scholarly journals Response of Oaks and Elm to Soil Inoculations With Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobacteria in a Nursery

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Balakrishna Rao ◽  
Donald Marx ◽  
Brian Jeffers
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Ingrowth Cores ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development

Live oak (Quercus virginiana), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), and Drake elm (Ulmus parvifolia) seedlings were grown for 1 year in 4 L (1 gal) containers and then transplanted on 3 m (10 ft) centers at a nursery in Florida, U.S. Two years later, in April 2002, ten seedlings per tree species were treated by (1) soil injection with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria; (2) drenching with rhizobacteria and soil fungi applied monthly for 5 months; (3) a combination of (1) and (2); (4) drenching with Subdue® fungicide; or (5) nontreated controls. Root growth and mycorrhizal development were measured with root ingrowth cores. After 1 year (1 April, 2003), mycorrhizal development and root growth as well as stem calipers were greater in treatments containing the mycorrhizal fungi for all three species. The rhizobacteria treatment also increased root and stem growth on Drake elm. The fungicide, Subdue, did not significantly affect mycorrhizal development or root or stem growth. There were few naturally occurring mycorrhizae on roots of trees in this nursery.

scholarly journals Effect of Hole Size, Organic Amendments, and Surface Mulches on Tree Establishment in Southwestern Soils

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 606b-606
Author(s):  
Jimmy L. Tipton ◽  
Elizabeth Davison ◽  
Juan Barba
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
South American ◽  
Hole Size ◽  
Tree Establishment ◽  
Wood Material ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak

Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), and South American mesquite (Prosopis alba) were planted in a shallow soil (≈15 cm deep) underlain by indurated calcium carbonate in Tucson, Ariz. Oaks were planted in three hole sizes, with backfill amended or unamended with undigested wood material and with or without 9 cm of an organic surface mulch. The surface mulch was a blend of undigested wood material and yard waste compost. Initial oak trunk diameters were ≈2 cm. Mesquites were planted according to these treatments: 1) a hole 150 cm square with amended backfill, 2) a hole twice as wide and 30 cm deeper than the root ball with amended backfill, and 3) a hole five times as wide and no deeper than the root ball with unamended backfill. Initial mesquite trunk diameters were ≈4 cm. Sixteen (oaks) and 28 (mesquites) months after planting soil was removed from the planting holes by a sewage vacuum truck. We will report the effect of treatments on trunk and canopy growth, and root growth from the side and beneath the original root ball.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Injections as a Potential Option to Improve Growth and Vitality of Live Oaks

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Tomás Martínez-Trinidad ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini ◽  
David Appel
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Potential Option

This study evaluates the effects of carbohydrate injections on the growth and vitality of live oak (Quercus virginiana P. Miller). Glucose, sucrose, or a 50:50 mixture of both carbohydrates at increasing concentrations [0, 40, 80, and 120 g/L (0, 5.3, 10.6, and 16.0 oz/gal)] were injected into live oaks. Trunk and root growth, net photosynthesis, root and twig carbohydrate concentration, and chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored. Isotope composition of twig and root samples was measured as an indicator of injected carbohydrate distribution. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in trunk growth among types of carbohydrates, but no significant differences for carbohydrate concentrations. The mixtures of sucrose and glucose had the largest effect on growth compared to either sugar alone, suggesting that glucose and sucrose alone were used in processes other than trunk growth. 50:50 mixtures caused a greater effect on overall mean growth indices than either sugar alone. Glucose content in twigs and starch in roots were significantly different (P < 0.05) among overall means for concentrations with increased levels found in trees treated with the greatest concentrations. Chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm revealed highly significant differences (P < 0.001) among overall concentrations. Carbon isotope values did not reveal a definite trend that corroborated the exogenous carbohydrate distribution. Results from this experiment suggest that carbohydrate trunk injections can have an impact on growth and vitality of live oak.

Technique for observation of mycorrhizal development under 0monoxenic conditions

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin S. Yang ◽  
Hugh E. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Aseptic Condition ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development ◽  
Pine Species

A culture system designed to study root growth and mycorrhizal formation is described. This technique allows shoots of seedlings to grow in the air while roots of the seedlings are growing in an aseptic condition where their growth and differentiation, fungal colonization, mantle formation, and mycorrhizal association can be observed. Packing vermiculite and ground peat moss into the tubes stabilized the pH. This technique has been successful with two pine species and three mycorrhizal fungi.

Root and Stem Growth Patterns of Young `Mauritius' Lychee Trees

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Marler ◽  
Leah E. Willis
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Glass Wall ◽  
Litchi Chinensis ◽  
Root Extension ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
Root Observation

`Mauritius' lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) trees were planted in root observation chambers in July 1990 to determine the pattern of root and stem extension growth during 12 months. Root and stem lengths were measured at intervals ranging from 7 to 18 days from Aug. 1990 until Aug. 1991. During each period of active canopy growth, up to six stem tips were tagged and measured. Root growth was determined by measuring tracings of the extension of each root in a visible plane of the glass wall of the observation chambers. Stem growth was cyclic, with distinct periods of rapid extension followed by periods with no extension. In contrast, root growth was fairly continuous with only three periods of no visible root extension. Mean absolute extension rates were higher for stems than for roots. There were no consistent relationships between the timing of root and stem extension growth.

