Differential Environments Influence Initial Transplant Establishment Among Tree Species Produced in Five Container Sizes

Effects of two post-transplant environments were tested on trees grown in five nursery container sizes to determine differences in initial post-transplant growth. Vitex agnus-castus L., Acer rubrum L. var. drummondii (Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.) Sarg., and Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. grown in 3.5 L (#1), 11.7 L (#3), 23.3 L (#7), 97.8 L (#25), and 175.0 L (#45) containers were transplanted in early summer into field plots in College Station, Texas, and Starkville, Mississippi, U.S. Height, trunk diameter, and canopy width measurements were recorded after nursery production and the end of the first growing season to determine initial growth during landscape establishment. Growth of A. rubrum and T. distichum were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by interactions among container sizes and environments, while V. agnus-castus did not demonstrate a difference between environments but were affected by container sizes. Across all species and locations, trees transplanted from smaller container sizes exhibited a greater percent change in growth than the larger container-size trees. Greater percent change in growth measures in the smaller container-size trees during the first growing season may indicate a more rapid establishment time compared to trees from larger containers. Where differential responses to environments occurred, predominantly the beneficial effects of smaller container sizes on post-transplant establishment were accentuated with more stressful establishment conditions.

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Styrene-lined and Copper-coated Containers Affect Production and Landscape Establishment of Red Maple

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.3.353 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 353-356 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas J. Brass ◽

Gary J. Keever ◽

D. Joseph Eakes ◽

Charles H. Gilliam

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Growing Season ◽

First Year ◽

Red Maple ◽

Copper Hydroxide ◽

Fibrous Root ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Root Regeneration ◽

Black Plastic ◽

Landscape Establishment

Growth response of two red maple cultivars (Acer rubrum L. `October Glory' and `Northwood') to styrene lining or copper hydroxide coating of 23.3-liter black plastic containers was evaluated. After the first growing season, plants were left in their original container, repotted into 51.2-liter nontreated containers, or transplanted into the landscape. Copper hydroxide effectively reduced circling of roots of both cultivars at the medium–container interface during the first year of production, but was less effective during the second growing season. Repotting from copper-treated containers into 51.2-liter containers or transplanting into the landscape resulted in more fibrous root development and enhanced root regeneration outside the original rootball relative to transplanting from nontreated containers. However, when copper hydroxide was applied to styrene lining, root regeneration after transplanting was reduced. Roots of plants grown in styrene-lined containers covered the medium–container interface more thoroughly than those in nonlined containers, but height, trunk diameter, and root regeneration were similar. `October Glory' had a larger trunk diameter, more branching, and better root regeneration than `Northwood'.

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Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-22.3.133 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 133-138

Author(s):

Anne-Marie Hanson ◽

J. Roger Harris ◽

Robert Wright

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

Late Spring ◽

Eastern United States ◽

Kalmia Latifolia ◽

Post Transplant ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Early Fall ◽

Landscape Establishment

Abstract Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Olympic Wedding’. In experiment one, 7.6 liter (2 gal) and 19 liter (5 gal) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, VA, USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early fall 2000 and in late spring 2001. Plants in 19 liter (5 gal) containers had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6 liter (2 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19 liter (5 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. Plants grown in 7.6 liter (2 gal) containers had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In the second experiment, 19 liter (5 gal) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early fall 2000 and late spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

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Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.884b ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 884B-884

Author(s):

Anne-Marie Hanson ◽

J. Roger Harris* ◽

Robert Wright

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

Late Spring ◽

Eastern United States ◽

Kalmia Latifolia ◽

Post Transplant ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Early Fall ◽

Landscape Establishment

Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. `Olympic Wedding'. In experiment one, 7.6-L (2-gal.) and 19-L (5-gal.) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, Va., USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early Fall 2000 and in late Spring 2001. 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In experiment two, 19-L (5-gal.) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early Fall 2000 and late Spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

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Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-24.1.18 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 18-22

Author(s):

Donna C. Fare

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Growing Season ◽

Height Growth ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Red Maple ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

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Landscape Establishment for Baldcypress, Red Maple, and Chaste tree is Delayed for Trees Transplanted from Larger Containers1

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-35.2.43 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 43-57

Author(s):

Lauren M. Garcia Chance ◽

Michael A. Arnold ◽

Leonardo Lombardini ◽

W. Todd Watson ◽

Sean T. Carver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Taxodium Distichum ◽

Red Maple ◽

Photosynthetic Gas Exchange ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Transplant Shock ◽

