scholarly journals Effect of Hole Size, Organic Amendments, and Surface Mulches on Tree Establishment in Southwestern Soils

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 606b-606
Author(s):  
Jimmy L. Tipton ◽  
Elizabeth Davison ◽  
Juan Barba
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
South American ◽  
Hole Size ◽  
Tree Establishment ◽  
Wood Material ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak

Southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), and South American mesquite (Prosopis alba) were planted in a shallow soil (≈15 cm deep) underlain by indurated calcium carbonate in Tucson, Ariz. Oaks were planted in three hole sizes, with backfill amended or unamended with undigested wood material and with or without 9 cm of an organic surface mulch. The surface mulch was a blend of undigested wood material and yard waste compost. Initial oak trunk diameters were ≈2 cm. Mesquites were planted according to these treatments: 1) a hole 150 cm square with amended backfill, 2) a hole twice as wide and 30 cm deeper than the root ball with amended backfill, and 3) a hole five times as wide and no deeper than the root ball with unamended backfill. Initial mesquite trunk diameters were ≈4 cm. Sixteen (oaks) and 28 (mesquites) months after planting soil was removed from the planting holes by a sewage vacuum truck. We will report the effect of treatments on trunk and canopy growth, and root growth from the side and beneath the original root ball.

scholarly journals Carbohydrate Injections as a Potential Option to Improve Growth and Vitality of Live Oaks

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-147
Author(s):  
Tomás Martínez-Trinidad ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Leonardo Lombardini ◽  
David Appel
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Potential Option

This study evaluates the effects of carbohydrate injections on the growth and vitality of live oak (Quercus virginiana P. Miller). Glucose, sucrose, or a 50:50 mixture of both carbohydrates at increasing concentrations [0, 40, 80, and 120 g/L (0, 5.3, 10.6, and 16.0 oz/gal)] were injected into live oaks. Trunk and root growth, net photosynthesis, root and twig carbohydrate concentration, and chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored. Isotope composition of twig and root samples was measured as an indicator of injected carbohydrate distribution. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in trunk growth among types of carbohydrates, but no significant differences for carbohydrate concentrations. The mixtures of sucrose and glucose had the largest effect on growth compared to either sugar alone, suggesting that glucose and sucrose alone were used in processes other than trunk growth. 50:50 mixtures caused a greater effect on overall mean growth indices than either sugar alone. Glucose content in twigs and starch in roots were significantly different (P < 0.05) among overall means for concentrations with increased levels found in trees treated with the greatest concentrations. Chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm revealed highly significant differences (P < 0.001) among overall concentrations. Carbon isotope values did not reveal a definite trend that corroborated the exogenous carbohydrate distribution. Results from this experiment suggest that carbohydrate trunk injections can have an impact on growth and vitality of live oak.

scholarly journals WATER USE BY THREE LANDSCAPE TREES UNDER LIMITING CONDITIONS

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 917E-917
Author(s):  
Ramzy Khoury ◽  
Jimmy L. Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
South American ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Canopy Area ◽  
Landscape Trees

Evergreen elm (Ulmus parvifolia), southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), and South American mesquite (Prosopis alba) were irrigated at 75%, 50%, and 33% of reference evapotranspiration for 2 years in Phoenix, Ariz. Each tree was irrigated with twenty-nine 3.8-L·h–1 drip emitters to a depth of 90 cm. Initial trunk diameters were about 4 cm. Water use was monitored by heat balance sap flow gauges and related to canopy volume, projected canopy area, and total leaf area. Oak used more water than elm, and elm more than mesquite under all irrigation regimes. Irrigation regimes had a greater effect on oak and elm water use than on mesquite, but all trees maintained an acceptable canopy regardless of treatment.

scholarly journals Response of Oaks and Elm to Soil Inoculations With Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobacteria in a Nursery

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-66
Author(s):  
Balakrishna Rao ◽  
Donald Marx ◽  
Brian Jeffers
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Ingrowth Cores ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Mycorrhizal Development