scholarly journals Soil Fungal Resources in Annual Cropping Systems and Their Potential for Management

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Ellouze ◽  
Ahmad Esmaeili Taheri ◽  
Luke D. Bainard ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Navid Bazghaleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Agricultural Ecosystems ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Rhizosphere Fungi ◽  
Fungal Organisms ◽  
Selection Of

Soil fungi are a critical component of agroecosystems and provide ecological services that impact the production of food and bioproducts. Effective management of fungal resources is essential to optimize the productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. In this review, we (i) highlight the functional groups of fungi that play key roles in agricultural ecosystems, (ii) examine the influence of agronomic practices on these fungi, and (iii) propose ways to improve the management and contribution of soil fungi to annual cropping systems. Many of these key soil fungal organisms (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungal root endophytes) interact directly with plants and are determinants of the efficiency of agroecosystems. In turn, plants largely control rhizosphere fungi through the production of carbon and energy rich compounds and of bioactive phytochemicals, making them a powerful tool for the management of soil fungal diversity in agriculture. The use of crop rotations and selection of optimal plant genotypes can be used to improve soil biodiversity and promote beneficial soil fungi. In addition, other agronomic practices (e.g., no-till, microbial inoculants, and biochemical amendments) can be used to enhance the effect of beneficial fungi and increase the health and productivity of cultivated soils.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Paclobutrazol Soil Application as it Relates to the Timing of Utility Right-of-Way Pruning

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Haugen ◽  
Kevin Tucker ◽  
Alex Smalling ◽  
Emily Bick ◽  
Steve Hoover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
The Ideal

The plant growth regulator paclobutrazol’s effect on live oak trees (Quercus virginiana) was evaluated to determine optimum timing of application and pruning time in Louisiana. Variables considered included length of branch regrowth, branch distance to conductor, pruning time and biomass chipping time. Data were evaluated to determine the ideal application timing of paclobutrazol relative to time of pruning. Live oak trees treated with paclobutrazol had significantly reduced branch regrowth, pruning time and chipping time, as compared to control trees regardless of application timing. Paclobutrazol application on live oak trees was idealized within 90 days pre- to 90 days post-prune. Economically, significant gains were found by utilizing this tool ranging from 180 days pre- to 180 days post-prune, allowing for application timing flexibility to reduce the growth of trees near power lines. Paclobutrazol treated live oak trees demonstrated significantly less re-growth response.

scholarly journals Effects of light intensity and co-inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium on root growth and nodulation of Indigofera tinctoria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Maria Theresia Sri Budiastuti ◽  
Djoko Purnomo ◽  
Supriyono Supriyono ◽  
Bambang Pujiasmanto ◽  
Desy Setyaningrum
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Microbial Inoculation ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Indigofera Tinctoria

<p class="Default"><em>Indigofera tinctoria</em> is a legume that is cultivated as a source of natural indigo dyes. As a legume, <em>Indigofera tinctoria</em> is capable of symbiosis with soil microbes. This study evaluates the effects of light intensity and microbial inoculation on root growth and nodulation. The study used a complete randomized block design with a split-plot pattern. Light intensity was the main plot with four levels of light intensity 100%, 50%, 25%, and 10%. Microbial inoculation was a subplot with four levels without inoculation, mycorrhizae inoculation, rhizobium inoculation, and double inoculation with both mycorrhizae and rhizobium. The results obtained show that light intensity and microbial inoculation affected root length, root fresh weight, root biomass, and the number of nodules. 50% light intensity was optimum for root length, while 100% light intensity was optimum for root fresh weight, root biomass, and a number of nodules. Root growth and nodulation were further increased with double inoculation. The combination of light intensity and microbial inoculation affected root biomass and nodulation. The combination of 100% light intensity and double inoculation resulted in the highest root biomass and nodule numbers. Mycorrhizae and rhizobium have a synergistic relationship to nodulation and root growth. Double inoculation with mycorrhizae and rhizobium efficiently increased root biomass and the number of nodules under low or high light intensity.</p>

EFFECTS OF SULPHATE AND CHLORIDE SOIL SALINITY ON GROWTH AND NEEDLE COMPOSITION OF SIBERIAN LARCH

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 903-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Chloride Anion ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Chloride Salinity

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to assess the salinity tolerance of Siberian larch (Larix siberica L.) under conditions found on the Canadian prairies. In greenhouse studies top and root growth of Siberian larch seedlings began to decline under sulphate salinity between 2.0 and 5.3 mmhos/cm (electrical conductivity of saturation paste extract) indicating that Siberian larch is moderately salt-tolerant. The addition of chloride caused an initial top growth decrease, chlorosis, and reduction in survival between 1.4 and 3.6 mmhos/cm; the latter salinity level being associated with 20 meq/L of Cl and 1.5% Cl in the saturation paste extract and needles, respectively. Field studies conducted under naturally occurring sulphate salinity indicated that height of 10-yr-old Siberian larch began to decline between 3.5 and 4.0 mmhos/cm. Changes in needle mineral composition were related to the ratio or increase of ions in the soil solution, and the physiological effect of the sulphate and chloride anion. In general, presence of chloride salinity caused a greater increase to occur in the cation content of the needles than sulphate salinity. Accumulation of organic anions in the needles was also related to cation concentration and needle chlorosis.

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