Agnus Castus ◽

Chaste Tree

Abstract With container-grown trees offered to the public in an increasing array of sizes, it is important to determine the effects of different sizes of container stock on transplant establishment. Clonal replicates of Vitex agnus-castus, Acer rubrum var. drummondii, and Taxodium distichum grown under common nursery conditions in five container sizes, 3.5, 11.7, 23.3, 97.8, or 175.0 L (#1, #3, #7, #25, or #45, respectively), were transplanted to a sandy clay loam field. Physiological stress was measured using xylem water potential and photosynthetic gas exchange rates. Height, trunk diameter, and canopy spread were monitored post-transplant for three growing seasons and root growth was sampled for the first two growing seasons. Trees of all three species from smaller-sized containers, 23.3 L (#7) or less, exhibited reduced transplant shock, decreased establishment time and increased growth rates in comparison to larger-sized containers, apart from increased mortality in 3.5 L (#1) A. rubrum and slower growth in 3.5 L (#1) T. distichum compared to those transplanted from 11.7 L (#3) or 23.3 L (#7) containers Reduced stress levels and increased growth rates corresponded in timing with greater change in root extension of smaller container-grown trees. At the end of three growing seasons, no statistical differences in height or trunk diameter were present for V. agnus-castus container sizes. With a modest wait, consumers may find that smaller container-grown trees will overcome transplant stress more quickly and exhibit growth rates that surpass those of larger container-grown trees. Index words: Acer rubrum, Taxodium distichum, Vitex agnus-castus, container-grown trees, transplant shock, transplant establishment, photosynthesis, transpiration, water stress. Species used in this study: Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus L. [an unnamed white flowering clone]); red maple (Acer rubrum L. var. dummondii [Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt.] Sarg. ‘Maroon'); bald cypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. [test clone TX8DD38]).

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Effects of Nursery Container Type on Root Growth and Landscape Establishment of Acer rubrum L.

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-16.1.55 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 55-59

Author(s):

Michael D. Marshall ◽

Edward F. Gilman

Keyword(s):

Root Length ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Root Pruning ◽

Root Mass ◽

Stem Water Potential ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Production Phase ◽

Landscape Establishment ◽

Plastic Containers ◽

Container Type

Abstract Trees of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were planted into seven container types evaluated for their ability to reduce number of roots deflected by the container wall. Seedlings were grown 70 weeks (production phase) in seven container types to a mean trunk diameter of 3.9 cm (1.5 in) and were transplanted into a sandy soil and grown with frequent or periodic irrigation for 24 weeks (landscape phase). There was no effect of container type on total root mass, trunk diameter or height during the production phase. Total deflected root length was less in low-profile plastic containers, chemical root pruning containers, air root pruning containers (ARPC), and wood boxes than in standard black plastic containers (SBPC). Trees produced in the SBPC had the most horizontally-oriented deflected root length while the ARPC and SBPC had the most vertically-oriented deflected root length. Trees grown in the ARPC had less roots on the inside of the root ball than all other container types. Container type did not influence root and shoot growth, but impacted stem water potential in the first five months after transplanting to the landscape. Trees frequently irrigated during the landscape phase had greater trunk diameter, height, and generated more new root mass than those which were infrequently irrigated.

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Planting Depth During Container Production and Landscape Establishment Affects Growth of Ulmus parvifolia

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.45.1.54 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 54-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Donita L. Bryan ◽

Michael A. Arnold ◽

Astrid Volder ◽

W. Todd Watson ◽

Leonardo Lombardini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tree Growth ◽

Initial Growth ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Planting Depth ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Production Phase ◽

Ulmus Parvifolia ◽

Landscape Value ◽

Landscape Establishment ◽

Container Production

Planting depth during container production may influence plant growth, establishment, and subsequent landscape value. A lack of knowledge about the effects of common transplanting practices may lead to suboptimal performance of planted landscape trees. Planting depth, i.e., location of the root collar relative to soil grade, is of particular concern for posttransplant tree growth both when transplanted to larger containers during production and after transplanting into the landscape. It is unknown whether negative effects of poor planting practices are compounded during the production phases and affect subsequent landscape establishment. This study investigated effects of planting depth during two successive phases of container production (10.8 L and 36.6 L) and eventual landscape establishment using lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.). Tree growth was greater when planted at grade during the initial container (10.8 L) production phase and was reduced when planted 5 cm below grade. In the second container production phase (36.6 L), trees planted above grade had reduced growth compared with trees planted at grade or below grade. For landscape establishment, transplanting at grade to slightly below or above grade produced trees with greater height on average when compared with planting below grade or substantially above grade, whereas there was no effect on trunk diameter. Correlations between initial growth and final growth in the field suggested that substantial deviations of the original root to shoot transition from at-grade planting was more of a factor in initial establishment of lacebark elm than the up-canning practices associated with planting depth during container production.

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TREE GROWTH RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT.