Live oak (Quercus virginiana), laurel oak (Q. laurifolia), and Drake elm (Ulmus parvifolia) seedlings were grown for 1 year in 4 L (1 gal) containers and then transplanted on 3 m (10 ft) centers at a nursery in Florida, U.S. Two years later, in April 2002, ten seedlings per tree species were treated by (1) soil injection with mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria; (2) drenching with rhizobacteria and soil fungi applied monthly for 5 months; (3) a combination of (1) and (2); (4) drenching with Subdue® fungicide; or (5) nontreated controls. Root growth and mycorrhizal development were measured with root ingrowth cores. After 1 year (1 April, 2003), mycorrhizal development and root growth as well as stem calipers were greater in treatments containing the mycorrhizal fungi for all three species. The rhizobacteria treatment also increased root and stem growth on Drake elm. The fungicide, Subdue, did not significantly affect mycorrhizal development or root or stem growth. There were few naturally occurring mycorrhizae on roots of trees in this nursery.

scholarly journals Water Use by Three Landscape Trees under Limiting Conditions

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 576b-576
Author(s):  
Ramzy Khoury ◽  
Jimmy Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
South American ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Canopy Area ◽  
Landscape Trees

Evergreen elm (Ulmus parvifolia), southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), and South American mesquite (Prosopis alba) were irrigated at 75%, 50%, and 33% of reference evapotranspiration for 2 years in Phoenix, Arizona. Each tree was irrigated with twenty-nine 3.8-L·h–1 drip emitters to a depth of 90 cm. Initial trunk diameters were about 4 cm. Water use was monitored by heat balance sap flow gauges and related to canopy volume, projected canopy area, and total leaf area. Oak used more water than elm, and elm more than mesquite under all irrigation regimes. Irrigation regimes had a greater effect on oak and elm water use than on mesquite, but all trees maintained an acceptable canopy regardless of treatment.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Paclobutrazol Soil Application as it Relates to the Timing of Utility Right-of-Way Pruning

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Haugen ◽  
Kevin Tucker ◽  
Alex Smalling ◽  
Emily Bick ◽  
Steve Hoover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
The Ideal

The plant growth regulator paclobutrazol’s effect on live oak trees (Quercus virginiana) was evaluated to determine optimum timing of application and pruning time in Louisiana. Variables considered included length of branch regrowth, branch distance to conductor, pruning time and biomass chipping time. Data were evaluated to determine the ideal application timing of paclobutrazol relative to time of pruning. Live oak trees treated with paclobutrazol had significantly reduced branch regrowth, pruning time and chipping time, as compared to control trees regardless of application timing. Paclobutrazol application on live oak trees was idealized within 90 days pre- to 90 days post-prune. Economically, significant gains were found by utilizing this tool ranging from 180 days pre- to 180 days post-prune, allowing for application timing flexibility to reduce the growth of trees near power lines. Paclobutrazol treated live oak trees demonstrated significantly less re-growth response.

Enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes in soil receiving composts derived from swine manure, yard wastes, or food wastes, and evidence for multiyear persistence of swine Clostridium spp.

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Scott ◽  
Yuan-Ching Tien ◽  
Craig F. Drury ◽  
W. Daniel Reynolds ◽  
Edward Topp
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Gene Target ◽  
Soil Dna ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Clostridium Spp

The impact of amendment with swine manure compost (SMC), yard waste compost (YWC), or food waste compost (FWC) on the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in soil was evaluated. Following a commercial-scale application of the composts in a field experiment, soils were sampled periodically for a decade, and archived air-dried. Soil DNA was extracted and gene targets quantified by qPCR. Compared with untreated control soil, all 3 amendment types increased the abundance of gene targets for up to 4 years postapplication. The abundance of several gene targets was much higher in soil amended with SMC than in soil receiving either YWC or FWC. The gene target ermB remained higher in the SMC treatment for a decade postapplication. Clostridia were significantly more abundant in the SMC-amended soil throughout the decade following application. Eight percent of Clostridium spp. isolates from the SMC treatment carried ermB. Overall, addition of organic amendments to soils has the potential to increase the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes. Amendments of fecal origin, such as SMC, will in addition entrain bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes. Environmentally recalcitrant clostridia, and the antibiotic resistance genes that they carry, will persist for many years under field conditions following the application of SMC.

scholarly journals Sugarcane Yield Response to Furrow-Applied Organic Amendments on Sand Soils

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mabry McCray ◽  
Shangning Ji ◽  
Leslie E. Baucum
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Entire Volume ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Broadcast Application ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Yield Responses

