treatments on trunk and canopy growth, and root growth from the side and beneath the original root ball.

scholarly journals Response of Oaks and Elm to Soil Inoculations With Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobacteria in a Nursery

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Balakrishna Rao ◽  
Donald Marx ◽  
Brian Jeffers
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Ingrowth Cores ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development

Live oak (Quercus virginiana), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), and Drake elm (Ulmus parvifolia) seedlings were grown for 1 year in 4 L (1 gal) containers and then transplanted on 3 m (10 ft) centers at a nursery in Florida, U.S. Two years later, in April 2002, ten seedlings per tree species were treated by (1) soil injection with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria; (2) drenching with rhizobacteria and soil fungi applied monthly for 5 months; (3) a combination of (1) and (2); (4) drenching with Subdue® fungicide; or (5) nontreated controls. Root growth and mycorrhizal development were measured with root ingrowth cores. After 1 year (1 April, 2003), mycorrhizal development and root growth as well as stem calipers were greater in treatments containing the mycorrhizal fungi for all three species. The rhizobacteria treatment also increased root and stem growth on Drake elm. The fungicide, Subdue, did not significantly affect mycorrhizal development or root or stem growth. There were few naturally occurring mycorrhizae on roots of trees in this nursery.

scholarly journals TRANSPLANTING TO LARGE CONTAINERS TWO TREE SPECIES PRODUCED IN GROW BAGS AND BY TRADITIONAL FIELD PRODUCTION METHODS

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 485b-485
Author(s):  
Ken Tilt ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
John W. Olive
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Production Methods ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Field Production

Lagerstroemia × `Natchez' and Quercus virginiana were planted into a sandy loam soil in grow bags and by traditional field planting methods. After 2 years in the field, 1 sample from each of 6 replications was dug from the field in March. Root and top growth were measured. Half the remaining plants were dug and transplanted into 76 liter containers for 3 months. Growth indices were measured at this time. The remaining trees in the field were dug in July and handled similarly. Data from live oak trees showed increased height in trees produced by traditional field planting methods. No differences between planting methods were found in any other growth indices for the two species. Both crapemyrtle and live oak trees transplanted from traditional field plantings in March had greater height than trees transplanted from grow bags. However, no differences were detected for top weight, caliper or root ratings. July transplanted crapemyrtles showed no differences in any of the growth indices. Live oaks transplanted in July from traditional field plantings to containers all died with no additional growth. Grow bag transplanted oaks survived and continued to grow.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Paclobutrazol Soil Application as it Relates to the Timing of Utility Right-of-Way Pruning

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Haugen ◽  
Kevin Tucker ◽  
Alex Smalling ◽  
Emily Bick ◽  
Steve Hoover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
The Ideal

The plant growth regulator paclobutrazol’s effect on live oak trees (Quercus virginiana) was evaluated to determine optimum timing of application and pruning time in Louisiana. Variables considered included length of branch regrowth, branch distance to conductor, pruning time and biomass chipping time. Data were evaluated to determine the ideal application timing of paclobutrazol relative to time of pruning. Live oak trees treated with paclobutrazol had significantly reduced branch regrowth, pruning time and chipping time, as compared to control trees regardless of application timing. Paclobutrazol application on live oak trees was idealized within 90 days pre- to 90 days post-prune. Economically, significant gains were found by utilizing this tool ranging from 180 days pre- to 180 days post-prune, allowing for application timing flexibility to reduce the growth of trees near power lines. Paclobutrazol treated live oak trees demonstrated significantly less re-growth response.

Comparison of Salt and Ester Formulations of Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
M. L. Ketchersid ◽  
M. G. Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Extensive Degradation ◽  
Ulmus Alata

Under Texas conditions, the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) usually was more effective than the isooctyl ester formulation for control of live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), yaupon(Ilex vomitoriaAit.), winged elm(Ulmus alataMichx.), huisache (Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.), and honey mesquite(Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell). Possible reasons for the difference in effectiveness of picloram formulations were studied in the laboratory. Extensive degradation of the ester of picloram (96%) occurred in open Petri dishes after 72 hr exposure to ultraviolet (uv) light, compared to a loss of 26% for the salt of picloram. Forty-five percent of the isooctyl ester of picloram was lost at high temperatures (60 C), whereas only 2% of the potassium salt of picloram was lost after 1 week at 60 C from open Petri dishes in a dark oven. Application of the ester to soils reduced thermal and ultraviolet light degradation losses compared to losses from open Petri dishes. Loss of the ester was greater when applied in diesel oil to Petri dishes than in either water or paraffin oil. The salt of picloram leached most after 12.5 cm simulated rainfall in soil columns to the 17.5 to 30-cm level (907 μg), followed by the acid (360 μg), and last the isooctyl ester (0 μg). However, considerable acid (161 μg) was recovered at the 32.5 to 45-cm depth from the isooctyl ester treatment exposed to wet soils for 3 days, indicating hydrolysis of the ester to acid.