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.27.6.632c ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 632c-632

Author(s):

Steven C. Wiest ◽

David L. Hensley

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Growing Season ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Acer Platanoides ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Quercus Acutissima ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Linear Relationships ◽

Complex Relationships ◽

Trees And Shrubs

The prediction of which species will do well in various microclimates is of obvious interest to horticulturists as well as homeowners. To this end, the following 5 species of trees and shrubs where planted at 5 disparate sites across Kansas in spring 1985 and growth and environment measured for the 4 following years: Phellodendron amurense, Acer rubrum, Acer platanoides `Greenlace', Quercus acutissima, and Cercocarpus montanus. Preliminary analysis of trunk diameter growth vs. environment indicates few simple relationships and several rather complex relationships. Rather simplistic linear relationships (growth vs. a single environmental parameter) are largely meaningless, and often misleading. For instance, growth of Q. acutissima was negatively correlated with the highest maximum temperature prior to the growing season and positively correlated with the lowest minimum temperature prior to the growing season. More complex, and reasonable, relationships will be presented.

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Production of Six Woody Landscape Plants in Copper-coated and Styrene-lined Containers

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-15.2.73 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 73-76

Author(s):

Thomas J. Brass ◽

Gary J. Keever ◽

Charles H. Gilliam ◽

D. Joseph Eakes ◽

Charles P. Hesselein

Keyword(s):

Shoot Growth ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Growth Index ◽

Growing Season ◽

Nerium Oleander ◽

Root Coverage ◽

Lower Growth ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Root Regeneration ◽

Landscape Establishment

Abstract Growth of Rhododendron L. ‘Hershey's Red’ (azalea), Magnolia grandiflora L. (magnolia), Ilex × meserveae S.Y. Hu. ‘Blue Princess’ (holly), Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait. (pittosporum), Gardenia jasminoides Ellis ‘August Beauty’ (gardenia), and Nerium oleander L. (oleander) were evaluated for 8 months in 3.8 liter (#1) containers treated with (+) or without (−) copper hydroxide (Cu) and with (+) or without (−) a styrene lining. Plants were then repotted into 10.3 liter (#3) untreated containers to determine treatment effects on root regeneration and shoot growth. In addition, azalea, gardenia, and holly were planted in the ground to evaluate root regeneration and shoot growth during landscape establishment. All species tested had less root growth at the substrate-container interface at the end of the first growing season when grown in Cu-treated containers. Other growth parameters measured (height, trunk diameter, growth index) varied among species in response to Cu treatment. One growing season (11 months) after repotting into 10.3 liter (#3) containers, all species had less surface root coverage when the original 3.8 liter (#1) container was Cu-treated. Dry weights of newly generated roots outside the original rootball of repotted or transplanted plants were not affected by Cu or styrene treatment, except for a lower root dry weight of holly when previously grown in +Cu containers. After repotting into larger containers, shoot growth in response to Cu was species-dependent. Transplanted azaleas had a lower growth index after transplanting from +Cu containers than from −Cu containers. Growth index of gardenia was increased after repotting into 10.3 liter (#3) containers from 3.8 liter (#1), styrene-lined containers; surface root coverage 5 months after repotting also was increased when plants were previously grown in styrene-lined containers. Oleander, holly, and magnolia previously grown for 8 months in 3.8 liter (#1), styrene-lined containers without Cu all had more surface root coverage after being grown for 11 months in 10.3 liter (#3) containers compared to plants grown in unlined containers.

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Seven-year orchard performance of eleven new apple cultivars from Holovousy in comparison with some commonly grown ones

Horticultural Science ◽

10.17221/3752-hortsci ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 33 (No. 4) ◽

pp. 131-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. Blažek ◽

J. Křelinová

Keyword(s):

Early Summer ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Chemical Protection ◽

Biennial Bearing ◽

Fruit Samples ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Apple Cultivars

 In an orchard trial that was established in the spring of 1999 on M 9 rootstock at the spacing of 4 × 1 m, eleven new apple cultivars bred in Holovousy (Angold, Julia, Nabella, Primadela, Produkta, Resista, Rubinstep, Rucla, Selena, Vysočina and Zuzana) were evaluated in comparison with three standard varieties (Gala, Golden Delicious and Jonagold) and another two with resistance to scab (Rosana and Topaz). In the first three years, the incidence of scab and mildew was evaluated under limited chemical protection. In 2000–2005 on each of 10 randomly selected trees of each cultivar, the time of flowering and optimum harvest ripening were recorded, flower set and fruit sets were rated, yield per tree and weight of 10 fruit samples were measured. Trunk diameter was measured between 2002 and 2005. The early summer apple Julia had the healthiest state and it was recommended for organic growing. Selena was the most precocious, the least vigorous and had the highest crop efficiency. The highest annual yields per tree were recorded with Produkta, but this cultivar had the highest proportion of trees with biennial bearing. Primadela achieved the highest cumulative yields, whereas Angold brought the largest fruits on average. With the obtained results, the evaluated cultivars were characterised by some important features or recommendations for growers.  

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