Organic amendments have been shown to increase sugarcane yield on sand soils in Florida. These soils have very low water and nutrient-holding capacities because of the low content of organic matter, silt, and clay. Because of high costs associated with broadcast application, this field study was conducted to determine sugarcane yield response to furrow application of two organic amendments on sand soils. One experiment compared broadcast application (226 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost, furrow application (14, 28, and 56 m3 ha−1) of these materials, and no amendment. Another experiment compared furrow applications (28 and 56 m3 ha−1) of mill mud and yard waste compost with no amendment. There were significant yield (t sucrose ha−1) responses to broadcast and furrow-applied mill mud but responses to furrow applications were not consistent across sites. There were no significant yield responses to yard waste compost suggesting that higher rates or repeated applications of this amendment will be required to achieve results comparable to mill mud. Results also suggest that enhancing water and nutrient availability in the entire volume of the root zone with broadcast incorporation of organic amendments is the more effective approach for low organic matter sands.

Plant-available manganese in bauxite residue sand amended with compost and residue mud

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chitdeshwari Thiyagarajan ◽  
R. W. Bell ◽  
J. Anderson ◽  
I. R. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Surface Adsorption ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Exchangeable Fraction ◽  
Mn Concentrations

Manganese (Mn) deficiency has been a constraint for revegetation on bauxite residue sand and there is still no effective strategy to remedy this problem. The effect of addition of organic amendments (piggery waste, biosolids, and commercial compost) and mineral amendments (unamended, seawater-neutralised residue mud, and carbonated bauxite residue mud) on Mn forms and availability in residue sand was studied. Incubation of residue sand with organic amendments (applied at rates of 0, 10, and 50 t/ha) over a 30-day period found little change in DTPA-extractable Mn concentrations, which remained below the critical level of 1 mg/kg. The DTPA-extractable Mn concentrations were comparable to those in the exchangeable fraction (DTPA-Mn = 0.931 × Exch-Mn + 0.358, r2 = 0.84) and, therefore, may provide an estimation of plant-available Mn. The highest Mn concentrations were consistently associated with the carbonate fraction, suggesting that Mn was either retained by surface adsorption reactions and/or co-precipitated with calcium carbonate. The addition of residue mud amendments generally reduced DTPA-extractable Mn, probably through adsorption by hydrous Fe and Al oxides. Leaching did not cause significant (P > 0.05) movement of Mn in residue sand columns, possibly due to the alkaline pH and specific adsorption reactions. Given the difficulty of increasing plant-available Mn by organic amendments, residue mud additions, leaching, and/or fertilisers, overcoming Mn deficiency in vegetation on bauxite residue sand may depend on using Mn-efficient species that are able to efficiently extract Mn associated with carbonate and Fe/Al oxyhydroxide fractions.

Comparison of Salt and Ester Formulations of Picloram

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bovey ◽  
M. L. Ketchersid ◽  
M. G. Merkle
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Salt ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Acacia Farnesiana ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Petri Dishes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Extensive Degradation ◽  
Ulmus Alata

Under Texas conditions, the potassium salt of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) usually was more effective than the isooctyl ester formulation for control of live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), yaupon(Ilex vomitoriaAit.), winged elm(Ulmus alataMichx.), huisache (Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.), and honey mesquite(Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell). Possible reasons for the difference in effectiveness of picloram formulations were studied in the laboratory. Extensive degradation of the ester of picloram (96%) occurred in open Petri dishes after 72 hr exposure to ultraviolet (uv) light, compared to a loss of 26% for the salt of picloram. Forty-five percent of the isooctyl ester of picloram was lost at high temperatures (60 C), whereas only 2% of the potassium salt of picloram was lost after 1 week at 60 C from open Petri dishes in a dark oven. Application of the ester to soils reduced thermal and ultraviolet light degradation losses compared to losses from open Petri dishes. Loss of the ester was greater when applied in diesel oil to Petri dishes than in either water or paraffin oil. The salt of picloram leached most after 12.5 cm simulated rainfall in soil columns to the 17.5 to 30-cm level (907 μg), followed by the acid (360 μg), and last the isooctyl ester (0 μg). However, considerable acid (161 μg) was recovered at the 32.5 to 45-cm depth from the isooctyl ester treatment exposed to wet soils for 3 days, indicating hydrolysis of the ester to acid.

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