Selection of tree species for forests under climate change: is PSI functioning a better predictor for net photosynthesis and growth than PSII?

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1561-1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Pollastrini ◽  
Elisabetta Salvatori ◽  
Lina Fusaro ◽  
Fausto Manes ◽  
Riccardo Marzuoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
Seasonal Temperature

Abstract A chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) assessment was carried out on oak seedlings (Quercus ilex L., Quercus pubescens Willd., Quercus frainetto Ten.) of Italian and Greek provenance, during the years 2017 and 2018, in a common garden in central Italy planted in 2017. This trial aimed to test the relative performances of the oak species in the perspective of assisted migration as part of the actions for the adaptation of forests to climate change. The assessment of the photosynthetic performance of the tree species included the analysis of the prompt chlorophyll fluorescence (PF) transient and the modulated reflection (MR) at 820 nm, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf gas exchange (net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance), plant growth (i.e., height) and mortality rate after 2 years from the beginning of the experiment. The assessment of the performance of the three oak species was carried out ‘in vivo’. Plants were generated from seeds and exposed to several environmental factors, including changing seasonal temperature, water availability, and soil biological and physical functionality. The results of PF indicate a stable functionality of the photosynthetic system PSII (expressed as FV/FM) across species and provenances and a decline in photochemistry functionality at the I–P phase (ΔVIP) in Q. frainetto, thus indicating a decline of the content of PSI in this species. This result was confirmed by the findings of MR analysis, with the speed of reduction and subsequent oxidation of PSI (VRED and VOX) strongly correlated to the amplitude of ΔVIP. The photosynthetic rates (net photosynthesis, PN) and growth were correlated with the parameters associated with PSI content and function, rather than those related to PSII. The low performance of Q. frainetto in the common garden seems to be related to early foliar senescence with the depletion of nitrogen, due to suboptimal climatic and edaphic conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence allowed discrimination of populations of oak species and individuation of the less (or/and best) suitable species for future forest ecology and management purposes.

Hexazinone and Other Herbicides on Texas Woody Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Meyer ◽  
R. W. Bovey
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Gleditsia Triacanthos ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Ilex Vomitoria ◽  
Quercus Stellata ◽  
Honey Mesquite

Hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] was applied to honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthosL.), honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell], huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.], live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), Macartney rose (Rosa bracteataWendl.), post oak (Quercus stellataWangenh.), saw greenbrier (Smilax bona-noxL.), whitebrush (Aloysia lycioidesCham.), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit.). Bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) and tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} were used for comparison in some experiments. Hexazinone was required at the following rates to kill at least 75% of the following species: 1.1 kg/ha for live oak, 2.2 kg/ha for post oak, 4.5 kg/ha for huisache (at Bryan, Texas) and whitebrush, and 9 kg/ha for honeylocust. Hexazinone was ineffective at 9 kg/ha for control of honey mesquite, huisache (at Washington, Texas), Macartney rose, saw greenbrier, and yaupon. Tebuthiuron at 1.1 kg/ha killed 80% of the live oak, and as a subsurface spray at 4.5 kg/ha, killed huisache (at Washington, Texas). Bromacil was effective on huisache at 9 kg/ha.

Effects of drought on photosynthesis in grapevines under field conditions: an evaluation of stomatal and mesophyll limitations

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Flexas ◽  
Josefina Bota ◽  
José M. Escalona ◽  
Bartolomé Sampol ◽  
Hipólito Medrano
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Electron Transport Rate ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Mesophyll Conductance ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Effects Of Drought ◽  
Combined Measurements

The effect of diffusional and photochemical limitations to photosynthesis was assessed in field-grown water-stressed grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) by combined measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence. Drought was slowly induced, and the progressive decline of photosynthesis was examined in different grapevine cultivars along a continuous gradient of maximum mid-morning values of stomatal conductance (g), which were used as an integrative indicator of the water-stress conditions endured by the leaves. Initial decreases of g were accompanied by decreases of substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci), the estimated chloroplastic CO2 concentration (Cc) and net photosynthesis (AN), while electron transport rate (ETR) remained unaffected. With increasing drought, g, AN, Ci and Cc further decreased, accompanied by slight decreases of ETR and of the estimated mesophyll conductance (gmes). Severe drought led to strong reductions of both g and gmes, as well as of ETR. The apparent carboxylation efficiency and the compensation point for CO2 remained unchanged under severe drought when analysed on a Cc, rather than a Ci, basis, suggesting that previously reported metabolic impairment was probably due to decreased gmes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document